PART 5

Open System

THERMODYNAMICS (DJJ20063)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this class, student are able to:
1. Describe the open system.
2. Explain the concept of steady flow process.
3. Calculate the heat transferred, work done, enthalpy, mass flow rate
and, inlet and exit area for open system.
Open System Devices

Boiler

Pump Nozzle Condenser/ Heat Exchanger Turbine

Pump Compressor Condenser/ Heat Exchanger Turbine

Open System Devices
Concept of Open System
• An open system, or a control volume, involves mass flow.
• Flow through these devices is best studied by selecting properly the
region within the device as the control volume.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
Concept of Open System
• This process may be sub-divided into an unsteady flow process and
steady flow process.
• Criteria for steady flow process:
i. The mass of fluid flowing past any section in the system must be
constant with respect to time.
ii. The properties of the fluid at any particular section in the system
must be constant with respect to time.
iii. All transfer of work energy and heat which takes place must be
done at a uniform rate.
Energy Analysis of OpenSystem
• From the energy balance equation:

𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚/𝑑𝑡

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑐2 𝑐2
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑐2 𝑐2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
Energy Analysis of OpenSystem

• By labeling 1 as inlet and 2 as exit, the steady flow energy equation becomes:

𝒄𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CLOSED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM

IF
Given ṁ Not given ṁ

𝒄𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑸−𝑾= 𝒎 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 𝐪−𝒘= 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏𝒈
𝟐 𝟐

Q kJ/s Mass flow rate, kg/s The Change of Kinetic Energy, m2/s2 𝐜 𝟏𝐀𝟏 𝐜 𝟐𝐀𝟐
q kJ/kg 𝐦 =𝐦𝟏= 𝐦𝟐 c1 : velocity inlet (m/s) 𝐦 = =
Note: ṁ ≠0
𝐯𝟏 𝐯𝟐
c2 : velocity outlet(m/s)
Q = ṁq *Convert unit form m to km.
Heat in (+ve) The Change of Enthalpy, kJ/kg A1 : inlet area (m2)
h1 : enthalpy inlet (kJ/kg) A2 : outlet area(m2)
Heat out (-ve) The Change of Potential Energy, kJ/kg
h2 : enthalpy outlet(kJ/kg)
z1 : inlet height (m) v1 : specific volume at inlet (m3/kg)
W kJ/s If (h2 – h1) increase denote as +ve z2 : outlet height(m) v2 : specific volume at outlet (m3/kg)
w kJ/kg If (h2 – h1) decrease denote as–ve g : gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
u1 : internal energy at inlet (kJ/kg)
W = ṁw If inlet is higher than outlet (z2 – z1) denote as -ve u2 : internal energy at outlet(kJ/kg)

COORDINATOR
Note: h ≠ 0
If inlet is lower than outlet (z2 – z1) denote as+ve

COURSE
If the value of h1 and h2 are not given, use
Work in (-ve) these formula to find them: P1 : inlet pressure (kN/m2)
Work out (+ve) h1 = u1 + P1v1 and h2 = u2 + P2v2 *Convert unit from m to km. P2 : outlet pressure(kN/m2)
 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

A1 : inlet area (m2) ENTHALPY EQUATION

A2 : outlet area (m2)
v1 : specific volume at inlet (m3/kg)
v2 : specific volume at outlet (m3/kg)
u1 : internal energy at inlet (kJ/kg)
u2 : internal energy at outlet (kJ/kg)
P1 : inlet pressure (kN/m2)
P2 : outlet pressure (kN/m2)
Open System Device: Nozzle
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines,
rockets, spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the
expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by
slowing it down.

Energy
balance for
a nozzle or
diffuser:
 Open System Device: Turbine And Compressor
Turbine drives the electric generator In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades, which are
attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.

Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase the pressure
Turbine
of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an external source through a rotating
shaft.

A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.
Compressor

Energy balance for the

compressor in this figure:
Open System Device: Throttling Valve
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that
cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a throttling
valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large
drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling devices are
commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.

