ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΗ ΑΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ

ΜΕ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΟ ΑΛΓΟΣ

‘Εφη Πολυζωγοπούλου
Επίκουρος Καθηγήτρια Επείγουσας Ιατρικής ΕΚΠΑ
Πανεπιστημιακή Κλινική Επειγόντων Περιστατικών
ΠΓΝ ΑΤΤΙΚΟΝ
 epidemiology
• the most common emergency department (ED) chief
complaint in adult patients
• 25% of presenting patients are ultimately diagnosed with
‘nonspecific abdominal pain’)
• Elderly (>65y), immunocompromised patients and women of
reproductive age deserve special consideration
• Immunocompromised patients require a broad differential
diagnosis due to misleading labs and highly variable
presentations
 Patients with abdominal pain have a wide
range of potential presentations
History
• provocative, palliative factors
• quality
• radiation
• symptoms associated with the pain
• timing
• progression and migration
 analgesia does not increase
the risk of diagnosis error or
the risk of failure in assessing the
patient with abdominal pain
Abdominal Pain Mimics
 Empiric Management

• Main goals: physiologic stabilization, control of

symptoms and expeditious diagnosis with or
without consultation
• Analgesics, antacids, anticholinergics,
antiemetics, NGT suctioning or broad-spectrum
antibiotics are given according to symptoms and
suspected disease process
 Disposition
Surgical vs. Nonsurgical consultation
Admission for observation
Discharge if clinically stable with appropriate follow-up care
arranged
following criteria met:
• No serious organ pathology or peritoneal irritation
suspected
• Normal or near-normal vitals signs
• Pain and nausea controlled
• Patient can take fluids by mouth
• Patient informed about what to do if circumstances change
after discharge
10 Tips for Approaching Abdominal
Pain in the Elderly
 1. THE ATYPICAL IS TYPICAL

• Normal vital signs, lab tests, and the history

and physical exam findings are not necessarily
reassuring in older patients.

• Why are older adults so hard to diagnose?

History:
• Patients with dementia, or those with an
acute delirium
• past medical history is usually more
complicated than younger patients
Vitals
– lack a fever despite infection or sepsis.
– not be tachycardic in response to pain or
hypovolemia because of beta-blockers, other
medications, and intrinsic cardiac disease.
– A normal blood pressure may be falsely reassuring
Physical exam
• They may lack pain or localizing symptoms.
• Over 30% of older patients with peptic ulcer
disease have no pain.
• In patients with peritonitis, only 55% have
pain, and 34% have rigidity.
Labs
• They may not have an elevated WBC despite
infection or sepsis.
• 30% of older patients who require abdominal
surgery do not have a fever or leukocytosis.
Delays in care
• Because their pain sensation is blunted, or
because patients have dementia
• They may also delay seeking care because of
financial concerns, fears that they could lose
their independence, and the very real concern
that there could be something terrible going
on.
 less physiologic reserve
• so can decompensate more quickly.
 2. TAKE A WORST-FIRST APPROACH
TO THE DIFFERENTIAL
Assume there is an abdominal catastrophe until proven otherwise

• A time-based approach may help

• Could this be an aortic dissection or rupture? Bedside ultrasound may
help.
• Is this a perforated viscus? Order an upright plain film
• Is this sepsis from an intra-abdominal source, such as cholecystitis,
ascending cholangitis, diverticulitis, appendicitis, or abscess?
• Appendicitis accounts for 3-4% of older patients with acute abdominal
pain
3. GET TO KNOW YOUR SURGEON
• You’re going to need him or her. About 50% of
older adults with abdominal pain are admitted
to the hospital, and of those 30% require
surgery during their hospitalization, twice as
many as in younger adults.
• The most common causes for surgery in older
adults are:
➢Biliary
➢Small bowel obstruction
4. DON’T DIAGNOSE A DIAGNOSIS OF
EXCLUSION

• Constipation is common in older adults, as are

gastroenteritis, IBS, and non-specific chronic
abdominal pain, but be wary of charting these
as your final diagnoses, as they are diagnoses
of exclusion.
5.NOT ALL PYURIA IS A SIMPLE UTI

• Don’t hang your hat on 7 WBC in the urine as

the cause of abdominal pain.
• Appendicitis and other focal inflammation
near the bladder can also cause pyuria.
• It could also be pyelonephritis or a renal
abscess.
• Or the pyuria may be incidental and
unrelated.
 6.SPECIAL CASES
Certain histories should increase your suspicion for specific etiologies.
Consider the following:

