4 Complex Number

Definition
Complex numbers are defined as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b  R and i = −1 .

(Im z).

Note: (i) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complex
Number system is N  W  I  Q  R  C.
(ii) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
2 3 4
(iii) i= −1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i = l;i = i ; i = 1 etc.
4n 4n+1 4n+2 4n+3
In general, i = 1, i = i, i = 1, i = i, where n  I
(iv) a b = ab only if atleast one of either a or b is non- negative

Example 1:
57 125
The value of i + 1/i is:
(A) 0 (B) 2i (C) 2i (D) 2
57 125 56 1
Solution: i + 1/i =i .i+
i .i
124

1
( )
14
= i4 i+
(i )
31
4
i

1 i
= i+ = i+ 2 = i−i = 0 Ans. (A)
i i

Argand Diagram
Master Argand had done a systematic study on complex

numbers and represented every complex number z = x + iy as a set

of ordered pair (x, y) on a plane called complex plane (Argand Diagram)

containing two perpendicular axes. Horizontal axis is known as Real axis

and vertical axis is known as Imaginary axis.

All complex numbers lying on the real axis are called as purely real and those lying on imaginary axis

as purely imaginary.

Complex Number 155

 Algebraic Operations
Fundamental operations with complex numbers:
(a) Addition (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(b) Subtraction (a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i
(c) Multiplication (a + bi) (c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
a + bi a + bi c − di ac + bd bc − ad
(d) Division = . = + 2 i
c + di c + di c − di c2 + d2 c + d2

Note: (i) The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similar to those on real numbers
treating i as a polynomial.
(ii) Inequalities in complex numbers (non-real) are not defined. There is no validity if we say
that complex number (non-real) is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4i are meaningless.
2 2 2 2
(iii) In real numbers, if a + b = 0, then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers, z1 + z2 = 0 does
not imply z1 = z2 = 0.

Example 2:
3 + 2i sin 
will be purely imaginary, if  =
1 − 2i sin 
  
(A) 2n  ,n  I (B) n + ,n  I (C) n  ,n  I (D) none of these
3 3 3
Solution:
3 + 2i sin 
will be purely imaginary, if the real part vanishes, i.e.,
1 − 2i sin 
(3 + 2i sin ) (1 + 2i sin ) (3 − 4sin2 ) + i(8sin )
 =
(1 − 2i sin ) (1 + 2i sin ) (1 + 4sin2 )
3 − 4 sin2  2
=03 4 sin  = 0 (only if  be real)
1 + 4 sin2 
2 2
2
 3  
 sin  =   =  sin 
 2   3
 

  = n ± ,nI Ans. (C)
3

Concept Builders - 1

n
 1+i
(i) Determine least positive value of n for which   =1
 1−i
5
(ii) Find the value of the sum  (in + in+2 ) where i = −1 .
n= 1

156 Complex Number

Equality in Complex Number
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts
are respectively equal.

Example 3:
(1 + i) x− 2i (2 − 3i) y + i
The values of x and y satisfying the equation + = i are
3+i 3−i
(A) x = 1, y =3 (B) x = 3, y = 1 (C) x = 0, y = 1 (D) x = 1, y = 0
Solution:
(1 + i) x− 2i (2 − 3i) y + i
+ =i  (4 + 2i) x + (9 7i) y 3i 3 = 10i
3+i 3−i
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get 2x 7y = 13 and 4x + 9y = 3.
Hence x = 3 and y = 1. Ans. (B)

Example 4:
Find the square root of 7 + 24 i.
Solution:
Let 7 + 24i = a + ib
2 2
Squaring a b + 2iab = 7 + 24i
2 2
Compare real and imaginary parts a b = 7 and 2ab = 24
By solving these two equations
We get a = ±4, b = ±3
7 + 24i = ± (4 + 3i)

Example 5:
4 3 2
If x = 5 + 2 −4 , find the value of x + 9x + 35x x + 4.
Solution:
We have, x = 5 + 2 −4
2 2
 x + 5 = 4i,  (x + 5) = 16i
2 2
 x + 10x + 25 = 16  x + 10x + 41 = 0
Now,
4 3 2
x + 9x + 35x x+4
2 2 2 2
 x (x + 10x + 41) x(x + 10x + 41) + 4(x + 10x + 41) 160
2
 x (0) x(0) + 4(0) 160 = 160 Ans.

Concept Builders - 2

3 2
(i) Find the value of x + 7x x + 16. Where x = 1 + 2i.
c+i 2 2 b 2c
(ii) If a + ib = , where c is a real number, then prove that: a + b = 1 and =
c−i a c2 − 1
(iii) Find square root of 15 8i

Complex Number 157

 Three Important Terms : Conjugate/Modulus/Argument
(a) Conjugate Complex
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary
part and is denoted by z . i.e. z = a ib.
Note That: (i) z + z = 2 Re(z)
(ii) z z = 2i Im(z)
2 2
(iii) z z = a + b , which is purely real
(iv) If z is purely real, then z z= 0
(v) If z is purely imaginary, then z + z = 0
st th
(vi) If z lies in the 1 quadrant, then z lies in the 4
nd
quadrant and −z lies in the 2 quadrant.

(b) Modulus
If P denotes complex number z = x + iy, then the length OP is called modulus of complex
number z. It is denoted by |z|.
OP = |z| = x2 + y2
Geometrically | z | represents the distance of point P from origin. ( |z|  0)

 z if z  0
Note: Unlike real numbers, | z |=  is not correct.
 −z if z  0
(c) Argument or Amplitude
If P denotes complex number z = x + iy and if OP makes an angle 
with real axis, then  is called one of the arguments of z.
1 y
 = tan (angle made by OP with positive real axis)
x

Note: (i) Argument of a complex number is a many valued functions. If  is the argument of a
complex number, then 2n + ; n  I will also be the argument of that complex number.
Any two arguments of a complex number differ by 2n.
(ii) The unique value of  such that <   is called Amplitude (principal value of the
argument).
(iii) Principal argument of a complex number z = x + iy can be found
out using method given below:
y  
(a) Find  = tan−1 such that   0, 
x  2
(b) Use given figure to find out the principal argument according as
the point lies in respective quadrant.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
1 y
(v) The unique value of  = tan such that 0 <  2 is called least positive argument.
x

158 Complex Number

 (vi) If z = 0, arg(z) is not defined
(vii) If z is real and negative, arg(z) =.
(viii) If z is real and positive, arg(z) = 0

(ix) If  = , z lies on the positive side of imaginary axis.
2

(x) If  = − , z lies on the negative side of imaginary axis.
2
By specifying the modulus and argument a complex number is defined completely. Argument
impart direction and modulus impart distance from origin.
For the complex number 0 + 0i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number
which is given by its modulus only.

Example 6:
Find the modulus, argument, principal value of argument, least positive argument of complex
numbers
(a) 1 + i 3 (b) 1+i 3 (c) 1 i 3 (d) 1 i 3
Solution:
(a) For z = 1 + i 3
z = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2

arg (z) = 2n + ,nI
3

Least positive argument is
3
If the point is lying in first or second quadrant then amp(z) is taken in anticlockwise

direction. In this case amp(z) =
3
(b) For z = 1+i 3
|z| = 2
2
arg (z) = 2n + , n I
3
2
Least positive argument =
3
2
amp(z) =
3
(c) For z = 1 i 3
|z| = 2

arg (z) = 2n ,nI
3
5
Least positive argument =
3
If the point lies in third or fourth quadrant then consider amp(z) in clockwise direction.

In this case amp(z) =
3

Complex Number 159

 (d) For z = 1 i 3
|z| = 2
2
arg (z) = 2n ,nI
3
4
Least positive argument =
3
2
amp(z) =
3

Example 7:

Find modulus and argument for z = 1 sin  + i cos ,   (0, 2)

Solution:

 
z = (1 − sin )2 + (cos )2 = 2 − 2sin  = 2 cos − sin
2 2
 
Case (i) For    0,  , z will lie in I quadrant.
 2
   
cos2 − sin2 cos + sin
cos  2 2 = tan−1 2 2
amp ( z ) = tan  amp(z) = tan−1
1 − sin    
2
 
cos − sin
 cos − sin  2 2
 2 2 
1  
 arg z = tan tan  + 
4 2
    
Since +  , 
4 2 4 2
    
amp (z) =  +  , |z| = 2  cos − sin 
4 2  2 2

Case (ii)

at  = : z = 0 + 0i
2
|z| = 0
amp (z) is not defined.

Case (iii)
  3 
For    ,  , z will lie in IV quadrant
2 2 
1  
so, amp (z) = tan tan  + 
 2 4
   
Since +   , 
2 4 2 
   3    
amp (z) =  + −  = − , z = 2  sin − cos 
 2 4  4 2  2 2

160 Complex Number

 Case (iv)
3
at  = : z = 2 + 0i
2
|z| = 2
amp (z) = 0
Case (v)
 3 
For    ,2 
 2 
z will lie in I quadrant

1  
arg (z) = tan tan  + 
 2 4
   5 
Since +   , 
2 4  4

   3   
 arg z = + −= − , z = 2  sin − cos 
2 4 2 4  2 2

Concept Builders - 3

Find the modulus and amplitude of following complex numbers:

1 + 2i 2 + 6 3i
(i) 2 + 2 3i (ii) 3 i (iii) 2i (iv) (v)
1 − 3i 5 + 3i

Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms

(a) Cartesian Form (Geometrical Representation)
Every complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point on the cartesian plane
known as complex plane by the ordered pair (x, y). There exists a one-one
correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of complex
numbers.
y
For z = x + iy; | z |= x2 + y2 ; z = x − iy and  = tan−1
x

Note: (i) Distance between the two complex numbers z1and z2 is given by

|z1 z2|.

(ii) |z z0| = r, represents a circle, whose centre is z 0 and radius is

Complex Number 161

 Example 8:
Find the locus of:
2 2
(a) |z 1| + |z + 1| = 4
2
(b) Re(z ) = 0
Solution:
(a) Let z = x + iy
2 2
 (|x + iy 1|) + (|x + iy + 1|) = 4
2 2 2 2
 (x 1) + y + (x + 1) + y = 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
 x 2x + 1 + y + x + 2x + 1 + y = 4  x + y = 1
Above represents a circle on complex plane with center at origin and radius unity.
(b) Let z = x + iy
2 2 2
 z =x y + 2xyi
2
 Re(z ) = 0
2 2
 x y =0y=±x
2
Thus Re(z ) = 0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through origin.