Energy
balance
 Open System Device: Mixing Chamber
In engineering applications, the section where
the mixing process takes place is commonly
referred to as a mixing chamber.

Energy balance for the

adiabatic mixing chamber in
the figure is:
First Law of Thermodynamics : OpenSystem
Problem Solving
HOW TO SOLVE
STEP 1 • List the information provided and understand the question.

STEP 2 • Convert to the suitable units.

STEP 3 • Select the suitable formula.

STEP 4 • Simplify the formula.

STEP 5 • Calculate the value.

 Q - W = m [ (h2 -h1) + ( c2 - c1 ) + ((z2 -z1) g) ]
Given:

Problem Solving Application: turbine

c1 = 16 m/s
h1 = 2990 kJ/kg
c2 = 37 m/s
-25 - W = 90 [ ( 2530 - 2990) + ( 37 - 16 ) ]

h2 = 2530 kJ/kg
Q out = 25 kJ/kg

Example 1 m = 324000 kg/h

= 324000 / (60 x 60)
= 90 kg/s
-25 - W = - 41349.915
W = 41324. 915 kJ/kg

Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 16 m/s and

specific enthalpy 2990 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the
turbine with a velocity of 37 m/s and specific enthalpy
2530 kJ/kg. The heat loss to the surroundings as the
steam passes through the turbine is 25 kJ/kg. The steam
flow rate is 324000 kg/h. Determine the work
output from the turbine in kilowatts.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.
V1 = 16 m/s V2 = 37 m/s
Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

h1 = 2990 kJ/kg h2 = 2530 kJ/kg Step 3 : Identify the process.

m = 324000 kg/h
= 90 kg/s

Q = -25 KJ/kg
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

on the process.

Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝒄𝟐𝟐
− 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟑𝟕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝟐
−𝟐𝟓 − 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟎 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

−𝟐𝟓 − 𝑾 = −𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟒
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 kJ/kg
𝑾 = 𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 kJ/kg 𝒙 90 kJ/s

𝑾 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟗. 𝟔 𝒌𝑾
 Given :
Q - W = m [ (h2 -h1) + ( c2 - c1 ) + ((z2 -z1) g) ]
Application : Boiler

Problem Solving P = 15 bar

= 15 x 100 kN/m2
= 1500 kN/m2
m = 1000 kg /h
Q - 0 = 0.278 [ ( 2200 - 165) ]

Q = 565.73 kJ/s
= 1000 / (60 x 60)
= 0.278 kg/s
h1 = 165 kJ/kg

Example 2 h2 = 2200 kJ/kg

Q=?

A boiler operates at a constant pressure of 15 bar and

evaporates fluid at the rate of 1000 kg/h. At the boiler
inlet, the fluid has an enthalpy of 165 kJ/kg and at the
boiler outlet, the enthalpy of the fluid is 2200 kJ/kg.
Determine the heat energy supplied to the boiler.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.
P1 = P2 = 15 bar h2 = 2200 kJ/kg
Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

m = 1000 kg/h Step 3 : Identify the process.

= 0.28 kg/s

h1 = 165 kJ/kg
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

on the process.

𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖(2200 -165)

𝑸 = 𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟖 𝒌𝑾
 Given :
Q - W = m [ (h2 -h1) + ( c2 - c1 ) + ((z2 -z1) g) ]

Problem Solving Application : Turbine

m = 45 kg /min
= 45 / 60
= 0.75 kg/s
-35 - W = 0.75 [ (-580)]
h2 - h1 = - 580 kJ/kg
-35 - W = - 435
Q out = - 2100 kJ/min
W = 400 kJ/s
= -2100 / 60
= -35 kJ/s

Example 3

A fluid flows through a turbine at the rate of 45kg/min.

Across the turbine, the specific enthalpy of the fluid
drop about 580 kJ/kg and the turbine loss 2100 kJ/min
of heat. Determine the power produced by the
turbine. Assume that changes in kinetic and potential
energy may be neglected.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.
P1 = P2 = 15 bar
Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

m = 45 kg/minute Step 3 : Identify the process.

