ART APPRECIATION REVIEWER Encyclopædia Britannica online states,

"Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart

LESSON 1: HUMANITIES AND ARTS of the human body he had produced through
his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as
What is Humanities? a cosmografia del minor mondo
- Academic disciplines that study the aspects (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed
of human society and culture the workings of the human body to be an
- In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with analogy for the workings of the universe."
divinity and referred to what is now called - According to Leonardo's preview in the
classics, the main area of secular study in accompanying text, written in mirror writing, it
universities at the time. was made as a study of the proportions of the
- The humanities are more frequently (male) human body as described in Vitruvius'
contrasted with natural, and sometimes social De architectura.
sciences, as well as professional training.
- The humanities use methods that are primarily WHY STUDIES HUMANITIES?
critical, or speculative, and have a significant As the word humanities came from the Latin
historical element as distinguished from the “humanus” which means human, cultured and
mainly empirical approaches of the natural refined, man is taught to be as what the term
sciences, yet, unlike the sciences, it has no exactly means: being cultured and refined;
central discipline.
- Humanities include the study of ancient and Humans have the characteristics of rationality,
modern languages, literature, philosophy, benevolence and care, he is cultured and
history, archeology, anthropology, human refined as shown by good tastes and manner
geography, law, politics, religion and art. indicative of good and proper education.

HUMANIST Contains the records of man’s quest for

answers to the fundamental questions he asks
- Scholars in the humanities are "humanity himself and about the world we live in.
scholars" or humanists.
- The term "humanist" also describes the Humanities studies man and the manner in
philosophical position of humanism, which which he conducts himself from the time of his
some "anti-humanist" scholars in the humanities existence to the present.
reject.
- The Renaissance scholars and artists were also Composed of academic disciplines that make
called humanists.
it distinctive in both content and method from
- Some secondary schools offer humanities
classes usually consisting of literature, global the physical and biological sciences and from
studies and art. the social sciences.

Devoted to understanding the different

VITRUVIAN MAN phenomena within the human cultural
Leonardo Da Vinci contexts.

Humanities studies how people process and

document the human experience using
philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as
their way of understanding and recording the
world.

Humanities studies how individuals’ manner of

expression varies as they record human
experiences and how the way of documenting
these forms a connection between and
- Leonardo's "Vitruvian Man" is called that way among humans of the past, present and future.
because Leonardo was working over the
writings of a Roman architect named Marcos
Vitruvius.
- This image demonstrates the blend of
mathematics and art during the Renaissance
and demonstrates Leonardo's deep
understanding of proportions.
- This picture represents a cornerstone of
Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITIES LESSON 2: ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY

- Human nature is inherently good. PHILOSOPHY

- Individuals are free and are capable of - Philosophy is the study of general and
making choices. fundamental questions about existence,
- Human potential for growth and knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
development is virtually unlimited. language. Such questions are often posed as
- Self-concept plays an important role in problems to be studied or resolved.
growth and development. - The term was probably coined by Pythagoras.
- Individuals have an urge for self actualization.
- Reality is defined by each person. ARTS
- Individuals have a responsibility to both - Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the
themselves and to others. study of beauty and taste, concerned with the
nature of art and used as a basis for
ART EXPLAINED interpreting and evaluating individual works of
- Diverse range of human activities in creating art.
visual, auditory or performing artifacts - It is a branch of philosophy that deals with the
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, nature of beauty and taste, as well as the
conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended philosophy of art.
to be appreciated for their beauty or - It examines subjective and sensori-emotional
emotional power. values, or sometimes called judgments of
- diverse range of human activities in creating sentiment and taste.
visual, auditory or performing artifacts
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, PHILOSOPHY OF ART
conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended - Philosophy of art is the study of the nature of
to be appreciated for their beauty or art, including concepts such as interpretation,
emotional power. representation and expression, and form.
- One cannot do away with philosophy when
THREE BRANCHES OF CLASSICAL ART explaining an art work. Also, one cannot
- Sculpture produce an artwork without considering the
- Painting importance of the philosophy behind its
- Architecture production.