• Recent cardiac catheterization – retroperitoneal hematoma

• History of AAA repair – rupture, leak, or aorto-enteric fistula
• Recent colonoscopy – perforation or intra-abdominal bleeding or
hematoma
• Poor mobility and chronic constipation – sigmoid volvulus
• History of hiatal hernia – gastric volvulus
• History of peptic ulcers – ruptured ulcer or erosion and bleeding
• Atrial fibrillation – mesenteric ischemia
• Prior surgeries – bowel obstruction or internal hernia
• Ascites – spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
• Abdominal pain AND another symptom (such as chest pain, back pain,
pulse differences, leg pain, focal weakness, or syncope) – aortic dissection
 7.BE WARY OF A BENIGN EXAM IN AN OLDER
PATIENT WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN

• Instead of labeling it a ‘benign exam’, think of it

as POOP: Pain Out Of Proportion to exam, which
could mean mesenteric ischemia.
• 50% are due to arterial emboli
• 15-25% are due to arterial thrombi
• 20% are due to low flow states from hypotension,
dehydration, etc
• 5% are due to venous thrombi
 8. A PICTURE IS WORTH THE $1000

• In older adults with no clear cause of their pain,

consider a CT scan.
• In older adults the radiation is not as big a concern, as
their lifetime risk of acquiring a radiation-induced
malignancy from the scan is low.
• On the benefit side, given the high prevalence of
surgical causes of abdominal pain, there is a higher
likelihood of diagnosing the cause of pain by CT.
• The risk/benefit ratio therefore more strongly favors
imaging for the average older patient compared with
the average younger patient.
 9. DON’T ANCHOR TO WHAT THE PATIENT TELLS YOU

• How many times have you seen an older

patient who presents with abdominal pain,
convinced it’s just “a little indigestion” or
“something I ate” and it turns out to be an MI,
a dissection, or necrotizing pancreatitis?
• Listen to what the patient tells you
• look at the situation with an open mind
10. IT MAY NOT BE THEIR ABDOMEN AT ALL!

• Abdominal pain or nausea and vomiting can

be the sole symptoms in an MI.
• So in a patient with abdominal pain, consider
whether the pain could be arising from a
contiguous area.
• Does the pathology really lie in the chest, such
as pneumonia, ACS, or CHF.
• Or is the pain actually back pain, flank pain,
or from a metabolic process such as DKA?
Pitfalls To Avoid
 Pitfalls To Avoid
1. “His belly wasn’t very impressive.”
The physical examination can be misleading in
many causes of abdominal pain, especially in
the elderly or immunocompromised
2. “The CBC was normal.”
All laboratory tests should be considered in the
context of the potential disease process. A
negative CBC in and of itself does not rule out
an inflammatory or infectious process.
 Pitfalls To Avoid
3. “I thought the nurse ordered the pregnancy test.”
A pregnancy test should be ordered and reviewed on women of
childbearing age.
4. “X-rays of the abdomen are a thing of the past. I just go straight
to CT.”
CT may provide more information depending on what disease
process is most likely. However, in patients presenting with signs
of perforation, foreign body ingestion, or SBO it may be prudent
to order abdominal radiographs first to potentially make the
diagnosis
 Pitfalls To Avoid
5. “The radiologist didn’t see the appendix on
US, so I told the patient he could go home.”
A non visualized appendix may be due to
patient body habitus or overlying bowel gas
and can be operator dependent.Failure to
visualize appendix on US does not rule out
appendicitis, and necessitates further
evaluation.Clinical decisions should not be
based on US alone.
 Pitfalls To Avoid
6. “The patient only had belly pain. The work-
up was negative so I let him go home. He
came back three days later with a perforated
appendix. He should have known to follow
up with his physician.”
Every patient discharged with undifferentiated
abdominal pain should be given clear
instructions for follow up.
References

• http://www.emdocs.net/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/AbdominalPain-KMAK.pdf
• https://www.saem.org/cdem/education/online-
education/m4-curriculum/group-m4-approach-
to/approach-to-abdominal-pain
• https://www.aliem.com/ten-tips-for-approaching-
abdominal-pain-in-the-elderly/
• http://www.emdocs.net/abdominal-pain-mimics-
pearls-and-pitfalls/