= 0.75 kg/s

h2 – h1 = -158 kJ/kg

Q = - 2100 KJ/minute
= - 35 kJ/s
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

on the process.

𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟓 − 𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓(−𝟓𝟖𝟎)

𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
 Given:
Q - W = m [ (h2 -h1) + ( c2 - c1 ) + ((z2 -z1) g) ]
Application : Condenser

Problem Solving m = 35 kg/min

= 35 / 60
= 0.583 kg/s
h1 = 2200 kJ/kg
Q - 0 = 0.583 [ (255 - 2200) ]

h2 = 255 kJ/kg Q = - 1133.935 kJ/s

Q out = ?

Example 4

Fluid enters a condenser at the rate of 35 kg/min with a

specific enthalpy of 2200 kJ/kg, and leaves with a
specific enthalpy of 255 kJ/kg. Determine the rate of
heat loss from the system.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION
T1 = T2 Step 1 : List the information and
1 2
understand the question.
m = 35 kg/minute h2 = 255 kJ/kg
Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.
= 0.58 kg/s
Step 3 : Identify the process.

h1 = 2200 kJ/kg
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

on the process.

𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖(𝟐𝟓𝟓 − 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎)

𝑸 = −𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟏 𝒌𝑾
 Given :
From Steam Table, pg.8

Problem Solving Application : Nozzle

T1= 400 C
P1 = 800 kPa
= 800 kN/m2
At P = 800 kN/m2 , T = 400 C
= 8 bar
v1 = vg =0.3842 m3/kg
h1 = hg = 3267 kJ/kg

Example 5 c1= 10 m/s

T2 = 300 C
P2 = 200 kPa
At P = 200 kN/m2, T = 300 C
= 2 bar
= 200 kN/m2 v2 = vg = 1.316 m3/kg
Q out = - 25 kW h2 = hg = 3072 kJ/kg
A1 = 0.08 m2

Steam enters a nozzle at 400°C and 800 kPa with a velocity

of 10 m/s, and leaves the system at 300°C and 200 kPa while
losing heat at rate of 25 kW to the surrounding. For an inlet
area of 0.08 m2, determine: i) m = (c1A1) / v1
= (10 x 0.08) / 0.3842
= 2.082 kg/s

i. Mass flow rate m = ( c1A1 ) / v1 ii) Q - W = m [ (h2 -h1) + ( c2 - c1 ) + ((z2 -z1) g) ]

ii. Exit velocity -25 - 0 = 2.082 [(3072 - 3267) + ( c2 - 10 ) ]

iii. Outlet area c2 = 605.02 m/s

iv. Volume flow rate iii) m

2.082
= (c2A2) / v2
= (605.02 x A2 ) / 1.316
A2 = 0.0045 m2
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.
P1 = 8 bar
P2 = 2 bar Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.
T1 = 400 oC
T2 = 300 oC Step 3 : Identify the process.

From steam table

From steam table
V1 = Vg = 0.3842 m3/kg
V2 = Vg = 1.316 m3/kg
h1 = 3267 kJ/kg
h2 = 3072 kJ/kg

Q = -25 KJ/kg
A1 = 0.08 m2
C1 = 10 m/s
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝐶1 𝐴1 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
i. 𝑚= on the process.
𝑉1
(10)(0.05) Step 5 : Calculate the value.
𝑚=
0.3842

𝑚 = 2.08 kg/s

𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
ii. 𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐
−𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟒 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎
−𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 = −𝟏𝟗𝟓 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

𝐶2 𝐴2 on the process.
iii. 𝑚=
𝑉2 Step 5 : Calculate the value.
𝑚𝑉2
𝐴2 =
𝐶2
2.08 (1.316)
𝐴2 =
605.02
𝐴2 = 0.0045 m2

iv. 𝑉ሶ = 𝑚 𝑥 𝑉2 𝐴
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉ሶ = 2.08 𝑥 1.316
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑉ሶ = 2.74
𝑘𝑔
Problem Solving
Given :
m = 4 kg/s
P1 = 620 kN/m2 P2 = 130 kN/m2
c1 = 300 m/s c2 = 150 m/s
u1 = 2100 kJ/kg u2 = 1500 kJ/kg

Example 6 v1 = 0.37 m3/kg

Q out = - 30 kJ/kg
P=? A1 = ?
v2 = 1.2 m3/kg

A2 =?