Example 9:
2
If z is a complex number such that z = (z)2 , then
(A) z is purely real
(B) z is purely imaginary
(C) either z is purely real or purely imaginary
(D) none of these
Solution:
Let z = x + iy, then its conjugate z = x iy
2 2 2 2 2
Given that z = (z)  x 2
y + 2ixy = x y 2ixy  4ixy = 0
If x  0 then y = 0 and if y  0 then x = 0. Ans. (C)

Example 10:
Among the complex number z which satisfies |z 25i|  15, find the complex numbers z having
(A) least positive argument (B) maximum positive argument
(C) least modulus (D) maximum modulus
Solution:
The complex numbers z satisfying the condition
|z 25i|  15
are represented by the points inside and on the circle of radius 15 and centre at the point
C(0, 25).
The complex number having least positive argument and maximum positive arguments in this region
are the points of contact of tangents drawn from origin to the circle

162 Complex Number

 Here  = least positive argument
and  = maximum positive argument
 In OCP,OP = (OC)2 − (CP)2 = (25)2 − (15)2 = 20
OP 20 4
and sin  = = =
OC 25 5
4 14
 tan  =   = tan  
3 3
14
Thus, complex number at P has modulus 20 and argument = tan  
3
3 4
 zp = 20 (cos + i sin) = 20  + i 
5 5
 zp= 12 +16i
Similarly, zQ = 12 + 16i
From the figure, E is the point with least modulus and D is the point with maximum modulus.
Hence, zE = OE = OC − EC = 25i − 15i = 10i

and zD = OD = OC + CD = 25i + 15i = 40i

Concept Builders - 4

(i) Find the distance between two complex numbers z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 7 9i on the complex plane.
(ii) Find the locus of |z 2 3i| = 1.
2
(iii) If z is a complex number, then z + z 2 = 2 represents -
(A) a circle (B) a straight line (C) a hyperbola (D) an ellipse

(b) Trigonometric/Polar Representation

z = r (cos  + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = r (cos − i sin )
Note: cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS .

Euler's Formula
ix
The formula e = cosx + i sin x is called Euler's formula.

It was introduced by Euler in 1748, and is used as a method of expressing complex numbers.

eix + e−ix eix − e−ix

Also 4 cos x = and sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2i

(c) Exponential Representation

i
Let z be a complex number such that | z | = r and arg z =  , then z = r.e 

Complex Number 163

 Example 11:
Express the following complex numbers in polar and exponential form:
1 + 3i i−1
(i) (ii)
1 − 2i  
cos + i sin
3 3
Solution:
1 + 3i 1 + 3i 1 + 2i
(i) Let z = =  = −1 + i
1 − 2i 1 − 2i 1 + 2i

|z|= (−1)2 + 12 = 2

1  
tan = = 1 = tan   =
−1 4 4

Re(z) < 0 and Im(z) > 0  z lies in second quadrant.

 3
  = arg (z) =  = =
4 4

 3 3 
Hence Polar form is z = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
3
i
and exponential form is z = 2e 4
i−1 i−1 2(i− 1)
(ii) Let z = = =
  1 i 3 (1 + i 3)
cos + i sin +
3 3 2 2

2(i− 1) (1 − i 3)  3 − 1  3 + 1
 z=  z=  + i 
(1 + i 3) (1 − i 3)  2   2 
   

Re(z) > 0 and Im(z) > 0  z lies in first quadrant.

2 2
 3 − 1  3 + 1 2(3 + 1)
 | z |=   +  = = 2.
 2   2  4
   

3+1 5 5
tan = = tan =
3−1 12 12

 5 5 
Hence Polar form is z = 2  cos + i sin 
 12 12 
5
i
and exponential form is z = 2e 12

Example 12:
   
If xn = cos  n  + i sin  n  , then x1x2x3......... is equal to
2  2 
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 

164 Complex Number

Solution:

    i
xn = cos  n  + i sin  n  = 1  e 2
n

2  2 
x1x2x3.........
     
i i i i + +−−−+ 
= e 2 .e 2 − − − e 2 = e  2 22 2n 
1 2 n

       
= cos  + 2 + 3 + ..........  + i sin  + 2 + 3 + .......  = −1
2 2 2  2 2 2 
    /2 
 as + 2 + 3 + ....... = =  Ans.
 2 2 2 1 − 1 / 2 

Concept Builders - 5

Express the following complex number in polar form and exponential form:
(1 + 7i)
(i) 2 + 2i (ii) −1 − 3i (iii) (iv) (1 cos + isin),   (0,)
(2 − i)2

Important Properties of Conjugate

(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) (b) z z = 2 i Im (z) (c) (z) = z
(d) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 (e) z1 − z2 = z1 − z2

(f) z1z2 = z1  z2 . In general, z1z2 .............zn = z1 .z2 ..........zn

 z1  z1
(g)   = ; z2  0 (h) If f( + i) = x + iy  f( i) = x iy
 z2  z2

Important Properties of Modulus

(a) |z|  0 (b) |z|  Re (z) (c) |z|  Im (z)

(d) |z| = | z | = | z| = | − z | (e) zz = | z | 2

(f) |z1 z2| = |z1|. |z2|. In general, |z1z2......... zn| = |z1| · |z2|......|zn|
z1 | z1 |
(g) = ,z2  0
z2 | z2 |
n
(h) zn = z ,n  I
2 2 2 2 2
(i) |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2| + 2Re(z1z2 ) = |z1| + |z2| + 2Re(z2 z1 )
2 2 2
(j) |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2| + 2|z1||z2| cos( ), where ,  are arg(z1), arg(z2) respectively.
2 2
(k) |z1 + z2| + |z1 z2| = 2 | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 

(l) | z1 | − | z2 |  z1 + z2  | z1 | + | z2 | [Triangle Inequality]

(m) | z1 | − | z2 |  z1 − z2  | z1 | + | z2 | [Triangle Inequality]

Complex Number 165

 Important Properties of Amplitude
(a) amp(z1. z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2k: kI
z 
(b) amp  1  = amp z1 amp z2 + 2k; kI
 z2 
n
(c) amp(z ) = n amp(z) + 2k ; n,k  I
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (  ].

Example 13:
2
 (3 + 4i)(1 + i)(1 + 3 i) 
Find amp z and |z| if z =   .
 (1 − i)(4 − 3i)(2i) 
Solution:
amp z = 2[amp(3 + 4i) + amp(1 + i) + amp(1 + 3i ) amp(1 i) amp(4 3i) amp(2i)] + 2k
where k  I and k chosen so that amp z lies in ( , ].
       3  
 amp z = 2 tan−1 + + −  −  − tan−1  −  −  + 2k
 3 4 3  4  4  2
  4   
 amp z = 2 tan−1 + cot−1 +  + 2k  amp z = 2  +  + 2k
 3 3 3 2 3

 amp z = [at k = 1] Ans.
3
Also,
2
2  | 3 + 4i || 1 + i | 1 + 3i 
(3 + 4i)(1 + i)(1 + 3 i)
z = | z |=  

(1 − i)(4 − 3i)(2i)  | 1 − i || 4 − 3i || 2i | 
 
2
5 2 2
 | z |=   =1 Ans.
 2 52
 
Aliter
2 2
 (3 + 4i)(1 + i)(1 + 3 i)   3 + i 2 − 2 3i 1 3i
z=  z= −  z= = −
 (1 − i)(4 − 3i)(2i)   2  4 2 2

Hence |z| = 1, amp(z) = .
3

Example 14:
z−i
If = 1 , then locus of z is
z+i
(A) x-axis (B) y-axis (C) x = 1 (D) y = 1
Solution:
z−i x + i(y− 1)
We have, = 1 =1
z+i x + i(y+ 1)
2
x + i(y − 1)
 2
= 1  x2 + (y − 1)2 = x2 + (y + 1)2  4y = 0; y = 0
x + i(y + 1)
which is x-axis Ans. (A)

166 Complex Number

Example 15:
2 2 2 z 
If |z1 + z2| = |z1| +|z2| then  1  is
 z2 
(A) zero or purely imaginary (B) purely imaginary

(C) purely real (D) none of these

Solution:

Here let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + isin 1 ), z1 = r1

z2 = r2 (cos 2 + isin 2 ), z2 = r2

2 2
 (z1 + z2 ) = (r1cos 1 + r2cos2 ) + i(r1 sin 1 + r2 sin 2 )

2 2
= r12 + r22 + 2rr
1 2
cos(1 − 2 ) = z1 + z2 if cos(1 2) = 0


 1 − 2 = 
2
 z   z
 amp(z1) amp(z2) =±  amp  1  =   1 is purely imaginary Ans. (B)
2  z2  2 z2

Example 16:
z 1 − 2z2
z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that is unimodular (whose modulus is one),
2 − z 1 z2
while z2 is not unimodular. Find |z1|.
Solution:
z1 − 2z2 | z1 − 2z2 |
Here = 1 =1
2 − z1 z2 | 2 − z1 z2 |
2 2
 z1 − 2z2 = 2 − z1 z2  z1 − 2z2 = 2 − z1 z2

 (z1 ( ) ( )
2z2) z1 − 2z2 = 2 − z1 z2  2 − z1 z2 
 
 (z − 2z ) (z − 2z ) = (2 − z z )(2 − z z )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

 z1 z1 − 2z1 z2 − 2z2 z1 + 4z2 z2 = 4 − 2z1z2 − 2z1 z2 + z1 z1z2 z2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 |z1| + 4|z2| = 4 + |z1| |z2|  |z1| |z1| |z2| + 4|z2| 4=0

 (z 1
2
)(
− 4 1 − z2
2
)=0
But |z2|  1 (given)
2
 |z1| = 4 Hence, |z1| = 2.

Complex Number 167

 Example 17:
The locus of the complex number z in argand plane satisfying the inequality
 | z− 1 | +4   2
log1/2    1  where | z− 1 |  is -
 3 | z− 1 | −2   3
(A) a circle (B) interior of a circle
(C) exterior of a circle (D) none of these
Solution:
 | z− 1 | +4   1
We have, log1/2    1 = log 1/2  
 3 | z− 1 | −2  2
| z− 1 | +4 1
  [ loga x is a decreasing function if a < 1]
3 | z − 1 | −2 2
 2 |z 1| + 8 < 3|z 1| 2 as |z 1| > 2/3
 |z 1| > 10
which is exterior of a circle. Ans. (C)

Example 18:
4
If z − = 2, then the greatest value of |z| is-
z
(A) 1 + 2 (B) 2 + 2 (C) 3+1 (D) 5 +1
Solution:
4 4 4 4 4
We have z = z − +  z− + = 2+
z z z |z| |z|
2 2
 |z|  2|z| + 4  (|z| 1)  5
 |z| 1 5  |z|  5 + 1
Therefore, the greatest value of | z | is 5 + 1. Ans. (D)

Example 19:
Shaded region is given by

(A) |z + 2|  6, 0  arg(z) 
6

(B) |z + 2|  6, 0  arg(z + 2) 
3

(C) |z + 2|  6, 0  arg (z + 2) 
3
(D) none of these
Solution:
Note that AB = 6 and 1 + 3 3 i = 2+3+3 3i
1 3    
= 2 + 6 + i  = −2 + 6  cos + i sin 
2 2   3 3 
 

 BAC =
3

Thus, shaded region is given by |z + 2|  6 and 0  arg (z + 2)  Ans. (C)
3

168 Complex Number

 Concept Builders - 6

(i) The inequality |z 4| < |z 2| represents region given by -

(A) Re(z) > 0 (B) Re(z) < 0 (C) Re(z) > 3 (D) none
i iz
(ii) If z = re , then the value of |e | is equal to -
rcos rcos rsin rsin
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e

Section Formula and Coordinates of Orthocentre, Centroid, Circumcentre, Incentre of a Triangle

nz1 + mz2
If z1and z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = divides the join of z1and
m+n
z2 in the ratio m: n.