NATURE OF ARTS AESTHETIC OF BEAUTY

- Art constitutes one of the oldest and most CUTE – attractive in a pretty or endearing way
important means of expression SEXY – sexually attractive or exciting.
developed by man. PRETTY – attractive in a delicate way without
- It refers to the skillful arrangement or being truly beautiful or handsome.
composition of some common but significant BEAUTIFUL – pleasing the senses or mind
qualities of nature such as sounds, colors, lines, aesthetically.
movements, words, stone and wood to express GORGEOUS – splendidly or showily brilliant or
feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in magnificent.
an amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way.
- Art is subjective as it employs the use of THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS
perception, insights, feelings and intuition
- It is the heightened expression of human PLATO
dignity and weaknesses felt and shared so - known for his Dialogues together with
powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its Socrates
successes and failures - He loved and hated the arts at the same time
- It is man’s expression of himself as an which makes his philosophical views on art
individual and how he views his existence. unexplainably complicated
- Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation - Plato was seen as a good literary stylist and
specially when people understand them. great story teller and considered the arts as
threatening.
FORMS OF ART - He believed that “ though arts can be used
FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS to train citizens to have an ideal society, using
- The need for life to be better arts to accomplish this should be strictly
- Architecture,weaving, furniture-making controlled”.
- He also explained that the physical world is a
NON-FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS copy of a perfect, rational, eternal and
- The need to express aesthetics and beauty changeless original which he called FORMS.
Painting, sculpture, literature Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by
Music, dance, theatre the truths according to him that:
 1. Art is imitation - "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used
2. Art is dangerous. in English only in this context; this use is
becoming rare. Use of the term to describe
- For Plato, these Forms are perfect Ideals, but writers, for example, is valid, but less common,
they are also more real than physical objects. and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism.
He called them "the Really Real".
- The world of the Forms is rational and ARTISAN
unchanging; the world of physical - An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian:
appearances is changeable and irrational, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or
and only has reality to the extent that it creates things by hand that may be functional
succeeds in imitating the Forms. or strictly decorative
- The mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; - Artisans practice a craft and may through
the body and its passions are stuck in the muck experience and aptitude reach the expressive
of the physical world. levels of an artist.
- Self control, especially control of the passions, - Artisans were the dominant producers of
is essential to the soul that wants to avoid the consumer products before the Industrial
temptations of sensuality, greed, and ambition, Revolution. In ancient Greece, artisans were
and move on to the Ideal World in the next life. drawn to agoras and often built workshops
nearby.
ARISTOTLE
- Was a student of Plato who first distinguished ART FORMS
between “what is good and what is beautiful''. - The arts refers to the theory, human
- For him, the universal elements of beauty are application and physical expression of
manifested by order, symmetry and creativity found in human cultures and
definiteness. As exemplified in his poetics, he societies through skills and imagination in order
stated that physical manifestation of beauty is to produce objects, environments and
affected by size. experiences
- Poets imitated the following according to - Visual arts, literature, performing arts
Aristotle: - Whatever form of art one may use in
expressing oneself, what is important is that his
1. Things and events which have been or self expression and creativity are explicit.
still are;
2. Things which are said to be seen and ARCHITECTURE
are probable and - Architecture is an art form that reflects how
3. Things which essentially are. we present ourselves across the earth’s
- He considered art as imitation or a landscape, and, like other expressive mediums,
representation of nature and his emphasis of it changes with styles, technologies and
the art is on POETRY which for him is more cultural adaptations
philosophical than Philosophy itself. -Represents human ideals in buildings like
courthouses and government buildings and
IMMANUEL KANT manifestations of the spirit in churches and
- His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY temples.
that it is a matter of TASTE. Kant explained that -Most functional of all the art forms
TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL.
- For KANT, beauty is a question of form and SCULPTURE
color is NOT IMPORTANT. -Hard or plastic materials are worked into
- The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according three-dimensional art objects.
to Kant are: - The designs may be embodied in
freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in
1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, environments ranging from tableaux to
harmony and symmetry; and contexts that envelop the spectator.
2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that - An enormous variety of media may be used,
overwhelms the viewers of the art. including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass,
wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found”
ARTIST VS. ARTISAN objects.
- Materials may be carved, modeled, molded,
ARTIST cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or
- An artist is a person engaged in an activity otherwise shaped and combined.
related to creating art, practicing the arts, or
demonstrating an art.
- The term is often used in the entertainment
business, especially in a business context, for
musicians and other performers (less often for
actors).
PAINTING - Perceive the art work in the context of its
- Painting is the application of pigments to a history. This would enlighten the learners of the
support surface that establishes an image, artist’s intention in doing the work and add to
design or decoration. the understanding of the meaning the work is
- Painting as a medium has survived for supposed to convey;
thousands of years and is, along with drawing - Give meaning to the artwork based on its
and sculpture, one of the oldest creative description, analysis and context; and
media. - Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or
bad based on the learner’s perception of it
DANCE and its aesthetic and cultural value.
- Dance is the movement of the body in a
rhythmic way, usually to music and within a
given space, for the purpose of expressing an UNIT 2
idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply
taking delight in the movement itself. SUBJECT AND CONTENT
- Dance is a powerful impulse, but the art of
dance is that impulse channeled by skillful THE SUBJECT OF AN ARTWORK
performers into something that becomes
intensely expressive and that may delight SUBJECT
spectators who feel no wish to dance - Main idea that is represented in the artwork.
themselves. The subject in art is basically the essence of the
piece.
MUSIC - What is actually depicted in this artwork?
- Music is an art form, and cultural activity, What is the artist trying to express to the world...
whose medium is sound. General definitions of What is his or her message? And how are they
music include common elements such as conveying that message?
pitch (which governs melody and harmony), - The subject matter or topic is entirely up to
rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, the artist. It allows you to say whatever you
meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness want to say. Whether the message is
and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre understood by others is another story, and
and texture (which are sometimes termed the whether the artist discloses the meaning of it or
"color" of a musical sound). not is also a personal choice.