In a steady flow system, a substance flows at the rate of 4 kg/s. It

enters the system at a pressure of 620 kN/m2, a velocity of 300
m/s, internal energy of 2100 kJ/kg and specific volume of 0.37
m3/kg. It leaves the system at pressure of 130 kN/m2, a velocity
of 150 m/s, internal energy of 1500 kJ/kg and specific volume of
1.2 m3/kg. During the passage through the system, the
substance has a loss energy by heat transfer of 30 kJ/kg to the
surroundings. Determine the power of the system in kilowatts,
stating whether it is from or to the system. Calculate the inlet
and outlet area of the system.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.

m1 = 4 kg/s P2 = 130 kN/m2 Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

P1 = 620 kN/m2 C2 = 150 m/s Step 3 : Identify the process.

C1 = 300 m/s U2 = 1500 kJ/kg
U1 = 2100 kJ/kg V2 = 1.2 m3/kg
v1 = 0.37 m3/kg
Q = -30 KJ/kg
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 on the process.
h1 = u1 + P1v1 and h2 = u2 + P2v2 Step 5 : Calculate the value.
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 1500 − 2100 + 130𝑥1.2 − 620𝑥0.37
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = −600 − 73.4
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = −673.4 kJ/kg
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟐
−𝟑𝟎 − 𝑾 = −𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟒 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
−𝟑𝟎 − 𝑾 = −𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟒 + −𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
−𝟑𝟎 − 𝑾 = −𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟒 + −𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
−𝟑𝟎 − 𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎𝟕. 𝟏𝟓
𝑾 = 𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟓 kJ/kg
𝑾 = 𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟓 kJ/kg x 4 kg/s
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑾
Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based

𝐶1 𝐴1 on the process.
𝑚=
𝑉1 Step 5 : Calculate the value.
𝑚𝑉1
𝐴1 =
𝐶1
4 (0.37)
𝐴1 =
300
𝐴1 = 0.0049 m2

𝐶2 𝐴2
𝑚=
𝑉2
𝑚𝑉2
𝐴2 =
𝐶2
4 (1.2)
𝐴2 =
150
𝐴2 = 0.032 m2
 Given:

Problem Solving
Application : Turbine
m = 5400 kg/h
= 5400 / (60x60)
= 1.5 kg/s
W = 480 kW
Q=0
z2 - z1 = - 5 m

Example 7 h2 - h1 = ?
c1 = 85 m/s
c2 = 450 m/s

A turbine received steam at the flow rate of 5400 kg/h

and produced the power of 480 kW. Heat loss from the
turbine can be neglected. The inlet pipe is 5 meter
above the outlet pipe. Determine the changes of
enthalpy when the velocity at the inlet is 85 m/s and
the velocity at the outlet is 450 m/s.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.

m1 = 5400 kg/h = 1.5 kg/s z2 – z1 = -5 m Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

W = 480 kW C2 = 450 m/s Step 3 : Identify the process.

Q = neglect
C1 = 85 m/s

ℎ2 − ℎ1 =?
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 on the process.

𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟐 − 𝟖𝟓𝟐 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

−𝟒𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
−𝟑𝟐𝟎 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + 𝟗𝟕. 𝟔𝟒

𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 = −𝟒𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 kJ/kg
 Given :

Problem Solving Application : Boiler

c1 = 6 m/s
P1 = 0.98 bar
c2 = 50 m/s
P2 = 7 bar
= 98 kN/m2 = 700 kN/m2
v1 = 0.1 m3/kg v2 = 0.2 m3/kg

Example 8 h2 - h1 = 100 kJ/kg

Q in = 40 kW

m=?

