EMEC aC
mohammed pulok
ahmed ouvi
2019333049)
02)
294n Pugusd — Far Desenver
(2028)BD Transduerr - oo device dit inputs and our purls ditfreat dy
upes al
enemy 8 triemonone, tans.
® Sano
When we dejan m amplifier, we need ty speci sohas
Ae workeng rmnge Of cur devin will be. Frquenay response
enters dws picture Were . -
Tn om amplifier, Pago wwuolly grekr tron Pay TH gin of
mt a)
pouer ¢ posible only Be tM Ty mm om ampliter
Gorm in on amplifier G is 142 tn)
\ Toe .
ompifer Haslet
lnm \
oe U9)
Pout
G+ 0 "0 P AaB -@
”
OA Woe power pont, Pay = Pry /% or Pan? 2 Pour
Pou
G10 tog “
Pout
wy Pp
n
— gB : W \eg a® = }0 'eg 4a
(
> 9 Pun
. =~ B10 dB
magic number in Aectome“ u
: 4 uy
| i Anis ho gpuor got is obo Wren oso | cutolf feequtoey
sh up
‘ rin YW re
we chine our dovins bran wirlhit ‘F
| by avis pour region.
| Mt bing fe und inated of fouer,
ia (20.
By /2 Vn [20
G: Mo £10 wal
. . via
1 sons) song) a ma roe et
2 Ven
Jn greene .
Pou ‘: 20 log Viet 2 ap 19,
@ = 1D img wa
Voltage
OF Tole power pomnt > , sn
st Ay > 0-703 & JOX,
Yen_3t St August 2023
Deve wond + deign on amplifier not
Toues im input in dhe osrge (2012-204)
but our amplifier has tne vange (tous -Skll2)
Wrat comporrns do we need to Change br ouy our desired
Outcome 2
® Wry do ue ua models for amplifiers 2
Working wih dnevenin eireunts ave obviously more emventent
and approachable than i's unaliertd counter port.
But comerting on “omslitier erreur} = Was. One. ood block 5
romely y dre tronsisbrs ,
So. ue ue models fer hansistors de -eemvent reper it
win ose} of] psistor, Copactor , Induehsr, Tndependent
Ve source, Dependent V sources, current sure. | Stuff ue, Lene
Tow - doh uth a vee
“ Re
Cal aes
2 (F probam
ey
ey Zi
4
reSome os dno tronsistoy modsle art de
oa fy me 1s)
(Ye model | > model, TT model» nyond
® tony vmomy rnrdels 2
; worl
Rerovours ef lemons om treurls haar orn
exlveme changes in ‘eating, folrfyima ory specific
: ©
fmods| dhe aor ued previously So we need
mo" ;
my models oud of mocessHy
a
' ——
f io
| Vin, 2
| r L,
| / “ _
|
|
“ >t j
ot Tow Frequeneies , 1m coupling coxpatrby or has
o von reoetbnes Sema ros) of the wHtoge
so tro agin jy low. AS Ave Aeutmey rises, WN
in pedones aves , wort o5 9 short eireutd «
“Thal way Aho gpm is High ™ Jro ploteu -
® wt fan capocrioy Wehows as short avcut ,
ny does die goun Awp if Arqorey is Yopel en morea4 y high frequencies, row patric appear bet seen
BE Ft amt CR Om Aw trent, —
4 ! V SS / }
Coughing
s ‘ |
h a4 copacitones [ /
Copocita,
ani aeons capatitones i called ghee} apacitanes
foromeky im very hon Frequent es.
® Why do we ue capacitors in BJT tonfiquystions 2
for BIT Config to work we need fo bos te BST
and 1 ine G pant . TH @ pom) of our confiqurertin
ron crore dur fp external DC interferanens ous
dotortions , Te Bots oulside PC nlerfevener we
Ue ropacityrs ,9 segs 2095
»
AMA ond Ones! sergrioness |
ie
In on, onifer — ptap ape ngs ie or
: ao
ane tngut impeivg an Ge. ? mn oo
of tng
" 4 " ey etn contre iia
py vddoo i we Oe g
iWerro) retones
8 input mistons yy ieierre! ret.
mroxreun voltone appr otrets
ie. amy ompiter,
ars npet verter
Dudpud resistones srewd be toe.
ot our conearn
>) the sutped Syerpal bUt
current is
fomeed comer LR) a de THY
Yood so 1 teed MoremuT eur
Imprrion) ares yn ave dean Chose |
Trnpedon cs. wporening — Inpuk venpedaTnue Oxted rmpedbne_
3 -
Arquaney, yoponse , ovrpad snage
Coound selechon) {aivbrion)3 SP] 2022
In rey hfe, FETS or und Yeeaus (4) ‘Massive Inpud impedoner
Gi) veHage contmlled ompli tier,
Differential amplifier
ou wy are di Ffevenee veloen
an 4wo Ves .
, on
+ = ant cranes can Biased
-v
. e .
reverting € ron meg doward ‘ain an ampliher or
oP AMP
an elecincal sustich,
For rarssisdons fo act as an amplifier i seeds 4 be biased
in drs che en, .