Note: (i) If a, b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and
a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1, z2and z3 are collinear.
(ii) If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle represent the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively,
then:
z1 + z2 + z3
Centroid of the ABC =
3
Orthocentre of the ABC =
(a sec A)z1 + (b sec B)z2 + (c sec C)z3 z1 tan A + z2 tanB + z3 tanC
or
a sec A + b secB + c secC tan A + tanB + tanC

(az1 + bz2 + cz3 )

Incentre of the ABC =
(a+ b+ c)
(z1sin2 A+ z2sin2B + z3 sin2C)
Circumcentre of the ABC =
(sin2 A+ sin2B+ sin2C)

Vectorial Representation of a Complex Number

(a) In complex number every point can be represented in terms of
position vector. If the point P represents the complex number z

then, OP = z and OP = | z |

(b) If P(z1) and Q(z2) be two complex numbers on argand plane then

PQ represents complex number z2 z1.

Complex Number 169

 Note: (I) If OP = z = r ei then OQ = z1 = r ei( + ) = z. ei. If OP and
 
OQ are of unequal magnitude then OQ = OP ei
z1 z i
i.e., = e
| z1 | |z|

(ii) In general, if z1, z2, z3 be the three vertices of ABC

z3 − z 1 | z3 − z 1 |  z − z1 
then = ei . Here arg  3  = 
z2 − z1 | z2 − z1 |  z2 − z1 

 z − z1 
(iii) Note that the locus of z satisfying arg   =  is:
 z − z2 
Case (a) 0 <  < /2
Locus is major arc of circle as shown
excluding z1 and z2

Case (b) < < 
2
Locus is minor arc of circle as shown
excluding z1 and z2
(iv) If A, B, C and D are four points representing the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 and
z 4 − z3
z4 then AB || CD if is purely real ;
z2 − z 1

z 4 − z3
AB ⊥ CD if is purely imaginary.
z2 − z 1
(v) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre
then
(1) z21 + z22 + z23 − z1z2 − z2z3 − z3z 1 = 0 (2) z21 + z22 + z23 = 3z20

Example 20:
Complex numbers z1, z2, z3 are the vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles right angled
2
triangle with right angle at C. Show that (z1 z2) = 2(z1 z3)(z3 z2).
Solution:
In the isosceles triangle ABC, AC = BC and BC⊥ AC. It means that AC is
rotated through angle /2 to occupy the position BC.
z2 − z3
Hence, we have, = e+i/2 = +i  z2 − z3 = +i(z1 − z3 )
z1 − z3
 (
z22 + z23 − 2z2z3 = − z21 + z23 − 2z1z3 )
 z21 + z22 − 2z1z2 = 2z1z3 + 2z2z3 − 2z1z2 − 2z32 = 2 (z1 − z3 )(z3 − z2 )

(z − z2 ) = 2 ( z1 − z3 )( z3 − z2 )
2
 1

170 Complex Number

Example 21:

If the vertices of a square ABCD are z1, z2, z3 and z4 then find z3 and z4 in terms of z1 and z2.

Solution:

Using vector rotation at angle A

z3 − z 1 | z3 − z 1 | i
= e4
z2 − z1 | z2 − z1 |

z3 − z1 = AC and z2 − z1 = AB

Also, AC = 2 AB

 |z3 z1| = 2 |z2 z1|

z3 − z1   
 = 2  cos + i sin 
z2 − z1  4 4

 z3 z1 = (z2 z1)(1 + i)

 z3 = z1 + (z2 z1)(1 + i)

Similarly z4 = z2 + (1 + i)(z1 z2)

Example 22:

  z + 1  2
Plot the region represented by  arg   in the Argand plane.
3  z − 1 3

Solution:

 z + 1  2
Let us take arg  = , clearly z lies on the minor arc of the
 z − 1 3

 z + 1  2
circle passing through (1, 0) and ( 1, 0). Similarly, arg  =
 z − 1 3

means that 'z' is lying on the major arc of the circle passing through

(1, 0) and ( 1, 0). Now if we take any point in the region included

between two arcs say

  z + 1  2
P1(z1) we get  arg  
3  z − 1 3

  z + 1  2
Thus  arg   represents the shaded region (excluding points (1, 0) and ( 1, 0)).
3  z − 1 3

Complex Number 171

 Concept Builders - 7

(i) A complex number z = 3 + 4i is rotated about another fixed complex number z 1 = 1 + 2i in

anticlockwise direction by 45° angle. Find the complex number represented by new position of
z in argand plane.
(ii) If A, B, C are three points in argand plane representing the complex number z 1, z2, z3 such that
z2 + z3
z1 = , where R, then find the distance of point A from the line joining points B and C.
+1
 AB
(iii) If A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are vertices of ABC in which ABC= and = 2 , then find z2 in terms
4 BC
of z1 and z3.
(iv) If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points z 1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and
z3 = 0 form an equilateral triangle then a and b are equal to-

(A) a = b = 1/2 (B) a = b = 2 3 (C) a = b = 2+ 3 (D) a = b = 2 1

 z − 1 
(v) If arg   = , find locus of z.
 z + 1 4

n n
The value of (cos + isin) is cosn + isinn if 'n' is integer and it is one of the values of (cos + isin)
if n is a rational number of the form p/q, where p and q are co-prime.

Note: Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined by using theory of
equations.

Example 23:
If cos + cos + cos = 0 and also sin + sin + sin = 0, then prove that
(a) cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 0
(b) sin3 + sin3 + sin3 = 3sin( +  + )
(c) cos3 + cos3 + cos3 = 3cos( +  + )
Solution:
Let z1 = cos + i sin, z2 = cos + isin and z3 = cos + isin.
 z1 + z2 + z3 = (cos + cos + cos) + i(sin + sin + sin)
=0+i.0=0 ....... (i)
1
(a) Also = (cos  + i sin )−1 = cos  − i sin 
z1
1 1
= cos  − i sin ,. = cos  − i sin 
z2 z3
1 1 1
 + + = (cos  + cos  + cos  ) − i(sin  + sin  + sin  )
z1 z2 z3
=0 i.0=0

172 Complex Number

 Now z21 + z22 + z23 = ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) − 2 (z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 )
2

 1 1 1 
=0 2z1z2z3  + +  = 0 − 2z1z2z3 .0 = 0 {using (i) and (ii)}
 z3 z1 z2 
2 2 2
or (cos + isin) + (cos + isin) + (cos + isin) = 0
or cos2 + isin2 + cos2 + isin2 + cos2 + isin2 = 0 + i.0

Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides,

cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 0 and sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 0
(b) If z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 then z31 + z23 + z33 = 3z1z2z3
3 3 3
 (cos + isin) + (cos + isin) + (cos + isin)
= 3(cos + isin) (cos + isin) (cos + isin)
or cos3 + isin3 + cos3 + isin3 + cos3 + isin3
= 3{cos( +  + ) + isin( +  + )}
Equating imaginary parts on both sides, sin3 + sin3 + sin3 = 3sin( +  + )
(c) Equating real parts on both sides, cos3 + cos3 + cos3 = 3cos( +  + )

Concept Builders - 8

2r 2r
(i) If zr = cos + i sin , r = 0,1,3, 4,........., then z1z2z3z4z5 is equal to -
5 5
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these
4
(ii) If (x 1) 16 = 0, then the sum of nonreal complex values of x is -
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) none of these

n n
(iii) If ( 3 i) = 2 , n  Z , then n is a multiple of -
(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 12

Cube Root of Unity

−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 2
(a) The cube roots of unity are 1, (), ( ).
2 2
2
(b) If  is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +  +  = 0. In general 1 + r + 2r = 0
r 2r
; where r  I but is not the multiple of 3 and 1 +  +  = 3 if r = 3 ;   I
(c) In polar form the cube roots of unity are:
2 2 4 4
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 ;  = cos + i sin , 2 = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(d) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand
plane constitute the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
(e) The following factorisation should be remembered:
(a, b, c  R and  is the cube root of unity)
3 3 2 2 2
a b = (a b) (a b) (a  b) ; x + x + 1 =(x ) (x );
3 3 2
a + b = (a + b) (a + b) (a +  b) ;
3 3 3 2 2
a +b +c 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b +  c) (a +  b + c)

Complex Number 173

 Example 24:
n n
If  and  are imaginary cube roots of unity then  + is equal to (where n  I)
2n 2n 2n 2n
(A) 2cos (B) cos (C) 2i sin (D) i sin
3 3 3 3
Solution:
2 
 = cos + i sin ;
3 3
2 
 = cos − i sin
3 3
n n
 2    2 2 
n + n =  cos + i sin  +  cos − i sin 
 3 3   3 3 

 2n n   2n  2n    2n 

=  cos + i sin  +  cos − i sin    = 2cos   Ans. (A)
 3 3   3  3   3 

Example 25:
3 2
If , ,  are roots of x 3x + 3x + 7 = 0 (and  is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the
−1 −1 −1
value of + + .
−1 −1 −1
Solution:
3 2
We have x 3x + 3x + 7 = 0
3
 (x 1) + 8 = 0
3 3
 (x 1) = ( 2)
3
 x − 1 x−1 1/3 2
   =1  = (1) = 1, ,  (cube roots of units)
 −2  −2
2
 x= 1, 1 2, 1 2
2
Here  = 1,  = 1 2,  = 1 2
2
 1= 2,  1= 2,  1= 2
 − 1  − 1  − 1  −2   −2   −22  1 1
Then + + = + 2 
+ 2 2 2
= + + = + +
2

 − 1  − 1  − 1  −2   −2   −2   
−1 −1 −1
Therefore + + = 32 . Ans.
−1 −1 −1

Concept Builders - 9

2 2
(i) If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 +   ) equals: -
2
(A)  (B) 4 (C)  (D) 4
2 4 8
(ii) If  is a non-real cube root of unity, then the expression (1 )(1  )(1 +  )(1 +  ) is equal
to:-
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2

174 Complex Number

nth Roots of Unity
th
If 1, 1, 2, 3..... n 1 are the n, n root of unity then:
i(2/n)
(a) They are in G.P. with common ratio e

2
(b) Their arguments are in A.P. with common difference
n
th
(c) The points represented by n, n roots of unity are located at

the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle

having center at origin, one vertex being on positive real axis

(d) 1p + p1 + p2 + .... + pn− 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n

= n if p is an integral multiple of n

(e) (1 1) (1 2)...... (1 n 1 )=n

(f) (1 + 1) (1 + 2)....... (1 + n 1 ) = 0 if n is even and
= 1 if n is odd.
(g) 1. 1. 2. 3......... n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.