Water flowed through a boiler with the velocity of 6 m/s,

pressure of 0.98 bar and specific volume of 0.1 m3/kg.
Superheated steam produced has velocity of 50 m/s and
pressure of 7 bar with specific volume of 0.2 m3/kg. The
specific internal energy at the outlet section is 100 kJ/kg
greater than the inlet. If the heat transfer to the boiler
is 40 kW. Calculate the mass flow rate produced in kg/h.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.

C1 = 6 m/s C2 = 50 m/s Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

P1 = 0.98 bar = 98 kN/m2 P2 = 7 bar = 700 kN/m2 Step 3 : Identify the process.
V1 = 0.1 m3/kg V2 = 0.2 m3/kg
Q = 40 Kw h2 – h1 = 100 kJ/kg

m=?
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 on the process.

𝟓𝟎𝟐 − 𝟔𝟐 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝟒𝟎 = 𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟒𝟎 = 𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑

m = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟓 kg/s
 Given :

Problem Solving Application : turbine

m = 4500 kg/h
= 4500 / (60 x 60 )
= 1.25 kg/s
c1 = 15 m/s
c2 = 180 m/s
Q out = -23 kJ/kg

Example 9 h2 - h1 = - 420 kJ/kg

W=?

Steam flow through a turbine stage at the rate of 4500

kJ/h. The steam velocities at inlet and outlet are 15
m/s and 180 m/s respectively. The rate of heat energy
flow from the turbine casing to the surroundings is 23
kJ/kg. If the specific enthalpy of the steam decreased
by 420 kJ/kg, calculate the power developed by the
turbine.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.

m1 = 4500 kg/h = 1.25 kg/s C2 = 180 m/s Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

C1 = 15 m/s h2 – h1 = 420 kJ/kg Step 3 : Identify the process.

Q = -23 kW

W =?
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 on the process.

𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟐 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

−𝟐𝟑 − 𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟐𝟎 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

−𝟐𝟑 − 𝑾 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟗

𝑾 = −𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 kJ/kg
Problem Solving Given :

P1 = 0.4 Mpa
= 0.4 X 10^6 / ( 100000)
= 4 bar
= 400 kN/m2
T1 = 300 C

Example 10 Application : Nozzle

P2 = 0.2 Mpa
= 2 bar
= 200 kN/m2
x = 90 / 100
= 0.9
c1 = 0 c2 = ?

Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300°C, enters an adiabatic nozzle

and leaves at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%.
Neglecting the inlet velocity, calculate the exit velocity.
 Problem Solving
SOLUTION

Step 1 : List the information and

1 2
understand the question.

P1 = 0.4 MPa = 400 kPa = kN/m2 P2 = 0.2 MPa = 200 kPa = kN/m2 Step 2 : Convert to suitable units.

= 4 bar = 2 bar Step 3 : Identify the process.

x = 90 % = 0.9 C2 = ?
C1 = neglect
h2 = hf + hfg
W =?

h1 = hf + hfg
Problem Solving

At 4 bar At 2 bar

h1 = hf + xhfg h1 = hf + xhfg
hf = 16.8 kJ/kg hf = 8.4 kJ/kg
hfg = 2491.3 kJ/kg hfg = 2495.9 kJ/kg
h1 = 16.8 + 0.9(2491.3) h2 = 8.4 + 0.9(2495.9)
= 2258.97 kJ/kg = 2254.71 kJ/kg
Problem Solving
SOLUTION
𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒈 Step 4 : Select the suitable formula based
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 on the process.

𝒄𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐𝟏 Step 5 : Calculate the value.

𝟎= 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐𝟐 −𝟎
𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐𝟐 − 𝟎
𝟑. 𝟗𝟗 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 7980
𝑪𝟐 = 89.33 m/s
THANK YOU