Th ane Sourens are tot grounded , ra Souret is busheallys on
open cre}. All grunds in a cree] must be eommon.haracteristiec of
om Ideal Op Arp
yd vollage goin eo |
cone. ©
ven pe
on. Tenge’)
4
m) Tnpud mpedanc yy ‘imfrrife and oud put
Ferm 2 Cn practice \ney ove tn Ane MA *
vo urd
' , weper
mw) BandvHh will we 2ew, C\ower wound 1s 22D fs
is ~)
2) In “seal P-omp, chomge im yppat uses instar}
change mm oud put C slew wate)
Lv
Nee ~ ow AMP AND
UNEAR INTEGRATED
“a ~ CVREU\T
Ve
we Page It, 25wheneutr we eomider epramp, SP eOMSMdeY choo typer OF Oar een |
@ Closed loop (feedback, can We postive ov
mayetne )
D open loop
u
Wee we
“Vee u
CE
Feadbac (if omy one of the dotied me
is realized )
Ar Meal Op- ompi,
Rin? Sop = 0
fe dn + Ve
For practical op OMPS
co + Jop & AA, A da I
@wry v dove — loop configuration used 2
© Contr] over tno gom we want.
© mereor am pondwidth at our ckuiee .1 19 September 2029
Wny 15 closed
—s loop cangigueadion used $
© we com freey contol are gem we wand yn closed [oop
Cond\gurations.
® Im pracdica} op-amps, Ano bandwidth is only o dew [2 when
contigurat,
we need Vardwiddhs of otleast some Kile. Blosed loop con bguradtor
allows us te ‘merease {he amd Aah
Closed loop comtiguration enmes ‘in two flavours’
amplifier
Taverting omnplifier ' Non mverty
Pe
par Re
. « l,
Vin ~ oe w\——_
Vo
Ve
vw
S Aly,
Jno oudpud gels inverted Aha oudpud js ox moreimverted
Chroma. input) forte o| dee mput
Jn bein cae, AN feedback 5 eonnecdtd do Ine (-) termimoy,
go, aw feedback W said do be megatue feedback ,Deriving gem for tre
ee
AMAA
Te
a |r
Vy oar — ™
nO
By KVL?
a
Yi TR ~ Bp Ry -Vo 20
DVy:
Vp TR - IRs
Dvyevie- 4, C@ARe) Li = 2]
aM: Y- a (4%) [Yee 2 2 ht
i
oud yy Be
@:
R
DVor- Vj ie
J Me: Bt
vi Ri
swe can contro) ane voltage
goin vy se¥ing ave Ry ed
Re
yn ver dng cxmglitier +
- | ‘
|
| av,
By KeL+
at port &
wii ye: 0
1 24
viv Me, Bt
toe Sy Ri
Ri > Re c
ME
%
fm modak omalysts, WE mabe ux ok
gre virtual ground ot dhs ©)
doronirok TH prolate ai
even Anough, shypteall
o groumd
wpa grunded .Tnverdting summing armel ifier »
eR ou
1 o>
v
Roh
vy oS
i
vy
ane or
. ert we
ane whole conbgurattion is als called oo meer
grat suermmed
uf amd — ge
add all Ane sigrnals preented as
signa] 92 dro output -
2 (Waves us) if BB eye Piz hae Po
juntion 1 why wont tre input sign] go from ons sovires te
cmodher souree md ytro duce. distorhon 7
cbservation! mo current from one SoUree ender: ito ANE Branch,
of another sourta pecade Ana breech wdseld
supplying current,
_hypoanesiss, for one source do affect amodntr » sometneng has to
dravt) arom one soueta to omodhey . But becaux ech
source |» supplylry current ond aney al) supply current fo the
\ \o’
mote Ya’, Mo Current dravels from a’ do amy odner soureeana wenie cmt affecd dm odher sourtes « | 3
a] 2
= 0
Volk a 20 september 202,
Vottoge fallower § Reb la eae
L Vg appears across fre ferminal @®
ps sre whol
Y Ea sould be ze \deally, bud dro
cen
presen of small nove — signals krad ave always present
reult mm Eg Fé and thus ana Saturortqon |when We magative feedback was rhe duced, vitddal ground cory,
mmo play, Tre op-omp mutwor behaves a9 dnowgh porn
© gonmected do avs fa) dermal een trough m_ real it)
ik sw, We Buy (ve 5) s virdually srovded wy
Wv4) amd tm our case, WE SAY A es & virtual
greg
70),
dy >
1 nM .