Example 26:
6
 2k 2k 
Find the value   sin − cos 
k=1  7 7 
Solution:
6
 2k  6  2k  6
2k 6 2k
  sin  −  cos
7  k =1 
 =  sin
7  k =1
− cos
7 k =0 7
+1
k =1 
6

 ( Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity )

k =0

6
− (Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) +1 = 0 0+1=1
k=1

The Sum of The Following Series Should Be Remembered

sin(n  / 2) n + 1
(a) cos + cos2 + cos3 = cos   .
sin( / 2)  2 

sin(n  / 2) n + 1
(b) sin + sin2 + sin3 = sin   .
sin( / 2)  2 

Note: If  = (2/n) than the sum of the above series vanishes.

Complex Number 175

 Straight Lines and Circles in Terms of Complex Numbers
(a) amp(z ) =  is a ray emanating from the complex

point  and inclined at an angle  to the x-axis.

(b) |z a| = | z b| is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining a and b.

(c) The equation of a line joining z1and z2 is given by; z = z1 + t (z1 z2) where t is a parameter.

(d) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter, is a line through the point z1 and perpendicular
to z1.

(e) The equation of a line passing through z1 and z2 can be expressed in the determinant
z z 1
form as z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be
z2 z2 1

collinear.

(f) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 and z2 can be written as
z ( z1 − z2 ) − z (z1 − z2 ) + (z1z2 − z1z2 ) = 0 , which on manipulating takes the form as
z + z + r = 0 , where r is real and  is a non-zero complex constant.

176 Complex Number

 (g) The equation of circle having centre z0 and radius  is: | z − z0 |=  or

zz − z0 z − z0z + z0z0 − 2 = 0 which is of the from zz + z + z + r = 0 r is real centre =

 and radius =  − r . Circle will be real if  − r  0 .

 z − z2  
(h) arg   =  or (z− z1 )(z − z2 ) + (z− z2 )(z − z1 ) = 0 this equation represents the circle
 z − z1  2

described on the line segment joining z1 and z2 as diameter.

(i) Condition for four given points z1, z2, z3 and z4 to be concyclic is, the number is real Hence

the equation of a circle through 3 non-collinear points z1, z2 and z3 can be taken as

(z− z2 )(z3 − z1 )
is real
(z− z1 )(z3 − z2 )

(z− z2 )(z3 − z1 ) (z − z2 )(z3 − z1 )

 =
(z− z1 )(z3 − z2 ) (z − z1 )(z3 − z2 )

Complex Number 177

 ANSWER KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER

1. (i) n=4 (ii) 0

2. (i) 17 + 24i (iii) ±(1 4i)

2 5
3. (i) |z| = 4; amp(z) = (ii) |z| = 2; amp(z) =
3 6


(iii) |z| = 2; amp(z) =
2

1 3 
(iv) z = ;amp(z) = (v) |z| = 2; amp(z)=
2 4 3

4. (i) 13 units

(ii) locus is a circle on complex plane with center at (2,3) and radius 1 unit.

(iii) C
 3 
 3 3  i 
5. (i) 2 2  cos + i sin  ;2 2e  4 
 4 4 

 4 
 4 4  i
3 

(ii) 2  cos + i sin  ;2e


 3 3 
 3 
 3 3  i 
(iii) 2  cos + i sin  ; 2e  4 
 4 4 

 
           i − 
(iv) 2sin    cos  −  + i sin  −   ;2sin   e  2 2 
2 2 2  2 2  2

6. (i) (C) (ii) (D)

7. (i) 1+ (2 + 2 2 )i (ii) 0

(iii) z2 = z3 + i(z1 z3) (iv) (B)

(v) Locus is all the points on the major arc of circle as shown excluding points 1 and 1.

8. (i) (C) (ii) (A)

(iii) (D)
9. (i) (D) (ii) (B)

178 Complex Number

 Objective Exercise - I

1. There is only one way to choose real numbers M and N such that when the polynomial
4 3 2 2
5x + 4x + 3x + Mx + N is divided by the polynomial x + 1, the remainder is 0. If M and N
assume these unique values, then M N is
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 6 (D) 2

1 + 3i 4 2
2. If x = then the value of the expression, y = x x + 6x 4, equals
2
(A) 1+2 3i (B) 2 2 3i (C) 2 + 2 3 i (D) none

2
3. The complex number z satisfying z + | z | = 1 + 7i then the value of | z | equals
(A) 625 (B) 169 (C) 49 (D) 25

x−3 y−3
4. If + = i where x, y  R then
3+i 3−i
(A) x = 2 and y = 8 (B) x = 2 and y = 8
(C) x = 2 and y = 6 (D) x = 2 and y = 8

13
5. The value of sum  (in + in+ 1 ) , where i = −1 , equals
n= 1

(A) i (B) i 1 (C) 1 (D) 0

6. The diagram shows several numbers in the complex plane. The circle is the unit circle centered
at the origin. One of these numbers is the reciprocal of F, which is

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

1 − iz
7. If z = x + iy and  = then || = 1 implies that, in the complex plane
z−i
(A) z lies on the imaginary axis (B) z lies on the real axis
(C) z lies on the unit circle (D) none

Complex Number 179

 8. The complex number z satisfies z + | z | = 2 + 8i. The value of | z | is
(A) 10 (B) 13 (C) 17 (D) 23

9. If z1and z1 represent adjacent vertices of a regular polygon of n sides with centre at the origin
Imz1
and if = 2 − 1 then the value of n is equal to:
Rez1
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 24

10. All real numbers x which satisfy the inequality 1 + 4i − 2− x  5 where i = −1 , x  R are
(A) [ 2, ) (B) ( , 2] (C) [0, ) (D) [ 2, 0]

1−i 1−i 1+i

11. For Z1 = 6 ; Z2 = 6 ;Z3 = 6 which of the following holds good?
1+i 3 3 +i 3 −i
2 3 4 4 −8
(A) Z 1
=
2
(B) Z1 + Z2 = Z3
3 3 −6 4 4 8
(C) Z 1
+ Z2 = Z3 (D) Z1 + Z2 = Z3

3
12. Number of real or purely imaginary solution of the equation, z + i z 1 = 0 is:
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) three

13. Let zr (1  r  4) be complex numbers such that | zr | = r+1

and | 30 z1 + 20 z2 + 15 z3 + 12 z4| = k | z1z2 z3+ z2z3 z4+ z3z4 z1+ z4z1 z2 |.
Then the value of k equals
(A) | z1z2 z3 | (B) | z2z3z4 | (C) |z3z4 z1| (D) | z4z1 z2 |

2
14. Let i = −1 . The product of the real part of the roots of z z=5 5i is
(A) 25 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 25

15. On the complex plane locus of a point z satisfying the inequality 2  | z 1 | < 3 denotes
(A) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 1 centered at (1, 0)
(B) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) excluding the inner
and outer boundaries.
(C) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) including the inner
and outer boundaries.
(D) region between the concentric circles of radii 3 and 2 centered at (1, 0) including the inner
boundary and excluding the outer boundary.

16. A point 'z' moves on the curve |z 4 3 i| = 2 in an argand plane. The maximum and minimum
values of | z | are
(A) 2, 1 (B) 6, 5 (C) 4, 3 (D) 7, 3

180 Complex Number

17. If z is a complex number satisfying the equation | z + i | + | z i | = 8, on the complex plane
then maximum value of | z | is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

18. The minimum value of |z 1 + 2i| + |4i 3 z| is

(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 2 13 (D) 15

19. Let C1 and C2 are concentric circles of radius 1 and 8/3 respectively having centre at (3, 0) on
 | z − 3 |2 +2 
the argand plane. If the complex number z satisfies the inequality, log 1/3    1 then:
 11 | z− 3 | −2 
(A) z lies outside C1 but inside C2
(B) z lies inside of both C1 and C2
(C) z lies outside both of C1 and C2
(D) none of these

20. The maximum and minimum values of |z + 1| when |z + 3| 3 are:

(A) (5, 0) (B) (6, 0) (C) (7, 1) (D) (5, 1)

31. If |z| = 1 and | 1| = 1 where z,  C, then the largest set of values of

2 2
|2z 1| + |2 1| equals
(A) [1, 9] (B) [2, 6] (C) [2, 12] (D) [2, 18]

22. The locus represented by the equation,  z 1 + | z + 1 | = 2 is:

(A) an ellipse with focii (1, 0); ( 1, 0)
(B) one of the family of circles passing through the points of intersection of the circles |z 1| = 1
and |z + 1| = 1
(C) the radical axis of the circles |z 1| = 1 and |z + 1| = 1
(D) the portion of the real axis between the points (1, 0), ( 1, 0) including both.

23. The locus of z, for arg z = 3 is

(A) same as the locus of z for arg z = 2/3
(B) same as the locus of z for arg z = 3
(C) the part of the straight line 3x + y = 0 with (y < 0, x > 0)
(D) the part of the straight line 3x + y = 0 with (y > 0, x < 0)

3 2
24. The area of the triangle whose vertices are the roots z + iz + 2i = 0 is
3 3
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 7 (D) 7
2 4

Complex Number 181

 25. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then Arg z1 Arg z2
is equal to
(A)  (B) /2 (C) 0 (D) /2

3 2
26. Let Z be a complex number satisfying the equation (Z + 3) = 16 then |Z| has the value
equal to:
1/2 1/3 2/3
(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 5 (D) 5

3 4 5
27. If z1, z2, z3 are 3 distinct complex numbers such that = = , then the value
| z2 − z3 | | z3 − z1 | | z1 − z2 |
9 16 25
of + + equals:
z2 − z3 z3 − z1 z1 − z2
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

2 2
 a + bi   a − bi 
28. Consider two complex numbers  and  as  =   +  , where a, b  R and
 a − bi   a + bi 
z−1
= , where | z | = 1, then
z+1
(A) Both  and  are purely real
(B) Both  and  are purely imaginary
(C)  is purely real and  is purely imaginary
(D)  is purely real and  is purely imaginary

334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
29. If i = −1 , then 4 + 5  − +  + 3− +  is equal to
 2 2   2 2 
 
(A) 1 i 3 (B) 1+i 3 (C) i 3 (D) i 3

z z
30. Number of complex numbers z such that | z | = 1 and + = 1 is
z z
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) more than 8

1
31. If the complex number z satisfies the condition |z|  3, then the least value of z + is equal
z
to:
(A) 5/3 (B) 8/3 (C) 11/3 (D) none of these

3
32. The complex number  satisfying the equation  = 8i and lying in the second quadrant on the
complex plane is
3 1
(A) − 3 + i (B) − + i (C) −2 3 + i (D) − 3 + 2i
2 2

182 Complex Number

 7
33. (a) If w( 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + w) = A + Bw, then A and B are respectively the
numbers
(A) 0, 1 (B) 1, 1 (C) 1, 0 (D) 1, 1
1 1+i+ w w 2 2

