CHAPTER 1

RATIONAL NUMBERS
 1.1 INTEGERS
WHAT ARE POSITIVE NUMBERS AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS
 1.1 INTEGERS
WHAT ARE POSITIVE NUMBERS AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

Numbers written with the “+” sign or without any sign are known as positive numbers.
For example, +3 or 3.

Numbers written with the sign “−” sign are known as negative numbers.
For example, −45.
 EXAMPLE 1
For each the following situations, represent the two opposite
changes using a positive number and negative number.
 1.1 INTEGERS
WHAT ARE INTEGERS

Integers are groups of numbers which include positive and negative whole numbers as
well as zero.
 EXAMPLE 2
Select integers from the following list of numbers and write them
in the diagram.
 1.1 INTEGERS
REPRESENTING INTEGERS ON A NUMBER LINE

Positive integer, the more the number is greater than 0, the further its position to the
right on the number line and the greater will be its value.

Negative integer, the more the number is less than 0, the further its position to the left
on the number line and the lesser will be its value.
 EXAMPLE 3

Complete each of the following number lines.

 1.1 INTEGERS
COMPARE AND ARRANGE INTEGER IN ORDER
EXAMPLE 4
Compare and arrange −4, 3, 1, −6, 5, 0, −2 in ascending order.
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS

Add And Subtract Integers

 EXAMPLE 5

Solve each of the following.

(a) 6 + +2 (c) −5 − (−3)

(b) −4 + (−3) (d) 6 − (+3)

 EXAMPLE 5
Alternative Method :
Solve each of the following.

(a) 6 + +2 (c) −5 − (−3)

+ + =+
− − =+
+ − =−
(b) −4 + (−3) (d) 6 − (+3) − + =−
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS

Multiply and Divide Integers

 EXAMPLE 6

Solve each of the following.

(a) −6 × −3 (c) 8 × (−6)

(b) −18 ÷ (−6) (d) −20 ÷ 4

 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS
Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Integer

Follow the order of operations below.

Brackets( ) × or ÷ + or −

from left to right from left to right

 EXAMPLE 7

Evaluate each of the following.

−14+(−22)
(a) −6 × −4 + 6 (c)
−23−(−35)

−6+(−8)×(−5)
(b) 4 − 15 ÷ −3 + (−8) (d)
−27−(−38)
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS
Laws of arithmetic operations

Commutative Law

For all values of 𝑎 and 𝑏, addition and multiplication are said to obey when :

𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑏+𝑎
𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS
Laws of arithmetic operations

Associative Law

For all values of 𝑎, 𝑏 dan c, addition and multiplication are said to obey when :

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS
Laws of arithmetic operations

Distributive Law

For all values of 𝑎, 𝑏 dan c, addition and subtraction are said to obey the law
when :

𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏−𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×𝑐
 1.2 BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
INVOLVING INTEGERS
Laws of arithmetic operations

Identity Law

For all values of 𝑎, 𝑏 dan c, addition and subtraction are said to obey the law
when :
𝑎+0= 𝑎 𝑎 + −𝑎 = 0
1
𝑎×0=0 𝑎×𝑎 =1
𝑎×1=𝑎
 EXAMPLE 8
Using laws of arithmetic operations that you have learnt, solve
each of the following using efficient computations.

(a) 356 + 61 + 9 (c) 89 × 5080

(b) 20 × 567 × 5 (d) 6 × 200 + 6 × 25 + 6 × 5

 SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 9
A shop made a profit of RM 16 800 in the first year and incurred
a loss of RM 6500 each year for the next two consecutive years.
In the fourth year, the loss incurred was twice the loss incurred in
the second year. How much the profit or loss of the shop at the
end of those four years.

Answer :
EXAMPLE 9
 1.3 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FRACTIONS
REPRESENTING FRACTIONS ON A NUMBER LINE

SAME as that of integers.