vind
7 Lint ©
2
applying KA, i ~ 4p ~ Haro a7 fe
Vile 9 ys (f)y
oe ra 2 Ve (Ce)
(assuming open loop “Hoge gar Pcen” °°)gm M983 op-amy can work wilh bath AC eee
@® Frmplificcrtton jovl bom our emer)
Tow our Fina} trough} woudl be dp cm oll our pousehsl applioness
wo pendl batery and am amp fier of our crossing. But
awe eo little ersiate om dra way called © eonservachon af
ih marifesds here by ernirfing Ave
Ewergy 7 Tw OY
celum dra Ve can Teach. TH. energy of empl fier enn from
fre DE viasing amd A Ve mma ty dependent on hit bios
Ve comms} exceed Vee Lappe Ura) "
ond canned = gh Wolow “Vee - |, _ ©
Voltage gon of an op OTP 5 Meg
peeiieies: eee
Tdeally, dre voltage gam
(ok gre bloc) smould be orbit &
Yad pracheally aliough mol 4
yitimive a is very high. L aMe
Aye oy we
we
-M- ~ ve Mo
RB, Oy
om jw derdback pan,
Vo,
Vee vis TpRp > Vy 2 Vite pee > (UE)
Ver -
~ See. Mite au(d Re Vike
yee NN hy TA 5
eked of Eambde goin. vam, Pracheally aca vs LL py ANN dw.
denorninafor goes do 1 amd at gem veeomys V2 ~ PE
vi Ba
Boh 2002
Invert Adder;
— un va sugerpoition ineovem dor cach,
pet Eye fr cramp
a» eo
vy, © poo ae ES
untked sith, UF
ond Fy uh
cporgs , ROKK Ra and B, mH
ye V0 oF elhor sid, Ae Avo
as & Ul) ve com ste poy boneMe eee hoe. Doing dnd for a ane sourens awd wo op}
ver - Me. Be &
Ry
Pe &
We oy he Re wielgned um by chaning B'S or ave
e E 1
Fo Bp ( Sty fe
emuseighiel sure FY MA RE By = Ra > Re
Ave:
jr 9 Amp ution
C a
‘nvercing adder + mvering amp Fer
mm ave mevting oder pat inerting amplifier port
f .
~ Oy (Ee, Be oe cacds oo input,
Vo, > - f 2, *-p, + By Ve,
Q
_ D0 ou put -& No,
Et Bs 4 Fy using Piz Ra: Py
~ Ete. tes
> i a 2 | te 2S)
Gt ETE
, Fe 1%
a
\ using Pes a]Subdvactor $
he
for Mt
Swerdwg Vs ound
Ne,
Q
wye- ty
a!
Me 2 Yo, 4 Voy
fr vy, we
to ymke sure
wh & svenpe
Aeolyrrg, superposition fon rat
dw
i. ev vo Hage souree, Vi
3 oe awn odd % OF cach fF tm
| de gd ans actual output.
for “ss
caleulating sw stig ¥s amd coloslard Vow
ay
: - Kya Cy, 28%
av, 1 Ant oudgut , of ve warm va we hue
vol of gets te a vp amp. We achieve gris
vortage divederNoWlage (lower ;
dn ctor! has o goin of 1.
°
Vota» (4 V/s eV oN MA
fe ty, ba vy ux oO omni fier wih "> gern?
TD) vminbmizes qre loading effects of ¢ hgh interna}
reivlonen sore.
1) Buffer sbge for unrecognized voltage sourer. do mao
14 as om ‘deal one -
becouse ol op-emps igh imp ynpecernee , YA Tre voltage fern tourer appars ins
jhe vdtage falower jp also called “touffer”.
om - averting
Ze crosirg aelectot s
om open loop op-amp Was very high volts gor” - Bud Are maximum
yo\ age,
(ain boin Wve ad ve divection ) arround Ff tpek com
oudpud 6 wmited «Wy ‘Boeing wattage: Mee Od Veg -
ak . wo SA manrmnun
Ypically on of-armp & given sy os Wes, voltage. 2°
ouled whoge Vy > EG NEY a, sypically in Awe
2 E42 BV/p,00,000 7 SRY forge f 2/00,000-An input diffevenhal voltage Ey % BS yy will come Ave op-cern p
to oulpul yl saturation, voltage . Bud Mm practical ms, Avo.
smalles} af moses posess, «olor Wight thon 6S ~V~
The save
se, if Ey >0, dro opromp ops AVyay voltage -
com dee detect when
i dre case WMH -Egdp, Wig ARE
a signal cvmsq ze for avy ONY value’)
av
seg
Net,
E, = mew signed Eqs mpd sg val
ys Ousteud sigmal Vo Ordpuk signal
Niyep = OY Wreg ? Ev
(irwertng zero level detector) [reverting usage level antetsor’)Smoke Detector $ 19 4 9022
= aa
Up smoke pathicles.,
*4Isv
|
photo conducdeys,
Nee
TZ wel
a roy!