(b) If (w  1) is a cube root of unity then 1 − i −1 w2 − 1 =

−i −i + w − 1 −1

(A)0 (B) 1 (C) i (D) w

34. Intercept made by the circle z z +  z +  z + r = 0 on the real axis on complex plane, is
(A) ( + ) − r (B) ( + )2 − 2r (C) ( + )2 + r (D) ( + )2 − 4r

   
35. Given zp = cos  P  + i sin  P  , then Lim(z1z2z3 .........zn ) =
2  2  n→

(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) i (D) i

36. If (2 + i) (2 + 2i) (2 + 3i) ...... (2 + ni) = x + iy, then the value of 5.8.13. .......(4 + n2)

(A) (x2 + y2) (B) (x 2

+ y2 ) (C) 2(x2 + y2) (D) (x + y)

1 n 2n
37. If 1, ,  are the cube roots of unity, then  = n
2
2n 1 is equal to-
2n 1 n
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2

38. If equation (z 1)n = zn = 1(n  N) has solutions, then n can be :

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 9

ANSWER KEY

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B)

8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (B)

15. (D) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (A)

22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (A)

29. (C) 30. (C) 31. (C) 32. (A) 33. i. (A) ii. (A)

34. (D) 35. (B) 36. (A) 37. (A) 38. (C)

Complex Number 183

 Objective Exercise - II

Single Correct Type Questions

3
1. If z + z = 0 then which of the following must be true on the complex plane?
4
(A) Re(z) < 0 (B) Re(z) = 0 (C) Im(z) = 0 (D) z = 1

4 2
2. Number of integral values of n for which the quantity (n + i) where i = 1, is an integer is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3. Number of values of z (real or complex) simultaneously satisfying the system of equations

2 3 17 2 3 13
1 + z + z + z + .......... + z = 0 and 1 + z + z + z + .......... + z = 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3
4. Number of complex numbers z satisfying z = z is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5

2 2 3
5. Let z = 9 + bi where b is non-zero real and i = 1. If the imaginary part of z and z are equal,
2
then b equals
(A) 261 (B) 225 (C) 125 (D) 361

6. Let Z1 = (8 + i) sin + (7 + 4i) cos  and Z2 = (1 + 8i) sin  + (4 + 7i) cos  are two complex
numbers. If Z1 · Z2 = a + ib where a, b  R then the largest value of (a + b)  R, is
(A) 75 (B) 100 (C) 125 (D) 130

7. The equation of the radical axis of the two circles represented by the equations,
|z 2| = 3 and |z 2 3 i| = 4 on the complex plane is:
(A) 3y + 1 = 0 (B) 3y 1 = 0 (C) 2y 1 = 0 (D) none

a b
8. z1 = ;z = ; z3 = a bi for a, b  R if z1 z2 = 1 then the centroid of the triangle formed
1−i 2 2+i
by the points z1, z2, z3 in the arg by-
1 1 1 1
(A) (1 + 7i) (B) (1 + 7i) (C) (1 − 3i) (D) (1 − 3i)
9 3 3 9

2 2
9. If z is a complex number satisfying the equation |z (1 + i)| = 2 and  = , then the locus traced
z
by '' in the complex plane is-
(A) x y 1 = 0 (B) x + y 1=0 (C) x y+1=0 (D) x + y + 1 = 0

1 1 1 1
10. If P and Q are respectively by the complex numbers z1 and z2 such that + = − , then
z1 z2 z1 z2
the circumcentre of OPQ (where O is the origin) is-
z − z2 z + z2 z + z2
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) z1 + z2
2 2 3

184 Complex Number

11. A particle starts from a point z0 = 1 + i, where i = −1 . It moves horizontally away from origin
by 2units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z 1. From z1 particle
1
moves 5 units in the direction of 2i + j and then it moves through an angle of cosec 2 in
anticlockwise direction of a circle with centre at origin to reach a point z 2. The arg z2 is
given by-
1 1
 3 − 1  −1 
(A) sec 2 (B) cot 0 (C) sin−1   (D) cos−1  
 2 2  2
 

2 2
12. Consider az + bz + c = 0, where a, b, c  R and 4ac > b .
(i) If z1 and z2 are the roots of the equation given above, then which one of the following
complex numbers is purely real?
(A) z 1 z2 (B) z1z2 (C) z 1 − z2 (D) (z1 − z2 ) i

(ii) In the arg and's plane, if A is the point representing z1, B is the point representing z2 and
OA
z= then
OB
(A) z is purely real (B) z is purely imaginary
(C) |z| = 1 (D) AOB is a scalene triangle.

 2 +
13. If Arg (z + a) = and Arg (z a) = ; a  R , then
6 3
(A) z is independent of a (B) |a| = |z + a|
 
(C) z = a CiS (D) z = a CiS
6 3

2 2
14. Let z1and z2 be non-zero complex numbers satisfying the equation, z1 2z1z2 + 2z2 = 0. The
geometrical nature of the triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points representing
z1 and z2 is:
(A) an isosceles right-angled triangle
(B) a right-angled triangle which is not isosceles
(C) an equilateral triangle
(D) an isosceles triangle which is not right angled.

  1 − i  −i   |z| 
15. If z = (1 + i)4  +  , then   equals
4    amp z 
  + i 1 + i 
(A) 1 (B)  (C) 3 (D) 4

1 2000 1
16. z is a complex number such that z + = 2 cos 3°, then the value of z + 2000 + 1 is equal to
z z
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3+1 (D) 1 − 3

Complex Number 185

 4
17. If z + 1 = 3i
3
(A) z is purely real
1/4
(B) z represents the vertices of a square of side 2
9
(C) z is purely imaginary
3/4
(D) z represents the vertices of a square of side 2 .

2008
18.
th
If 1, 1, 2.......,  2008 are (2009) roots of unity, then the value of  r(
r=1
r
+ 2009−r ) equals

(A) 2009 (B) 2008 (C) 0 (D) 2009

 
19. If zn = cos + i sin then Limit(z1 .z2 .z3 ......zn ) =
(2n+ 1)(2n+ 3) (2n+ 1)(2n+ 3) n→

    5 5 3 3
(A) cos + i sin (B) cos + i sin (C) cos + i sin (D) cos + i sin
3 3 6 6 6 6 2 2

6 6
20. All roots of the equation, (1 + z) + z = 0:
(A) lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin
(B) lie on a unit circle with centre at ( 1, 0)
(C) lie on the vertices of a regular polygon with centre at the origin
(D) are collinear

21. It is given that complex numbers z1 and z2 satisfy | z1 | = 2 and | z2 | = 3. If the included angle of
z1 + z2 N
their corresponding vectors is 60° then can be expressed as where N is natural
1 2
7
number then N equals
(A) 126 (B) 119 (C) 133 (D) 19

22. If z is a complex number which simultaneously satisfies the equations 3|z 12| = 5 |z 8i| and
|z 4| = |z 8| then the Im(z) can be
(A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 8

One or More Than one Correct Type Questions

4
23. Let z1, z2, z3 be non-zero complex numbers satisfying the equation z = iz.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
 3 1
(A) The complex number having least positive argument is  , .
 2 2
 
3

(B)  Amp(z
k=1
k
)=
2
 1 −1 
(C) Centroid of the triangle formed by z1, z2 and z3 is  , 
 3 3
3 3
(D) Area of triangle formed by z1, z2 and z3 is
2

186 Complex Number

24. If z  C, which of the following relation(s) represents a circle on an Argand diagram?
(A) | z 1|+|z+1|=3 (B) (z 3 + i) ( z 3 i) = 5

(C) 3| z 2+i|=7 (D) | z 3|=2

1
25. The locus of a point P(z) in the complex plane satisfying the z + = 2 are two circles C1 and C2.
z
These circles
(A) have centers on real axis. (B) cut each other orthogonally.
(C) are congruent (D) have exactly two common tangents.

26. Let A and B be two distinct points denoting the complex numbers  and  respectively. A
complex number z lies between A and B where z  , z  . Which of the following relation(s)
hold good?
(A) |  z | + | z  | = |   |
(B)  a positive real number 't' such that z = (1 t)  + t
z− z−
(C) =0
− −
z z 1
(D)   1 = 0
  1

27. Let z1, z2, z3 are the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle A 1A2A3. Which of the following
statements are equivalent?
(A) A1A2A3 is an equilateral triangle.
2 2
(B) (z1 + z2 +  z3)(z1 +  z2 + z3) = 0, where  is the cube root of unity.
z2 − z1 z3 − z2
(C) =
z3 − z2 z 1 − z3
1 1 1
(D) z1 z2 z3 = 0
z2 z3 z1

28. Let tangents at A(z1) and B(z2) are drawn to the circle |z| = 2. Then which of the following is/are
CORRECT?
z z
(A) The equation of tangent at A is given by + = 2.
z1 z1
2z1z2
(B) If tangents at A(z1) and B(z2) intersect at P(zp), then zp = .
z1 + z2
1  z1 + z1 
(C) Slope of tangent at A(z1) is  
i  z1 − z1 
(D) If points A(z1) and B(z2) on the circle |z| = 2 are such that z1 + z2 = 0, then tangents intersect

at .
2

Complex Number 187

 29. Equation of a straight line on the complex plane passing through a point P denoting the complex
number  and perpendicular to the vector OP where 'O' is the origin can be written as
z −  z − 
(A) Im  =0 (B) Re  =0 (C) Re (  z) = 0 (D) z + z − 2 |  |2 = 0
     

n− 1
30.
th
If 1, 2, 3 , .......,n 1 are the imaginary n roots of unity then the product  (i −  )
r=1
r

(where i = −1 ) can take the value equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) i (D) (1 + i)

3
31. If the expression (1 + ir) is of the form of s(1 + i) for some real 's' where 'r' is also real and
i= −1 ,then the value of 'r' can be
  5
(A) cot (B) sec (C) tan (D) tan
8 12 12

32. Let point z moves on |z 1| =1 such that minimum and maximum value of |z 2 6i | are m and
M respectively, then-
2 2 2 2
(A) m + M = 10 (B) m + M = 52 (C) m + M = 8 (D) m + M = 16

2 2
33. Locus of all points z in argand plane which satisfy |z + 1| = |z 1| is -
2
(A) same as Re(z) = 0 (B) same as Re(z ) = 0
(C) a pair of straight lines (D) a circle with unit radius

Comprehension Type Questions

Paragraph for question nos. 34 to 36
z−i
Consider a complex number w = , where z = x + iy and x, y  R.
2z + 1

34. If the complex number w is purely imaginary then locus of z is -

(A) a straight line
 1 1 5
(B) a circle with centre  − ,  and radius .
 4 2 4
1 1
(C) a circle with centre  , −  and passing through origin.
 4 2
(D) neither a circle nor a straight line.