THEATER REPRESENTATIONAL ART

- Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of - Art which represents something, whether that
performing art that uses live performers, be a tree in a landscape, apple in a still life, or
typically actors or actresses, to present the figure in a portrait. Or in other words, it is art
experience of a real or imagined event before which is clearly identifiable as something which
a live audience in a specific place, often a already exists in life.
stage. The performers may communicate this - Generally refers to a painting or sculpture that
experience to the audience through is clearly recognizable for what it claims to be.
combinations of gesture, speech, song, music,
and dance. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART
- Compositions which do not rely on
LITERATURE representation or mimesis to any extent
- Literature, most generically, is any body or - Indicate a departure from reality in the
collection of written work. More restrictively, depiction of imagery in art
literature refers to writing considered to be an highly subjective and can be difficult to define.
art form or any single writing deemed to have - We can focus on the elements of the artwork
artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes (form, shape, line, color, space, and texture) in
deploys language in ways that differ from terms of the aesthetic value of the work, but
ordinary usage. Literature is classified the meaning will always be personal to the
according to whether it is fiction or nonfiction, viewer unless the artist has made a statement
and whether it is poetry or prose. about his or her intentions.

APPRECIATING ARTS
- Give a good physical description of the
artwork based on their knowledge of art
elements and materials;
- Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist
wants his work to represent and the learner’s
subjective reaction to the works which includes
their thoughts and feelings;
THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT 8. TECHNOLOGY
- The modernity of the present is also an
1. NATURE inspiration being used by artists as a
- The broadest sense, is equivalent to the
source of subject.
natural world, physical universe, material
world or material universe. - The wondrous use of machines, the
- “Nature” refers to the phenomena of towering skyscrapers, state of the art
the physical world, and also to life in robotics technology, top of the line
general.” transportation machineries as cars, ships
and motorcycles to name a few are
2. PEOPLE sources of subjects of interest under
-They are considered the most
technology.
interesting subject of an artwork which
may be real or imagined. WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
- People as subjects may be presented
as individuals or groups and may 1. NATURALISM
perform tasks as how they do in their - Refers to the depiction of realistic
everyday life. Below are a few examples. objects in a natural setting.
- Naturalism is a type of art that pays
3. HISTORY attention to very accurate and precise
- It is the depiction of factual events that details, and portrays things as they are.
occurred in the past whose purpose is - Depict pieces showing the idealized
either to remember important events of human form. One would immediately
long ago or to teach the learners about recognize that these images were
the lessons of the past. imitated from the human form.