 EXAMPLE 10

1 3 1 1
Represent the ,− , ,− on a number line.
10 5 2 5
 COMPARE AND ARRANGE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FRACTIONS

EXAMPLE 11
5 1 3 5 7
(a) Compare and arrange − , − , , − , in ascending order.
6 4 8 12 24
 COMPARE AND ARRANGE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FRACTIONS

EXAMPLE 11
1 2 5 7 7 11
(b) Compare and arrange − , − , − , − ,− , in descending order.
2 9 9 12 18 18
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Fractions
EXAMPLE 12
Evaluate each of the following.

5 2 3
(a) − + 1 ÷ −
6 3 7
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Fractions
EXAMPLE 12
Evaluate each of the following.

2 1
(b) −6 × 3 − 4
7 2
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Fractions
EXAMPLE 12
Evaluate each of the following.
1 5 3 2
(c) − + 2 − × 1
3 6 8 3
 SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 13
3
A baker usually uses 3 4 cups of sugar to bake a sponge cake. He
1
reduces the amount of sugar by 1 2 cups for a less-sweet sponge cake.
A customer orders 3 sponge cakes and 5 less-sweet sponge cakes.
How many cups of sugar are required to bake the cakes the customer
has ordered?

Answer :
SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 13
 1.4 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DECIMALS
REPRESENTING DECIMALS ON A NUMBER LINE

SAME as that of integers and fractions.

 EXAMPLE 14

Represent the 0.6, −0.7, 0.2, −0.3 on a number line.

 COMPARE AND ARRANGE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DECIMALS

EXAMPLE 15
(a) Compare and arrange −1.23, −1.48, 0.34, −0.034, 1.034 in
ascending order.
 COMPARE AND ARRANGE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DECIMALS

EXAMPLE 15
(b) Compare and arrange 0.065, −0.647, −0.639, −0.068, 0.621 in
descending order.
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Decimals
EXAMPLE 16
Evaluate each of the following.

(a) −3.48 + 7.36 + 1.24 × 0.6

 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Decimals
EXAMPLE 16
Evaluate each of the following.

(b) 0.36 − −8.67 ÷ −0.3 + 0.82

 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Positive And Negative Decimals
EXAMPLE 16
Evaluate each of the following.
1.44
(c) −2.65 − +3.22
−1.2
 SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 17
Aisah bought a shirt for RM 19.90 and two pairs of long trousers of
the same price. When she paid RM 55 to the cashier, she was told
that the amount was not enough. Aisah then paid another RM 10 and
received a change of RM 5.40. Calculate the price of a pair of long
trousers that she bought.

Answer :
SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 17
 1.5 RATIONAL NUMBERS

WHAT ARE POSITIVE NUMBERS AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

𝑝
Numbers that can be written in fractional form, that is ,
𝑞
such that 𝑝 and 𝑞 are integers, 𝑞 ≠ 0, are known as rational
numbers.
 EXAMPLE 18
Determine whether the following numbers are rational numbers.
Explain your answer.
2 8 1.2 2
− , ,− , 7.65, 2 , −4.2
4 7 1.5 5

Answer :
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Rational Numbers
EXAMPLE 19
Evaluate each of the following.

3 3
(a) −0.6 + × −1
4 5
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Rational Numbers
EXAMPLE 19
Evaluate each of the following.

2 5 8
(b) 1.125 + 1 − 2 × −
3 6 27
 Perform Computations Involving Combined Basic Arithmetic
Operations Of Rational Numbers
EXAMPLE 19
Evaluate each of the following.

13 1
(c) −3.25 ÷ − −2 × 0.25
15 6
 SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 20
A roll of ribbon is used to tie 12 gifts which will be given to teachers
on Teacher’s Day. Every gift requires a length of 1.85 m. after trying
2
all the gifts, it was found that 3 of ribbon had been used. The
remaining ribbon was cut into 12 pieces of the same length. Calculate
the length of each piece of ribbon that had been cut.

Answer :
SOLVING PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 20