LA Sound
Ljwr-j} T 47 tan
sy i 4
adjustment 1
“Me smmolic deledor wots vy employing 2 twinge. D velloge divider
@ volioge lave! detector
srormally , Vr Ave absense ef syno¥o pavholes , se IV > divided between
Aw Py ord aw vartolla vesioy. Tre variable ysivby can be bund
so noe Vee of my choles can appear mb dye G) devine ot
Ars opemp . Tre voltage apperng acypes dre Py reaches diva @) fermine
‘
we lah gy we small so Vp, is small 20 My conn oul os
und off
ond
Ving © Bud bocaure ve dunt wand dre olatm yo 20
je ceosten atbsenen of srr» tole ne Ving WY MMI
diode at tw oped tevanind-OE SAT AM oo”
UE sent iy ahypduerd an re HEM, QM form are MP Tle gp
ME tw mole garwtieht ands AW phatbcon du OT By In du pean ¥
' re
NMA Ra ciepS so Vou top ond Vp, HH + ys yrore mole
qe mere
drove 3 anemone Uist anaers fre photoresist om
4 ill
Ve, Mees. Mo prises up beywnd dhe ord Veg ’ ve
sou fo Vag ge Anroug he died amd sound Aw 107m
x wren smoke putdidas emer dro chornber, light 1 rePeced dt of tro
particles artd shiko a phot cam duchy «
phate corduroy’ rerstenet deerenses
v, suldeney From Vang 42 *Vouy *
Vp, wneveoes, Ae Vp, > Vig
& Sound ull producid gern gre alarm areutid «
Voltage level ddeedur wit hysteresis
capper Fhraheld £Vyo* Mog (+ a : =
f { ‘ \;
pT" Lower Aneshold SVy = Yep Cl] a
Veptrets valbOr Uy ay Vig Moat ~ CVset
vi
canter voltage. Veyy VuteVey \ in
qe Wo)wil
VAVAS CL
+~+—{ Fi {| | 4, —
“| Yur
lle Jy Nhat ——— |
Hote impel cranes Stade, dnt output chars
WWE output to return back be i
Ws slake doo, Bub for
prov shade, AWE impud usd be
changed a 0 different shade Ahan befert. In a mommy, tw yim
TemPm bers fre divestion dnt charge in put it comm, rm ond
oubpub accordingy | Tes is whed Ue
col Wy steves is +
dn the cereus),
ehming nQ_ chang BUN Vy od Very
YoHoge eve] delecor unin mdepen dent adjushnwnt ger pr Seres awe
Cemer vollage .
Chow wid
ae rspomic i6 and Wow much
MP odusds Vay mae, Veg Mad 4 (vse)
f | ™ ex
AR adjusts y, |
= 7 C4 BVygy Sk Vik OMeee eB!
| i ae | ane purpow
charges between [e’ ies |
yaeweases with ie)
Tidegrdor
| motes. ‘
veya dotted Vera Teabed
Repone £1 a rectangular pule input
‘ due eanstan] T= Re
i Te tlord loop
Ns oo T7107
“ot aor ae ‘miegnrtor du work prey,
pacitor charge % pees)
TM praacheal PUTPOKS
(mot Jelly And= Yorentiodoy rt
vim
.
| Vey - RC din
——]
Vin
Yn practical cases, & reudor pin ire
range of (over ovjje. & emmecied
WA sete WK hw capacitor C.
Vout —_
Widows we dine cheat serouy oscillate
petal ame 25 el 2022
outpus qurrems from opamp ave typical
very YO, Xx highey current levels ore
dived From opamp circuits, we appent
oO BIT Amplifier to dm oudput ond
Vout poor} Ana caste level.
A
Fiat non mnverdng current boorter -Control gna Ve and you contol tw Jy ant aM ourrem will
le
amnelitied .
T Q if
\ age 2e T
“Rd '
| . :
| tmee: P ae Lee [ise 's ava. raxirentinn curry qe opamp can povidi |
Voltage Controlled Current couree §
ae E
Cecaux Virtual ground ests, Vin appear Tw
\ a
across BR, and tw current tay Nos ‘in
Anrough. ledd
Vi . ;
Jout 7 and wus we ot tM ne aurped fur
new 2
oulput ourrend 1 ‘mdependent ef a op plied load.
But aw curnd depends ot Vans Veo ond Re
For a gen Vin 4 Vee +
v © Vee -Yyn (output voltage wf ane of me js Unrated ay dns
orm) ‘ pieuimp voltage
wang tet
vi \
Vn °
DV, : :
> Lemay) ° Sous anor) bh PL ema)
\
= v. ,
2 Mec My = a Re, tmex) | stor a gen Von Vee ond Ry amaximuny|
amount af load the circuit! COW yendtia
oe tomas” ® ") ¥ mg higher load leads to
a 6 defiwed . Pu ting
saturation .a eton Arnpli tiey
vollage buffer
©) rmpur tee
L | J | Vouk = Ey
| Bac
_/ | Oo
comivols hy S72 A
Wlioge gain APS” Oe ealana. oul
“ = common reds voHage
a The nelrumemadion amplifier
i) ree
caloulets dna differenes valween,
a(n “Vee (hao signals. Gud so doer amy Mev Mal
a
a v - opamp, What probioms do tn
Os os vellage wulley,
svmp op amp have ond pow does daa
instru mendadion amplifier sole dae 2
Problems wrin jusd om op-amps Cond solutions )
@ YH bet neue fo des op omp ve Ey, nen die cudpu us shoul
be ze , Bud WH pMeHeal cases, a mowzers oudpud vellage owpears ,
swe culprd Woakend dais Ws offsed vellage Arak aries em Bats
talwien ane oO + TL precision desived , oktged voltage wos ty
we nullified , fin ave Vnsdrumendertion ompll Ker, we com dune jw.
