6.
MULTIVIBRATORS
a) ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: Design and setup an Astable Multivibrator for:
(i) Symmetrical output with a time period T= 1ms
(ii) Asymmetrical output with duty cycle 70%; T = 1ms
(iii) Perfect square
(iv) VCO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(i) Symmetrical output with T = 1ms
DESIGN:
(i) For symmetrical output with a time period T= 1ms
T1 = 0.693RB1C1 ,
T2 = 0.693RB2C2 (T2 is the time for which Transistor T2 is off.)
Let Vcc = +12V , Ic = 2mA , β = 100 - 400
𝐼 𝐼 5 × 2 × 10
𝐼 > ∴𝐼 = 5× = = 10
𝛽 𝛽 100
. .
RC1 = RC2 = = = = 5.9𝐾 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟔𝑲
When T2 is ON,
. .
RB1 = = = 11.2 × 10 = 112𝐾 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑲 RB1 = RB2 = 100K
T1 = T2 = 0.5ms [T1 + T2 = 1ms &Tt = T1 + T2]
Tt = 1.38RB1C1 C1 = . × ×
= 7.25𝜇𝐹 × 10 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝒏𝑭
21
EXPECTED GRAPH
PROCEDURE:
Wire the circuit as shown in figure.
Switch on VCC.
observe the output across VC1 to GND.
VC2 to GND.
VB1 to GND.
VB2 to GND
Measure T, T1&T2
Measure VC1, VC2, VB1, VB2
(ii) Asymmetrical output with T = 1ms and duty cycle 70%
circuit diagram :
DESIGN:
𝑡
= 0.7
𝑡 + 𝑡
0.3tON = 0.7tOFF
0.3T1 = 0.7T2
T1 + T2 = 1ms T2 = 0.3ms
&T1 = 0.7ms
Let RC1 = RC2 = 5.6K
RB1 = RB2 = 100K
T1 = 0.693RB1C1
. ×
C1 = . × ×
=
𝟏𝟎𝒏𝑭
. ×
C2 = . × ×
=
4.33𝑛𝐹 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟕𝒏𝑭
22
EXPECTED GRAPH
Procedure is same as above.
(iii) Perfect square
circuit diagram :
EXPECTED GRAPH
23
PROCEDURE:
Wire the circuit as shown in figure.
Switch on VCC.
observe the output across VC1 to GND.
VC2 to GND.
VB1 to GND.
VB2 to GND
Measure T, T1&T2
Measure VC1, VC2, VB1, VB2
(iv) As VCO
circuit diagram:
EXPECTED GRAPH
TABULAR COLUMN
VBB Frequency
If VBB is varied, the time period of output T changes in accordance with the equation
T = 2RCln (1 + VCC=VBB). With a fixed value of VCC, it can be seen from the equation that
the output frequency of the circuit is nonlinear function of VBB.
24
PRE LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What are the other names of A stable multivibrator?
2. Define quasi stable state?
3. Is it possible to change time period of the waveform without changing R&C?
4. Explain charging and discharging of capacitors in an Astable Multivibrator?
5. How can an Astable multivibrator be used as VCO?
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Why do you get overshoots in the Base waveforms?
2. What are the applications of A stable Multivibrator?
3.How can A stable multivibrator be used as a voltage to frequency
converter?
4.What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
5. why diode is used in A stable Multivibrator?
MODEL QUESTION:
1. Design and set up a single memory.
2. Design and set up a police alarm.
RESULT
25
b). BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: Design and setup a Bistable Multivibrator.
DESIGN
Bistable multivibrator
Let Vcc = 12V, ICsat = 2mA, β = 100
VRE = 2V, VR2 = VRE + VBE = 2.8V
VR1 = Vcc – VR2 [when T2 is OFF and T1 is ON]
= 12 – 2.8 = 9.2V
IR1≅IR2=10IB
. ×
R1 = VR1/IR1 = × × ×
= 47K
IR2 = 9IBsator VR2/IR2
. ×
R2 = × × ×
= 15K
( ) .
R = = ×
= 4.9K ; Capacitor, C=220PF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
26
EXPECTED GRAPH
PROCEDURE:
Wire the circuit as shown in figure.
Switch on VCC.
Give 3v ,1kHz square wave from function generator
observe the output across VC1 to GND.
VC2 to GND.
Measure VC1, VC2
PRE LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is the working principle of Bistable multivibrator?
2. What are the applications of Bistable multivibrator?
3. Which logic gates are used to construct the Bistable element?
.POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of a Bistable Multivibrator?
2. Describe the operation of commutating capacitors? Another name of commutating
capacitors.
3. Why is a Binary also called a flip-flop?
MODEL QUESTION:
1. . To convert 1KHz square wave to 500Hz square wave.
2. Design 1. Divide by 2 circuits
2. Divide by 4 circuits.
RESULT:
27
c). MONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: Design and setup a mono stable multivibrator.
DESIGN:
Let Vcc = 12V , Icsat = 2mA , Β = 100
Let VB1 = -2V
V ×R V ×R
V = +
R + R R + R
.
= = −2
3R1 = 2.2R2
. .
RC1 = RC2 = = ≅ 5.6K
T = 0.693R C
0.5mS = 0.693R C
V −V 11.2
R = = = 112K ≅ 100K
I I
5×
β
IBsat = 5Ic/β = 0.1mA
IBsat = I1 – I2
. . ( )
0.1mA = = = 0.1mA
Let I2 = 0.1mA
.
R2 = . = 58𝐾 ≅ 56𝐾
. ×
So 𝑅 = = 41𝐾 ≅ 39𝐾
0.5 × 10
C = = 7.2nF ≅ 10nF
0.693 × 100 × 10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
28
EXPECTED GRAPH
Pre lab Questions:
1.Explain the operation of collector coupled Monostable Multivibrator?
2. Derive the expression for the gate width of a transistor Monostable Multivibrator?
3. Give the application of a Monostable Multivibrator.
4.Describe the operation of coupling capacitor in this circuit?
5. Justify, Why Monostable Multivibrator is called one-shot circuit?
Post lab questions:
1.Why monostable multivibrator is not an oscillator?
2.why diode is used in monostable multivibrator?
3.How do you find the frequency of a monostable multivibrator?
4.How does monostable multivibrator used as a frequency divider?
5.why monostable multivibrator is called gating circuit?
6. Why is the –ve voltage given at the base of Q1 transistor?
MODEL QUESTION:
1. Design and set up a circuit to count the number of people entering the room using only dc supply.
2. Design and set up a circuit that can be used in an industry to aid counting of tins on conveyor belt.
RESULT:
29