35. If the complex number w is purely real then locus of z is

(A) a straight line passing through origin
(B) a straight line with gradient 3 and y intercept ( 1)
(C) a straight line with gradient 2 and y intercept 1.
(D) none

188 Complex Number

36. If | w | = 1 then the locus of P is
(A) a point circle (B) an imaginary circle
(C) a real circle (D) not a circle.

Paragraph for question nos. 37 to 39

Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below.
 z−1 
A = {z : | z +1 |  2 + Re(z)}, B = {z : | z 1 |  1} and C = z :  1
 z+1 
37. The number of point(s) having integral coordinates in the region AB  C is
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10

38. The area of region bounded by A B  C is

(A) 2 3 (B) 3 (C) 4 3 (D) 2

39. The real part of the complex number in the region A B  C and having maximum amplitude is
−3 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 2
2 2

ANSWER KEY

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B)

8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. i. (D) ii. (C) 13. (D)

14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (D)

21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (AB) 24. (BCD) 25. (BCD) 26. (ABCD) 27. (ABCD)

28. (ABC) 29. (BD) 30. (ABCD) 31. (BCD) 32. (AB) 33. (BC) 34. (B)

35. (C) 36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (B)

Complex Number 189

 Subjective Exercise - I

1. Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi

2
 1 + 2i  1
(a)   (b) i(9 + 6i)(2 i)
 2+i 
2
 4i3 − i  (2 + i)2 (2 − i)2
(c)   (d) −
 2i + 1  2−i 2+i
(e) A square P1P2P3P4 is drawn in the complex plane with P1 at (1, 0) and P3 at (3, 0). Let Pn
denotes the point (xn, yn) n = 1, 2, 3, 4. Find the numerical value of the product of complex
numbers (x1 + i y1) (x2 + i y2) (x3 + i y3) (x4 + i y4).

2. Given that x, y  R, solve:

(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x 3y) = 5 4i
(b) (x + iy) + (7 5i) = 9 + 4i
2 2
(c) x y i (2x + y) = 2i

3. Find the square root of:

(a) 9 + 40 i (b) 11 60 i (c) 50 i
4 3 2
4. (a) If f (x) = x + 9x + 35x x + 4, find f ( 5 + 4i)
4 3 2
(b) If g (x) = x x + x + 3x 5, find g(2 + 3i)

5. Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b  R.
2 2
(a) ix 3x 2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x 4 (2 i) x 5 3i=0

6. Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
2 2
(a) |z + 1 2i| = 7 (b) |z 1| + |z + 1| = 4
z−3
(c) =3 (d) |z 3| = |z 6|
z+3

7. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 =0
form an equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.

8. Let z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 1 i. Find z3 C such that triangle z1z2z3 is equilateral.

2 2
9. For what real values of x and y are the numbers 3 + ix y and x + y + 4i conjugate complex?

1/3 2 2 x y
10. If (x + iy) = a + bi, then prove that 4 (a b)= + .
a b

11. (a) Prove the identity, 1 − z1z2 − z1 − z2

2 2
( )( 1 − z )
= 1 − z1
2
2
2

= ( 1 + z )( 1 + z )
2 2 2 2
(b) Prove the identity, 1 + z1z2 + z1 − z2 1 2

= 2  z1 + z2  .
2 2 2 2
(c) For any two complex numbers, prove that z1 + z2 + z1 − z2
 
Also give the geometrical interpretation of this identity.

190 Complex Number

12. Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, |z 4| + |z + 4| = 16.

13. Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
2+i
(i) 6 (cos 310° i sin 310°) (ii) 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4i + (1 + i)2

2
14. (a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z (3 + i) z + m + 2i = 0, where m  R. Suppose
the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
4 3 2
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z + aZ + bZ + cZ + 3. If two roots of
the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.

2 2
15. Find the real values of x and y for which z1 = 9y 4 10 i x and z2 = 8y 20 i are conjugate
complex of each other.

2
16. (a) Solve the following equation z (3 2i)z = (5i 5) expressing your answer in the form of
(a + ib).
3 2
(b) If (1 i) is a root of the equation z 2(2 i)z + (4 5i)z 1 + 3i = 0, then find the other
two roots.

1 + z + z2
17. Let z be a complex number such that z  c\R and  R , then prove that |z| = 1.
1 − z + z2

18. Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition |z + 3 3i |= 3 , find the number having
the least positive argument.

e−2iA eiC eiB

19. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle D = eiC e −2iB
eiA , where i = −1 , then find the
eiB eiA
e−2iC
value of D.

20. Dividing f(z) by z i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
2
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z + 1.

2
21. (a) Find all non-zero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z .
(b) If the complex numbers z1, z2, .................zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
1 1 1
|z1 + z2 + ..............+zn| = |z1 +z2 +................+zn |.

z+1
22. Let |z| = 2 and w = where z, w  C (where C is the set of complex numbers). If M and m
z−1
respectively be the greatest and least modulus of w, then find the value of (2010m + M).

Complex Number 191

 ANSWER KEY

7 24 21 12 22
1. (a) + i; (b) − i; (c) 3 + 4i (d) i;
25 25 5 5 5

(e) 15

 2 2
2. (a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2,9); (c) ( 2 ,2) or  − , − 
 3 3

3. (a) ± (5 + 4i); (b) ±(5 6i); (c) ± 5(1 + i)

4. (a) 160; (b) (77 +108 i)

3 − 5i 1+i
5. (a) i, 2i (b) or −
2 2

6. (a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre ( 1, 2);

(b) on a unit circle with centre at origin

(c)on a circle with centre ( 15/4, 0) and radius 9/4;

(d) a straight line.

7. a=b=2 3 8. z3= 3 (1 i) and z'3= 3 ( 1+i)

x2 y2
9. x = 1, y = 4 or x = 1, y = 4 12. + =1
64 48

5 5
13. (i) Modulus = 6, Arg = 2k + (k  I), Principal Arg =
18 18
7 5
(ii) Modulus = 2, Arg = 2k+ (k  I), Principal Arg = −
6 6
5 1 1
(iii) Modulus = , Arg = 2k tan 2 (k  I), Principal Arg = tan 2
6

14. (a) 2, (b) 11/2 15. [( 2, 2); ( 2, 2)]

16. (a) z = (2 + i) or (1 3i); (b) z = 1 or 2 i

3 3 3 iz 1
18. − + i 19. 4 20. + +i
2 2 2 2

3 i 3 i
21. (a) − ,− − ,i 22. 673
2 2 2 2

192 Complex Number

 Subjective Exercise - II

1. Match the equation in z, in Column-I with the corresponding values of arg(z) in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(equations in z) (principal value of arg (z))
2
(A)z z+1=0 (P) 2/3
2
(B) z + z + 1 = 0 (Q) /3
2
(C) 2z + 1 + i 3 = 0 (R) /3
2
(D) 2z + 1 i 3 =0 (S) 2/3

3 2
2. (a) If i Z + Z Z + i = 0, then find |Z|.
z1 − 2z2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 |  1, find | z1 |.
2 − z1z2
2 2 2
(c) Find the minimum value of the expression E = |z| + |z 3| + |z 6i|
(where z = x + iy, x, y R)

3. Show that the product,

  1 + i    1 + i     1 + i   
2 2 2
2n 

1 +   1 + 
    1+    ......  1 +  1 + i   is equal to  1 − 1n  (1 + i) where n  2.
  2     2     2  

  2  
   22 

n
4. Let z = (0, 1)  C. Express  zk in terms of the positive integer n.
k =0

5. If  is the imaginary cube root of unity, then find the number of pairs of integers (a, b) such the
|a + b| = 1.

5
6. Resolve Z + 1 into linear and quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that:
 
4.sin .cos = 1 .
10 5

2
7. Prove that, with regard to the quadratic equation z + (p + ip') z + q + iq' = 0
where p, p', q, q' are all real.
2 2
(i) if the equation has one real root then q' pp' q' + qp' = 0.
2 2
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p p' = 4q and pp'= 2q'.
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.

8. Interpret the following locii in z  C.

 z + 2i 
(a) 1 <|z 2i|< 3 (b) Re    4 (z  2i)
 iz + 2 
(c) Arg (z + i) Arg(z i) = /2 (d) Arg (z a) = /3 where a = 3 + 4i.

Complex Number 193

 7 7
9. If the equation (z + 1) + z = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a)  Re(Z )
r=1
r
(B)  Im(Z )
r=1
r

10. Let zi(i = 1, 2, 3, 4) represent the vertices of a square all of which lie on the sides of the triangle
with vertices (0, 0), (2, 1) and (3, 0). If z 1 and z2 are purely real, then area of triangle formed by
m
z3, z4 and origin is (where m and n are in their lowest form). Find the value of (m + n).
n

3 2
11. Let f(x) = ax + bx + cx + d be a cubic polynomial with real coefficients satisfying f(i) = 0 and
2 2 2 2
f(1 + i) = 5. Find the value of a + b + c + d . (where i = −1 )

12. A particle starts to travel from a point P on the curve C1 : |z 3 4i| = 5, where | z | is maximum.
3 1
From P, the particle moves through an angle tan in anticlockwise direction on
4
|z 3 4i| = 5and reaches at point Q. From Q, it comes down parallel to imaginary axis by 2
units and reaches at point R. Find the complex number corresponding to point R in the Argand
plane.

ANSWER KEY

1. (A) Q, R; (B) P, S; (C) Q, S; (D) P, R 2. (a) 1, (b) 2 (c) 30

 (1,0) for n = 4k
 (1, 1) for n = 4k + 1
3. T 4.  (0, 1) for n = 4k + 2

(0,0) for n = 4k + 3

5. 6
2 2
6. (Z + 1) (Z 2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z 2Z cos 108° + 1)

8. (a) The region between the concentric circles with centre at (0, 2) and radii 1 and 3 units

1 1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
2 2
2 2
(c) semicircle (in the 1st and 4th quadrant) x + y = 1

(d) a ray emanating from the point (3 + 4i) directed away from the origin and having equation

3x y+4+3 3=0

7
9. (a) − , (b) zero 10. 41
2

11. 26 12. (3 + 7i)

194 Complex Number

 JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)

1
1. If z is a complex number such that |z|  2, then the minimum value of z + :
2
[JEE(Main)-2014]
5
(1) is equal to (2) lies in the interval (1, 2)
2
5 3 5
(3) is strictly greater than (4) is strictly greater than but less than
2 2 2

2. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if |z| = 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex numbers
z1 − 2z2
such that is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then the point z1 lies on a:
2 − z1z2
[JEE(Main)-2015]
(1) circle of radius 2 (2) circle of radius 2
(3) straight line parallel to x-axis (4) straight line parallel to y-axis

2 + 3i sin 
3. A value of  for which is purely imaginary, is: [JEE(Main)-2016]
1 − 2i sin 
 1     3
(1) sin−1   (2) (3) (4) sin−1  
 3 3 6  4 
 

1 1 1
4. Let  be a complex number such that 2 + 1 = z where z = −3 . If 1 −2 − 1 2 = 3k then k is
1 2 7
equal to: [JEE(Main)-2017]
(1) 1 (2) z (3) z (4) 1

5. If ,  C are the distinct roots, of the equation x2 x + 1 = 0, then 101 + 107 is equal to:
[JEE(Main)-2018]
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 1

6. Let  and  be two roots of the equation x2 + 2x + 2 = 0, then 15 + 15 is equal to:
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 512 (2) 512 (3) 256 (4) 256


    3 + 2i sin  

7. Let A =    − ,   : is purely imaginary  Then the sum of the elements in A is:

  2  1 − 2i sin  

[JEE(Main)-2019]
5 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) 
6 3 4

Complex Number 195

 8. Let z0 be a root of the quadratic equation, x2 + x + 1 = 0. If z = 3 + 6i z81
0
6i z93
0
,
Then arg z is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
  
(1) (2) 0 (3) (4)
3 6 4

3z1 2z2
9. Let z1 and z2 be any two non-zero complex numbers such that 3|z1| = 4 |z2|. If z = + then:
2z2 3z1
[JEE(Main)-2019]
17 5
(1) | z | = (2) Im(z) = 0 (3) Re(z) = 0 (4) |z| =
2 2

5 5
 3 i  3 i
10. Let z =  +  + −  . If R(z) and I(z) respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of
 2 2  2 2
   
z, then: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) R(z) > 0 and I(z) > 0 (2) R(z) < 0 and I(z) > 0
(3) R(z) = 3 (4) I(z) = 0

11.