4. LEGEND 2. REALISM
- Artworks based on legends present to - Represent subject matter truthfully,
viewers of the art something tangible without artificiality and avoiding
even when unverified. Art brings life to speculative fiction and supernatural.
these stories. - Depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and
the details of light and colour. But realist
5. RELIGION or naturalist works of art may, as well or
- Religion has played an enormous role instead of illusionist realism, be "realist" in
in inspiring works of visual arts, music, their subject matter, and emphasize the
mundane, ugly or sordid.
architecture and literature through ages.
- It was also established that art is 3. ABSTRACTION
considered the handmaid of religion. - Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’
(of the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the
6. MYTHOLOGY artist as well as for the viewer).
- These are sources of subjects that - It is the capability of the artist to use
come from the stories of gods and their imagination to look beyond what
we can physically see and translate
goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome,
intangible emotions onto the canvas.
Norse and Egyptians. - This is a method of presenting the
- These so called deities of the subject where the artist moves away
mythological world depict present from reality.
humanlike behaviours.
FORMS OF ABSTRACTION
7. DREAMS AND FANTASY
A. DISTORTION
- The wonder of the unconscious is what - Distortion is the alteration of the original
is being expressed by art works under shape (or other characteristic) of
this subject source. something.
- These works of art somehow explain to - In the art world, a distortion is any
the viewers the content of the art piece change made by an artist to the size,
including the hidden meaning behind shape or visual character of a form to
express an idea, convey a feeling or
each work.
enhance visual impact.
- The unconscious is being made to be
understood by this source of subject.
B. ELONGATION - It emphasized the activities of the
- Elongation is when the art subject is subconscious mind mostly exemplifying
lengthened, protracted or extended. violence and cruelty.
- The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the
C. MANGLING
- Artists show the subject as cut, deep and ugly part of human nature.
lacerated, mutilated or hacked with
repeated blows.
UNIT 3: THE ARTS AND ITS MEDIUM
D. CUBISM
LESSON 1 – THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
- This is the presentation of abstract
figures through the use of a cone, MEDIUM - When an artist is ready to express
cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube himself in art and to give shape to his vision, his
and circle in place of real pictorial first thought would be on what medium to use.
elements.
TECHNIQUE - The technique of the artwork
E. SYMBOLISM shows the level of familiarity with the medium
-This is the use of a visible sign of an idea being manipulated.
to convey to the viewers, readers or
audiences the message of his work. CURATION - Derived from the word “curare”
- The key to eliciting symbolic art which means to take care. It is a process that
involves studying the background and involves managing, overseeing and
personality of the artist and his assembling or putting together a presentation
inspiration in producing the said piece or exhibit for some type of artistic collection.
of work.
LESSON 2 – THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL
ARTS
F. FAUVISM
- a group of early 20th-century modern I. GRAPHIC OR TWO DIMENSIONAL ART
artists whose works emphasized
painterly qualities and strong color over Different Media for Drawing;
the representational or realistic values
1. Pencil
retained by Impressionism - Made of graphite which comes in
different hardness from soft to hard or
G. DADAISM thickness from thick to needle-like.
- Dadaism is a protest movement in the
art that is playful and experimental.
“Dada” means a “hobby horse”.
- Dadaism is most often nonsensical.
- It is considered a revolt against
tradition because it does not follow the
principles in art and shows the
wickedness of society in its presentation.
- The aim of this method is to shock and i. Shading Techniques
provoke its viewers. - HATCHING - A series of thin
parallel lines that run in the same
H. FUTURISM direction
- CROSS HATCHING - A series of
- Futurist painters wanted their works to
thin parallel lines and criss-
capture the mechanical energy of crossing it with another set of tin
modern life. parallel lines.
- STIPPLING - Uses the sharp point
I. SURREALISM of the pencil to make dot
- This method mirrors the evils of the patterns in some parts of the
present society drawing.
- BLENDING - May be
- Surrealism means super realism,
accomplished by using the finger
influenced by Freudian psychology or a paper stump to gradually
which emphasizes the activities of the change the tone from dark to
subconscious state of the mind. light.
 2. INK PAINTING - It is the process of applying paint
- It is one of the oldest material for onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like
drawing that is still in use. It allows for a paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster.
great variety of qualities, depending on
the tools and technique used in the DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR PAINTING
application.
WATERCOLOR
3. PASTEL - Pigments are mixed with water and applied
- This is composed of dry pigment held to paper.
together by a gum binder and - Watercolor is a painting method in which the
compressed into sticks. paints are made of pigments suspended in a
i. KINDS OF PASTEL water-based solution.
- Soft pastel - Watercolor refers to both the medium and
- Hard pastel the resulting artwork.
- Oil Pastel
GOUACHE
ii. PASTEL TECHNIQUES - The pigment has been mixed with water and
- STIPPLING - Using pastel of added with a chalk-like material to give it an
different colors to produce opaque effect.
small marks, thus, creating a - Body color, or opaque watercolor, is one type
pattern. of watermedia, paint consisting of natural
- FEATHERING - Using the point pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum
of the pastel to make parallel arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional
strokes creating a feather-like inert material. Gouache is designed to be
effect. opaque
- SCUMBLING - It is like layering
but using pastel. The side of OIL PAINTS
the pastel is lightly drawn on - Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is a
top of an existing color but still dense painting medium and gives rich,
making the color of the first beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish
layer visible.
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.
- IMPASTO - The technique of
thickly applying the pastel by
TEMPERA
pressing it hard on the paper
- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes
creating an opaque effect.
with the white) as binder.
- SGRAFITTO - Technique that
applies a thick deposit of
FRESCO
pastel on the support then
- Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a
using a blunt pen, scrapes it
off to reveal the underlying portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for
color. mural paintings.
- CHARCOAL - An organic
medium that comes from ACRYLIC
burnt wood. - Modern medium with synthetic paint using
acrylic emulsion as binder.
I . KINDS OF CHARCOAL
1. COMPRESSED CHARCOAL – The vine MOSAIC
charcoal comes in thin sticks that is easy - Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or
to blend an erase. irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass
2. MANUFACTURED CHARCOAL – Made called tesserae.
from loose charcoal mixed with a binder
and pressed into sticks. COLLAGE
3. PAPER – The most common surface used - Derived from a French word “coller” which
in two-dimensional art. means to stick. This is a technique of making art
by gluing or pasting on a firm support materials
THREE TYPES OF PAPER or found objects.
1. Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth
2. Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate PRINTMAKING
texture. - Process used for making reproductions of
3. Rough Paper- Has the most texture graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer
(tooth).
of a master image from a printing plate (matrix)
onto a surface.
PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay
or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
RELIEF PAINTING (RAISED) temperature.
- The oldest method of printmaking. The f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a
techniques involves cutting away certain parts combination of sand and soda lime.
of the surface and leaving the ‘raised’ part to g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from
organic polymers.
produce the image.