Rd cakomk VorO SNe Frey,
—————® Soure residences POM aw mpwl sigral can couK some voltage drops
hompenng previze measurements, To mae sure all Ane voltage
dhe sours do dw spamp, ue aes voltage followers (atters) and
poss {re vellacp Avon nvugh ahere .
For proce meavurements ,
® Common gyro problem can caurr problems
help win dhs proba
Or DF
OP amps
Characteristics
Dre vettoge gam b sed WY L resistor Loevitom ground problem.
(aR)
@® snpar residence of both wnpts 6 very Nigh avd dees nol change
@»u does mat deperd om voltage commen of EE, amd ew
Peak Detecdor £Here
we tan Chamoe dre level AE, we aye civeu remembers TRL prtviou;
uM BY Peak of Fy.
awe hay diods 04 NUR short
cireuets and aw Hoe OP am pr,
doo voltage mater.
\
go, Ej appears of An oe Or put
Aeremniynal. THE capacttoy stores
AUTOR Tprcserting an path af a. Ve = PER.
A We sulle
“ awe tu diodes act af open ctreuts
;, Preventing, B, ko reach art oulpud
Pt 1) Bul an Ve shred mm he
eT VT a Capacitor senes o: dhe a voltage
| Suprly . sughlyng dhe prevwous pea,
voldage , ane Ve dravels Fhrough aw
wuter ond commts out as AW outa voltage, vy2G October 2029
\* Tha (Yy AV) |
Diegn = Corre ran -rrmo de voltage gern
eulput appears du do vellage otbset of
Jw. of-amp.
tr
DiUerntial Gain!
ae oo
Sn om op-amp ctrout , wide mpd connected [>
—
do bosn vnverding and cromnverting deraminat be
Iv 2 Dg (y-¥) tt Aem Ha 4] (a= i event yn)
emp Ctummon mode rejection) t
in eudpud voltage when beth ‘mputs
change
enount, fe expeesstcl .
eMp » & measure od are
ayo changed by om oul
2. (eormmon mode rejecHon ratio) 5
cons iderel. for
eMmeR
af an op-amp did shout be
cman \
practical pur poses « Me
comma _ 4
Aa orn Lagarithmle scala cue 208, Te
o parametey
js expressed oo
CoRR =
Rem] seSlew Pere!
Slew rode im an op-amp is the rettio ok change i oudpud vellage wry
Tevet te change im Hime,
Ave
ie Ako. 5 Ok
Ty 34} - 0p amp Sp ys oSu/ yy
NLD ree alto Viens da Arequeney and amnanmuen und storied
simuscidal velhage amplitude value tne} com Pe applied In an op-amp
circus
a
‘a : ®
Te Sermute Ys | Sirex ay
ete Vop
\ Lino® smroseveneaan Ayeqateney (Ye)
eomoxvmum vNndittorted
© Op amp deeindd enanye frequeney af signals | Cfrud voldage of tre
' sinusoid .
Gut Yo rmpur frequenas arxeeeds Ane
distorbion appear mn dw output. ‘
2b The slew rode af & TA) opramap 0: W/ps MA vhad araxrmay
Arequeney cam we ge undistorted sim ave ouded voltage of
a) 10-V peat WAY po -
5 5 Se
7 e B damose = DAVer
Ana’ 21 Vop ® cedar!
. os/\o& x
She 2 = aout
oes > gui an
© 29 x0Problems with proper charging and discharging mm high Arequeray dor
kre opamp: internal eoMpensating cagacloy might we Jo blaws for
due Unnvtotions im J ond distortions
. BI Ocq 202
Typical gmphs for 410 at TE
— »
a =
» 8 6 2
mn 25
z | EG
~ rei
¢ ' le 7
= ' lé
: i
Poay wo} jo fo 1 io Foote oe . (wa)
or Ts tad rience —>
| Bmndwidtn'
aw ould Gah IKH2 and af o | MHD
Br 2 (-50) (194 °°?)
9 Bey? =p ts se #) Nour (vn)
2-500 mV PrP
Funity® Avce) * 4 ce)
>t)
Voud ( mpa)> ~!2 ™V PP (vc
> IMIR: sex face)
> fygey? 20 Kia
uerdty gam occurs af Lynity® MEE.
Loy BAAN,Ni TT
| November 2022
eon.
a ||
Feedback Amplifiers !
Feedback Amplifiers :
. Nifiers.