1 
Let  −2 − i  =
3 
x + iy
27
i= ( )
−1 , where x and y are real numbers, then y x equals;

[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 85 (2) 85 (3) 91 (4) 91

12. Let z be a complex number such that |z| + z = 3 + i (where i = −1 ). Then |z| is equal to:
[JEE(Main)-2019]
41 5 34 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 3 3 4

z−
13. If ( R) is a purely imaginary number and |z| = 2, then a value of is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
z+
1
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
2

14. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers satisfying |z1| = 9 and |z2 3 4i| = 4. Then the minimum
value of |z1 z2| is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 2

3 i
15. If z = + (i = −1) , then (1 + iz + z5 + iz8)9 is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
2 2
(1) 1 (2) ( 1 + 2i)9 (3) 0 (4) 1

196 Complex Number

16.
 + i
All the points in the set S = 
 − i

(
;   R i = −1 lie on a:

) [JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) circle whose radius is 1 (2) straight line whose slope is 1

(3) circle whose radius is s 2 (4) straight line whose slope is 1

5 + 3z
17. Let z  C be such that | z | < 1. If = , then: [JEE(Main)-2019]

(1) 5 Re() > 1 (2) 4 lm() > 5 (3) 5 Re()>4 (4) 5ln() <1

(1 + i)2 2
18. If a > 0 and z = , has magnitude , then z is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
5
3 1 1 3 1 3 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) +
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5


19. If z and w are two complex numbers such that |zw| = 1 and arg(z) arg(w) = , then:
2
[JEE(Main)-2019]
1−i −1 + i
(1) zw = (2) zw = (3) zw = i (4) =
2 2

20. The equation |z i| = |z 1|, i = , represents: [JEE(Main)-2019]

1
(1) a circle of radius . (2) the line through the origin with slop 1.
2
(3) the line through the origin with slope 1. (4) a circle of radius 1.

2z − n
21. Let z  C with Im(z) = 10 and it satisfies = 2i 1 for some natural number n. Then:
2z + n
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) n = 20 and Re(z) = 10 (2) n = 20 and Re(z) = 10
(3) n = 40 and Re(z) = 10 (4) n = 40 and Re(z) = 10

 z−1 
22. If Re   = 1 , where z = x + iy, then the point (x, y) lies on a: [JEE(Main)-2020]
 2z + i 
5 3
(1) circle whose diameter is . (2) straight line whose slope is .
2 2
 1 3 2
(3) circle whose centre is at  − , −  . (4) straight line whose slope is − .
 2 2 3

3 + i sin 
23. If ,  , 2, is a real number, then an argument of sin + icos is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
4 − i cos 
3 4 4 3
(1) − tan−1   (2) tan 1   (3)  tan 1   (4)  tan 1  
4
  3
  3
  4

24. If the equation, x2 + bx + 45 = 0 (b  R) has conjugate complex roots and they satisfy
|z + 1| = 2 10 , then: [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) b2 + b = 12 (2) b2 b = 30 (3) b2 b = 42 (4) b2 + b = 72

Complex Number 197

 −1 + i 3 100 100
25. Let = , if a = (1 + ) 2k and b =  3k
then [JEE(Main)-2020]
2 k =0 k =0

a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation

(1) x2 + 102x + 101 = 0 (2) x2 + 101x + 100 = 0
(3) x2 102x + 101 = 0 (4) x2 101x + 100 = 0

z−i 5
26. Let z be a complex number such that = 1 and | z |= . Then value of |z + 3i| is
z + 2i 2
[JEE(Main)-2020]
7 15
(1) (2) 10 (3) (4) 2 3
2 4

27. If z be a complex number satisfying |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = 4, then |z| cannot be: [JEE(Main)-2020]
17
(1) 8 (2) 10 (3) (4) 7
2

3
 2 2 
 1 + sin + icos 
28. The value of  9 9  is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
 1 + sin 2 − icos 2 
 
 9 9 
1 1 1 1
(1) (1 − i 3) (2) − (1 − i 3) (3) ( 3 − i) (4) − ( 3 − i)
2 2 2 2

1 1

29. The imaginary part of 3 + 2 −54 ( ) (

2
− 3 − 2 −54 ) 2
can be: [JEE(Main)-2020]

(1) 6 (2) −2 6 (3) 6 (4) 6

m/2 n/3
 1+i 1+i
30. If   =  = 1 , (m, n  N) then the greatest common divisor of the least values of m
 1−i i − 1
and n is ______. [JEE(Main)-2020]


31. If z1, z2 are complex numbers such that Re(z1) = |z1 1|, Re(z2) = |z2 1| and arg(z1 z2) = , then
6
Im(z1 + z2) is equal to- [JEE(Main)-2020]
3 2 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 2 3
2 3 3

2z + i
32. Let u = , z = x + iy and k > 0. If the curve represented by Re(u) + Im(u) = 1 intersects the
z − ki
y-axis at the points P and Q where PQ = 5, then the value of k is- [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 1/2 (2) 3/2 (3) 4 (4) 2

198 Complex Number

 −1 + i 3
33. If a and b are real numbers such that (2 + )4 = a + b, where  = ,then a + b is
2
equal to- [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 33 (2) 9 (3) 57 (4) 24

34. If the four complex numbers z, z , z − 2Re(z) and z 2Re(z) represent the vertices of a square
of side 4 units in the Argand plane, then |z| is equal to- [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 2 (2) 4 2 (3) 2 2 (4) 4

30
 −1 + i 3 
35. The value of   is- [JEE(Main)-2020]
 1−i 
 
(1) 215 i (2) 215 i (3) 65 (4) 215

36. The region represented by [JEE(Main)-2020]

{z = x + iyC : |z| Re(z)  1} is also given by the inequality-
1  1
(1) y2  x + 1 (2) y2  2(x + 1) (3) y2  x + (4) y2  2  x + 
2  2

37. Let z = x + iy be a non-zero complex number such that z2 = i|z|2, where i = −1 , then z lies
on the- [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) imaginary axis (2) real axis (3) line, y = x (4) line, y = x

( −1 + i 3)21 (1 + i 3)21
38. Let i = −1 . If + = k, and n = [|k|] be the greatest integral park of |k|. Then
(1 − i)24 (1 + i)24

 ( j + 5)2 −  j=0 ( j + 5) is equal to.

n+ 5 n+ 5
j=0
[JEE(Main)-2021]

39. Let the lines (2 i) z = (2 + i) z and (2 + i) z + (i 2) z 4i =0, (here i2 = 1) be normal to a circle

C. If the line iz + z + 1 + i = 0 is tangent to this circle C, then its radius is: [JEE(Main)-2021]
3 3 1
(1) (2) 3 2 (3) (4)
2 2 2 2 2
 
40. Let a complex number z,| z | 1, satisfy log  | z | +11   2 . Then, the largest value of |z| is
1  2 
2 (| z | −1)
 
 
equal to: [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) 8 (2) 7 (3) 6 (4) 5

41. Let z and w be two complex number such that w = z z − 2z + 2 , z + i = 1 and Re(w) has
z − 3i
minimum value. then, the minimum value of n N for which wn is real, is equal to______.
[JEE(Main)-2021]

Complex Number 199

 42. the least value of |z| were z is complex number which satisfies the inequality.

exp 
(
 Z +3 Z −1)( )
log e 2   log 2 5 7 + 9i i = −1 , is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2021]
 z +1 
 
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 8

43. The area of the triangle with vertices A(z), B (iz) and C(z + iz) is : [JEE(Main)-2021]
1 1 1
(1) 1 (2) | z |2 (3) (4) | z + iz |2
2 2 2

44. Let S1, S2 and S3 be three sets defined as

S1 = {z  C :| z − 1 | 2}
S2 = {z  C : Re((1 − i)z)  1}
S3 = {z  C : Im(z)  1}

Then the set S1  S2  S3 [JEE(Main)-2021]

(1) Is a singleton (2) has exactly two elements
(3) Has infinitely many elements (4) has exactly three elements

45. If the equation a | z |2 +az + az + d = 0 represents a circle where a, d are real constants then
which of the following condition is correct? [JEE(Main)-2021]
(1) |  |2 −ad  0 (2) |  |2 −ad  0 and a  R − {0}
(3) |  |2 −ad  0 and a  R (4)  = 0,a,d  R
+

46. Let a circle C in complex plane pass through the points Z1 = 3 + 4i, z2 = 4 + 3i and z3 = 5i. If
z(  z1 ) is point on C such that the line through z and z1 is perpendicular to the line through z 2

and z3, then arg(z) is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]

 2   24  3
(1) tan 
−1
 −  (2) tan 
−1
− (3) tan
−1
( 3) −  (4) tan   − 
−1

 5  7  4

  z − 1  2x 
47. Let A = z  C : z + 1  1  and B = z  C : arg   =  . Then A  B is: [JEE(Main)-2022]

 z−1 
   z + 1  3 

1 
(1) A portion of a circle centered at  0, −  that lies in the second and third quadrants only
 3
 1 
(2) A portion of a circle centered at  0, −  that lies in the second quadrant only
 3
(3) an empty set
(4) a portion of a circle of radius 2 that lies in the third quadrant only
3

2
 n n 1 
15

48. If z + z + 1 = 0, x  C,
2
then   Z + ( −1) n  is equal to. [JEE(Main)-2022]
n= 1  Z 

200 Complex Number

 The area of the polygon, whose vertices are the non-real roots of the equation z = iz is:
2
49.
[JEE(Main)-2022]
3 3 3 3 3 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2 4

Sum of squares of modulus of all the complex numbers z satisfying z = iz + z − z is equal.

2 2
50.
[JEE(Main)-2022]

51. Let S = {z  C :| z − 2 | 1, z(1 + i) + z(1 − i)  2 . Let |z 4i| attains minimum and maximum values,

respectively, at z1  S and z2  S. If 5(| z1 | + | z2 | ) =  +  5 , where  and  are integers, then

2 2

the value of  +  is equal to. [JEE(Main)-2022]

52. If  are the roots of the equation x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 , then 2021 + 2021 +  2021 + 2021 is equal
to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 1 (4) 4

Let the minimum value v0 of v = z + z − 3 + z − 6i , z  C is attained at z = z0. Then

2 2 2
53.
2
2z02 − z03 + 3 + v02 is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 1000 (2) 1024 (3) 1105 (4) 1196

54. Let S be the set of all ( ),  <  < 2, for which the complex number 1 − i sin  is purely
1 + 2i sin 

1 + icos   1 
imaginary and
1 − 2icos 
is purely real. Let Z = sin 2 + i cos 2, ( )  S . Then   iZ +

(  )S 

iZ 
is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
(1) 3 (2) 3i (3) 1 (4) 2 i

 1
55. Let S1 = z 1  C :| z1 − 3 |=
2
 
 and S2 = z2  C :| z2 − | z2 + 1 || = | z2 + | z2 − 1 || . Then, for z1  S1 and

z2  S2 , the least value of | z2 − z1 | is: [JEE(Main)-2022]
1 3 5
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2

56. Let z = a + ib, b  0 be complex numbers satisfying z2 = z.2 . Then the least value of
1− z

n  N, such that zn = (z + 1)n , is equal to ______. [JEE(Main)-2022]

Complex Number 201

 ANSWER KEY

1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (3) 7. (2)

8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (1)

15. (1) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (4)

22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (3) 26. (1) 27. (4) 28. (4)

29. (2) 30. 4.00 31. (4) 32. (4) 33. (2) 34. (3) 35. (1)

36. (4) 37. (3) 38. 310 39. (3) 40. (2) 41. 4 42. (1)

43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (2) 46. (2) 47. (2) 48. 2 49. (1)

50. 2 51. 26 52. (2) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (3) 56. 6

202 Complex Number

 JEE-Advanced (Previous Year Questions)

1
1. Let complex numbers  and lie on circles (x x0)2 + (y y0)2 = r2 and (x x0)2 + (y y0)2=

4r2respectively. If z0 = x0 + iy0 satisfies the equation 2|z0|2 = r2 + 2, then || =
[JEE(Advanced)-2013]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 7 3

2. Let  be a complex cube root of unity with   1 and P = [pij] be a n × n matrix with pij = i+j.
Then P2 0, when n = [JEE (Advanced)-2013]
(A) 57 (B) 55 (C) 58 (D) 56

3 +i  1
3. Let w = and P = {wn 1 = z  C : Rez   and
2  2 
 −1 
H2= z  C : Rez   , where C is the set of all complex number. If z1 P  H1, z2  P  H2 and O
 2
represents the origin, then z1Oz2 = [JEE Advanced-2013]
  2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 3 6

Paragraph for Question 13 and 14


  z − 1 + 3i  

Let S = S1 S2 S3, where S1= {z C : |z| < 4}, S2 = z  C : Im    0 and

  1 − 3i  

S3 = {z  C : Re z > 0}.
4. min | 1 − 3i− z |= [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
zS

2− 3 2+ 3 3− 3 3+ 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2

5. Area of S = [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
10 20 16 32
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

6. The quadratic equation p(x) = 0 with real coefficients has purely imaginary roots. Then the

equation p(p(x)) = 0 has [JEE(Advanced)-2014]

(A) only purely imaginary roots

(B) all real roots

(C) two real and two purely imaginary roots

(D) neither real nor purely imaginary roots.

Complex Number 203

  2k   2k 
7. Let zk = cos   + i sin  ; [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
 10   10 

List-I List-II

P. For each zk there exists a zj such that 1. True

zk · zj = 1

Q. There exists a k  {1, 2, ....., 9} such 2. False

that z1 · z = zk has no solution z in the

set of complex numbers.

1 − z1 1 − z2 ... 1 − z9
R. equals 3. 1
10

 2k 
S. 1  9
K=1
cos   equals 4. 2
 10 

Codes:

P Q R S
(A) 1 2 4 3
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 1 2 3 4
(D) 2 1 4 3

8. Column-I Column-II
(A) In 2
, if the magnitude of the projection (P) 1
vector of the vector  i +  j on 3i + j
is 3 and if  = 2 + 3 , then possible
value(s) of || is (are)
(B) Let a and b be real numbers such that (Q) 2
−3ax2 − 2, x  1
the function f(x) = 
 bx + a , x  1
2

is differentiable for all x  . Then

possible value(s) of a is (are)
(C) Let   1 be a complex cube root of (R) 3
unity. If (3 3 + 22)4n+3 +
(2 + 3 32)4n+3 + ( 3 + 2 + 32)4n+3 = 0
then possible value(s) of n is (are)
(D) Let the harmonic mean of two positive real (S) 4
number a and b be 4, If q is a positive real
number such that a, 5, q, b is an arithmetic
progression, then the value(s) of |q a| is (are) (T) 5
[JEE(Advanced)-2015]

204 Complex Number

  k   k 
9. For any integer k, let k = cos   + i sin   , where i = −1 . The value of the expression
 7  7
12

|  k+1
− k |
3
k=1
is: [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
| 
k=1
4k − 1
−  4k −2 |

−1 + 3i (− z)r z2s 

10. Let z = , where i = −1 , and r, s  {1, 2, 3}. Let P =  2s and I be the identity matrix
2  z zr 
of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P 2 = I is
[JEE(Advanced)-2016]

 1 
11. Let a,b and a2 + b2 0. Suppose S = z  C : z = , t  , t  0 , here i = −1 .
 a + ibt 
If z = x + iy and z  S, then (x,y) lies on [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
1  1 
(A) the circle with radius and centre  ,0  for a > 0, b  0
2a  2a 
1  1 
(B) the circle with radius − and centre  − ,0  for a < 0, b  0
2a  2a 
(C) the x-axis for a  0, b = 0
(D) the y-axis for a = 0, b  0

12. Let a, b, x and y be real numbers such that a b = 1 and y  0. If the complex number z = x + iy
 az + b 
satisfies lm   = y , then which of the following is(are) possible value(s) of x?
 z+1 
[JEE(Advanced)-2017]
(A) −1 − 1 − y2 (B) 1 + 1 + y2 (C) 1 − 1 + y2 (D) −1 + 1 − y2

13. For a non-zero complex number z, let arg(z) denote the principal argument with  < arg(z)  
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) FALSE? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]

(A) arg ( 1 i) = , Where i = −1
4
(B) The function f : R → ( ,], defined by f (t) = arg ( 1 + it) for all t  R is continuous at all
points of R, where i = −1
(C) For any two non -zero complex number z1 and z2.
z 
Arg  1  arg (z1) + arg (z2) is an integer multiple of 2
 z2 
(D) For any three given distinct complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 the locus of the point z satisfying
 (z− z1 )(z2 − z3 ) 
the condition arg   =  lies on a straight line
 (z− z3 )(z2 − z1 ) 

Complex Number 205

 14. Let s, t, r be non-zero complex numbers and L be the set of solutions z = x + iy x, y  R,i = −1 of ( )
the equation sz + t z + r = 0 , where z = x iy . Then, which of the following statement(s) is
(are)TRUE? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
(A) If L has exactly one element, then | s | | t |
(B) If |s| = |t|, then L has infinitely many elements
(C) The number of elements in L  {z : |z 1 + i| = 5} is at most 2
(D) If L has more than one element, then L has infinitely many elements

15. Let S be the set of all complex numbers z satisfying |z 2 + i|  5 . If the complex number z0
1  1 
is such that is the maximum of the set  : z  S , then the principal argument of
| z0 − 1 | | z− 1 | 
4 − z0 − z0
is [JEE (Advanced)-2019]
z0 − z0 + 2i
 3  
(A) − (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4 2

16. Let   1 be a cube root of unity. Then the minimum of the set {|a + b + c2|2 : a, b, c distinct
non-zero integers} equals _____ [JEE (Advanced)-2019]

17. Let S be the set of all complex numbers z satisfying |z2 + z + 1| = 1. Then which of the following
statements is/are TRUE? [JEE (Advanced)-2020]
1 1
(A) z +  for all z  S (B) |z|  2 for all z  S
2 2
1 1
(C) z +  for all z  S (D) The set S has exactly four elements
2 2

18. For a complex number z, let Re(z) denote the real part of z. let S be the set of all complex
numbers z satisfying z4 |z|4 = 4iz2, where i = −1 . Then the minimum possible value of
|z1 z2|2, where z1, z2 S with Re(z1) > 0 and Re(z2) < 0, is____ [JEE (Advanced)-2020]

19. Let 1 , 2 , , 10 be positive valued angles (in radian) such that 1 + 2 + + 10 = 2 . Define the
i1 ik
complex numbers z1 = e , zk = zk-1e for k = 2, 3,  , 10 , where i = −1 . Consider the
statements P and Q given below: [JEE (Advanced)-2021]
P: z2 − z1 + z3 − z2 + + z10 − z9 + z1 − z10  2π
Q : z22 − z21 + z23 − z22 + + z210 − z92 + z21 − z210  4π
Then,
(A) P is TRUE and Q is FALSE

(B) Q is TRUE and P is FALSE

(C) both P and Q are TRUE

(D) both P and Q are FALSE

206 Complex Number

20. For any complex number w = c + id , let  π,π], where i = −1 . Let  and  be real
z +  π
numbers such that for all complex numbers z = x + iy satisfying arg   = , the ordered
z+ 4
pair (x , y) lies on the circle
x2 + y2 + 5x − 3y + 4 = 0

Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE? [JEE (Advanced)-2021]

(A)  = 1 (B)  = 4 (C)  = 4 (D)  = 4

21. Let z be a complex number with non-zero imaginary part. If

2 + 3z + 4z2
2 − 3z + 4z2
is a real number, then the value of |z|2 is. [JEE (Advanced)-2022]

22. Let z denote the complex conjugate of a complex number z and let i = −1 . In the set of complexes
numbers, the number of distinct roots of the equation
z− z2 = i(z+ z2 )
is _____________. [JEE (Advanced)-2022]

23. Let z denote the complex conjugate of a complex number 𝑧. If 𝑧 is a non-zero complex
number for which both real and imaginary parts of
1
(z)
2
+
z2
Are integers, then which of the following is/are possible value(s) of |𝑧|?
[JEE (Advanced)-2022]
1 1 1 1
 43 + 3 205  4  7 + 33  4  9 + 65  4  7 + 13  4
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2   4   4   6 
       

ANSWER KEY

1. (C) 2. (BCD) 3. (CD) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (D) 7. (C)

8. (A) →(P,Q); (B) →(P,Q); (C) →(P,Q,S,T); (D) →(Q,T)

9. 4 10. 1 11. (ACD) 12. (AD) 13. (ABD) 14. (ACD) 15. (A)

16. 3.00 17. (BC) 18. 8.00 19. (C) 20. (BD) 21. 0.50 22. 04.00

23. (A)

Complex Number 207