IN torn of! camalidying parameter topology , tere ar fur dyt of amplifies
© Voltage anptifier (@) current omplifier
i Ger
(21) Tremead uotemes ®) Tronsteielomes exept fi
amelt fier
dine lif i | assumptions
‘ Bie Gain, chuvolent —civcult pi By
(ideas) Gear) (1 Practiect! errcudts)
es &
ra.
volta Vy, . RD B
a De i wd *
aS 0 oO
amplifier co i py Zo
fede
SS Rs
current ep ry i P)es & Oo w ae
omell fier » |
Transconducton et an Jos te =)
plifier Ge BL >> Be
mplifie ars sn
° “Ns (is) nied 8 oF om
Ay
Trans resistance |
Oma? Bs >> &
Pond, Ro BL| vrardeal application wond be exactly Wwe Aw Meal ome, buh a will We
close.
loop feedloack Mm & pasic amplifer t
compa redo7 Basic | demnpling een
3
3
Feedback
| J,
| or | amplifier
[ee FT] nee Fn Ls
———_ —__j
Tw characdensdies ef ons arnplifier corn change dut Jo vanouy reasons
|
| Cdemperedune, og eke) , Feedvaclting can compensade for drut
|
changes
| : .
. x .
ar Be 2D Ker Ay .
‘
RE Ke Ky
x
Pls DX pt PX
Fatd back
ewok
RO
oueval) goin of cme ctrauth (ev feedbac)
tf
| Ye
| AYe mow, Hse KEKE? KA AGRE = WAC AB)
oo AR A .
> aA \ mn A
\* Qs Ay ti) RKEE TE
Sampling
— NPD civcul ,
: Wh decides whad Signal Jo sample om dre ouput ond
how ds do ;
ae Sormnpl ng chron] can Wo sed mm Fro ways.
| wae fd
Amplitior SP
4 ff
| of
Aoraoack LI
mMedooy ||
Sum’ (Hmpks Vo)
Sories (Savages to)
Compare? or ™NRY aries diy s0uTeL ond Feed bac igre) dogedner
and feeds dam do ave baie omnplher . This com we dam Q vey.
sour Basi souree
Digral Bunpdifier aiypa
| Rerdback
38 | pahoorle
srund (Feedbacks curved) ayeries (Jerddachs vol ng2)|
20 October 2029
Aavartages af regetine deedbac,
When omy neva? iN Awe apa) signal results mo feedback signal
yndo dye rnpus such o way a de cause ch decrease im dng
outpud signa), te eempli her v owid do Wave MGcHiVe feedloack .
SB) Aasing -mogatve fecdoact , Aho normally high mpd impedances fo
Voltage voltage amplifier com We vee highey ond morma\\y lo
oulpud resistones. cov Yo rmade lower.
CH) Pwo, dna Arawsfer_goun Ag of an ampifier wiih feedvac con be
stebilized ccpunsd Ave varahon of h- paromeders ( 0s) .
S negative ferdbace TMP OVE Erequeney response and males aigniticom
improvement om AW Tneenrdy of spevedions compared: to TOM
feed oacled complitions. “Ime Wels 1 yredicdny Ave oudpud -
lowered
All dhe vmprovemends — are oblaind ad ane expene of low
gem (Ax)© Vm | “A9e
+ Wyse) omplifer
6
Trem ~
conductance
anmplitier
wrens
Residences
ompliker
v,
volkage - series
VotAage amelitier ith
Acedback
Lo wow feedback iv dei
sy wired vy being collected
from oudpus
“Tears oneness mesic, wun
eurrent — Ssertes fecava ce
Liye deeavack de
grads weIMg collected
fom odett
TTramstectstames oreaplt Fer SortM
voltage - shunt Reealoaca
(LG nos feadioack ded
wal jp Pay collected en
ovdpadcurrent | \ Curren) amplifier wah
amplitiey | “f eurven| shunt ferdloacl,
Ee | Lowes ferdtoack fed back
(Le
a shady eollected from ouput ,
Igo PL
ignal or Type of feedback
Patio
a Voltage - Senes Cc od res
4 urverd- Series Voltage Shunt — Current Shum
Xo
voltage Current Veltoge Current
Xs, Xe 1 Xd
¢ Voltaga Ve \dage euarrend: Current
A
By Cm Ra Ay
8 v, ,
8 Ku, 47 t. 3a fv. Ma
Tre produal - AG ‘3 called loop gem or return ratio.
polweeny unity and kop GAM v called 4¥
redurn fades The difference
return FAO +
[?
1 bAG) = 14.00
eyed susidehes tenet
of ave velurn edie Ws 227° 1 mecrn 9) Ap=-|,
Jor sustained eseillahon ond ©
apt yvemenl BE | = som | |
“we amounl af ferdlack th foag 7 | 20 tg | \
called
oscillakon . we os condition
awe Barkrousen Cridedon *E'S A Tee
URMANAA NIC AMAA tA AR NETS os
Pavonrtages wegrhe feedback amplifier f 4p november 2022
o beensvlty of dremmfer omy! rcation :
A .
fp; dlferenhatyrg ond mncenipuleding vies
Va Ap
ly |
| ab a.)
| Tap AP A | prasad, dun chon change (HRD
me censinvidy pv 1 gy ae sensitivity eo, dt peent wong
13 Aap
m goin tn feedback iy orn teh dw prem vanethey “in
ampltitedon if mo Feedback is present.
a
+H Ap? 1, Ag baton ap 8
&
Ars
4° AP
srs dre goin beewans emtirely vpnden on p, So id ana. feedbare
mepoork 4 purtly Tebrve | ae prvems dr bo brequoney respon
con ollaviated ,
© Petuction m_frqueney dbtertons
Jf are Atdback mepoorr dent Nat yeachue lemons, da oneal!
gern bene vndependent of hequency
(B Aon. Lensar datorhon
cule signals tt ompliher get distorted du fo operation beyond
linear rege - Let ww otsuma_ fr aislordpn is dua do 4h presener efAOS PC
2nd narmonics Bp + Me negative ferdback ts ~~
Lt Pee
applied, Bp * fm
2 AAR D
gre harmonic its yo dunced
1 dna efecto
vy a dacdor
A ODL.
QG) Reduction m MOTE
ee
dividel by) Aro dosensihurty facto’r
ovapliXier
mon
is Mito ducd «
The mo1e
p14 AB wn fardloack,
Jmpud and Output resistoanea
@ gam ater feedback Ay, ao wyere A may be Avs Bir Gen: Pom
@® aa shuw! comecten i> uxvd mM ever inpud oF oudpul ,
(Aprlytny shud connection
resydenes. decreases
wilh cao ow decrease in Ro
5
aw con responding
as feedoac im dw oud pud
os
connection wad ™ Aeedbac 10 either mpud or
@ yu ovene
output , a correspond ("9 resislames NCVER « (Depyins Senes
im tae Ypud — Yereaves Ra)
emmmection ay feedloaclk
mm UY KL docdoy (sag)
@ “TL Mereae or decreare occelys,
Lamereases wy CA py decveares \
3 ony i‘ atm) |OO
Example 4 15 November 2022
Curren sates Feedback! —
TW Arsen stator cmmbiguradion five
3
do] 2 Re
a yo
LC
WO
i"
To saloude mpud amd oudpud vesitonars, ue
© Seperae dra. mput ond outpud loop |
qrore are difternd erteria Avr different circuvb, OME ae
catryen! series feedback ,
SAT, do find tw pus loop,
Dyn do ind dns oudpud POP =© Farmer amplidy Pe Nohwwyis asith PY Tealacing dhs rancinor with
Sf parameer ™mede| .
ce
oe fF
. Ye I, 2h
E be
Re
Vo
ae a rmpadatt
alanough Je OVy tris 8 TH 0 Hie = short -aircuet input tpe
voltage series feedback circuit Me
= shod urouid ferward earrend gate
fn dval case ,
Mt | keBe Re
Feedoack gem @- a ce =
shir ts 0 current sewes feedback circud . Now dacdback gem
™. de
a = -~ XE. Re
te
Co Wede Wa hyet P2)
fo
Sm “i 2 he tn /u, = ORs hed Re
Desensthvity Aactor DEIR Gam? py hse Re
B+ nies Be
vgretd Cg, gig) + (la Nye) Red
(co roan) oe ven) RAM # te)
small Ps + Me + PeGmp 2 Se oe he |-4 . |
my TD nye Be fe),
np?!
!
[Ss Sang ‘ee Wye 7 pe Toulpat v Wndepon dent
Bho 4 hp) Be Pe
“sgvered i i L sae
o b>!
| % RQ
Velinge goin | Ay —— - gat,
OMNI Tip? Gy Re
Rips Ry: s
[Rigs AD Lie Ba ret Pe]
Pah h
= Dd bie gt, x SEMEN Mg) Pe Bs 4 hie CH Ry) Re
By t hy Re
!
Pops Ry Cag Gan) + 00 [ P= %]
Osaflation condidiens | jo Nevemby 2022 -
Phase ard frequency conderahon &
see
vowolly megative fadbock occurs fy oem ™H Frequency range af
operttion in amplifiers. Bedn gen amd pha amg. changes
.
ards. When feedback een me
wiitln drequenay Ya love ond igh
jive dus fo prae avenge ad 6 Frequaney ona, etcillarien
pos)
aight occur,sre condithen dor stability
TR sdebily cond Hon res
y Tepires Anat dre zeme of TAB all te Mm aru
Wehd Walt af ine complex Arequeney plane.
Te Mygl_cierot
Bn amplifer ip unsdable Sf de mye! eur encloses valk
dre 1 ayo poe ani Wp stab odherwsse
ApUn) het Smg)
Aotne)
unstable
Doings oudside IW curve
6 ndicate () derdback a)
YY [14 Ap]>d1, megotne feedloack
TT apni on dre bourndory
« mdigik sustained If WEAG| CI, poitive deodboa ck «
oseilotpn ,
—
be (9)
1
ponds (msde dry Cuvee
indicarte (4) feedback . 7TON) daa A
O*ciation spemion
The a wo
wien WmHy Joop gam -Ap=! ix called dhe Barhausen,
eniteron’, Te Condition, ‘ymplies bot Ap) <1 ond had ane phase
a Woon mput x, in agylitd eo 0" ome litier
chro) Lose gam |Apl=1 ony A has PNA. shid} of 0,
ras.
dat Redback ginal ord hu goulreh signal dum oul & be te?
Te
Great dng —cvveai) par mma Wey fo Aiffevemiate unary Ane 200
ond awa fardback , we con ramp Ane SOT ond cwrenend Tat,
i, Wave
Berdvack im place of be sourte aml dws ne CITCuld would wehor
exnediy twa samt way «
+
——
Ee A
re} fe
wM feedback cunnected &
vi
mW) {npud Souter, ‘Maw hf weillator ¢
er
py
Ne
+
ey
ane opamp —prdusets 120" prax chit
and +o cascaded Pe aamedwor
produces anolner 16" so twdd AW
jolat pra shift bouts 260" or
Of Tw tre erred aillodss,
2 vy ane Borkhaunn crtlerion,
A> a > Ar29
The outpad vill chow sinusel
hos been fed.
te B gn ts
“Trad seem, move nad Ys dren amplified
dre mols dies out.
io ot |
; 2m RL b+ 4 (8p) \
\
ha? 23 4.29 Be, 4 Be’
ae tate 4 (PC/_) come Gon tre.
loading effeah Gun Re.
idol = ellacHion, even trough mo sinusoidal yap
se olsen dhe chyouh Js veg aregglified , ab pero
o dunnton a] ©, Aw o erlam 0 In dhe more Jog |
cmt ovedlated nile he rest dee
Wen Bridge Oseillefor $
ss
| A> andre, 0 Cr
: Ra, P, ¢
> + |e ach
. it
worn RAs TS
beget Bek
Qe Pe. ey
Resomant circudt ckreulid oscillador ? (LE Aumed o2cillodor dread)
col pills eo c L
Hartley L L ¢c
tumd Le Le _
also cabled ariired oseilladoy , Tunid 08 cillador-
ara wre) ott ho Oude |
The fund aller
atte) us do dene wothoP amp ool pitts oscillator _trensiskar Hordley oscillator
‘)
Poe ohne Leyebyilat aM
2H {Log C
a yn ductomes «
Mo dhe muted
22 Novernber 2022,
6 exypla} encillador basically & Aunel opeillater usi7y & peeocleetri ¢
carou . The crystal (usually quate) has ow
ory oy resonan} ns
wna Xt ond Xq wesonake
greder sdobility halting comdend frequemney,
% —\ Fo> (Kr %es) ama(A og) PMH
alma
cawurnt yng
capac or
tlectricay equivalent of erysialacd »
spot fr onal pa
| sei 1 Teserony} 1 gurney qe a
[roem| He ani
TyAlke | -
— ‘ series)
(also called etry -
then, ; nd Lee
_ tm ot
pe cma GTN Gm A cagacidomes aut fo wednarniica, mmaournting
Ss
of dm crys,
ana region Wbehoem A, omd fp vf, | Qe
ee A ane ay
Were, Qe dn quality daotor .
Fille R los so wTmere energy ve stored dra Fields
Y
Cane crystal Hos
reuling Iq high Q.)
Bindomentel Frequency of o crystel fs We Kemtadenal dependend
eons dam
de dniclenes af die
erytoy.
(ae vootliing roge ¢ cyptal ostillpoy 1» Jom. Kth's de Ibor a
Min.)
[eeveteearic Crystal opelyiny wolhegn to. the. erglal results Ya ave crystal
———
viorating . RoAyrry ree caical yess Wduces wage Wi 4she S55 Fier} NESSD (also called L555 oF Mess) & 2 ordy usd
AA can tan IM ety two rm\edes,
Te hter
edt) § only ons sAablo store In du mode,
i) mono sable (one- shod wi
2
accurate Aiming Alay can be achieved «
[sa stale: Tre civeull) will dent doward dad sdage_on We oon |
AWee
AVee
A $55 OMA puk
T.
“7
pin GS | _
= Oe)
aver drigger pont , UTP = ae
vee
lower dagger porn , LTP =
Pe Fl Pe
we It
(4m. oud pud stop on a
Gre rode is Ae sable
a hme Ww)
shade here)EEE lll
D)Axiable operetiont 0 fixed stable vole, offen diz anode levown at
A) obi operon
Mable stides
avlivibrdey wlth means aun bt 26m, One oF fe es
Nt 01
'
'
t
1
@ r
tected |
>
ew
—T—
| hor ements deterarine ct ayes
ant duigge ring poiit.
any eurout com gens rod clock pulse WH ean.
meee a = 0: 69% (4d Ra) C
|r» eee yenod = 0°69 ( 42) C
L we
Lo / .
: sa Wy called pudy Geta
ond tha. chime PET
spa rao of Woomd T ot Aon
eae swe can dune’ dnt vehow uy sf lwo
ahaa oelpr\ as we Like.ew —— ews
e—T+—->
———
to
2M. t00% b
D a loo, ds bn set
Pe Ra
. Cra
“maa! eee mirae, 705 UM
PB >> Re P.S e
25 November 2022
Active Fillers} vember 204
cireui dad is cestomel fo pass spoeltic wand of
A filter bo
Prequsmeies wane atlenuating signals oui dus band.
LAL
falters come ™ 4 Alavours |
Wo}
> b
bow ‘ High 7 Be Elveninacion
Pao oe Pos) or Node Filler
Acie Filters —— Ideas
i proce racdtial