INTAGLIO PRINTING (DEPRESSED) ARCHITECTURE

- Instead of the surface of the plate for the Art of designing buildings and other structures
image, the lines of the image are cut or incised which will serve a definite function.
to a metal plate.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two
SURFACE PAINTING (FLAT) vertical support (post) and spanned by
- Includes all processes in which printing is done a horizontal beam (lintel). It is invented
from a flat surface. by the Greeks.
b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of
II. PLASTIC OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ART
separate pieces of wedge-shaped
SCULPTURE blocks called voussoirs arranged in a
Originated from the Latin word “sculpere” semi-circle.
which means to carve . It is defined as the art
Structures that can be built from the PRINCIPLE
or practice of creating three-dimensional forms
OF ARCH
or figures.
a. Barrel Vault- A succession of arches.
KINDS OF SCULPTURE
b. Groin Vault- A structure that is formed
FREE STANDING – Sculptures which can be
by intersecting arches resulting in four
viewed from all sides
openings.
RELIEF – Sculptures in which the figures project c. Dome- Structure with the shape of an
from a background. inverted cup.

KINETIC (MOBILE) – A sculpture that is capable Truss- System of triangular forms assembled to
of movement by wind, water or other forms of form a rigid framework.
energy.
Cantilever- A structure that makes use of a
LESSON 3 – THE PROCESS OF CREATING OF beam or slab that extends horizontally into
CREATING SCULPTURES space beyond its supporting post.

1. Subtractive Process Buttress- A structure that is built as a support for

Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the wall.
the material to form the figure.
2. Additive Process LESSON 5 – MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
The process involves the construction of a
figure by putting together bits of the material
or by welding together metal parts to create COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - Refers to those
figures. materials that can support heavy weights
3. Process of Substitution without crumbling or breaking down.
This process is also known as casting. This
method involves using a mold to produce a 3D Materials that are used for Creating Building
figure in another material. and Infrastructures:
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE over other materials for its durability,
a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and adaptability to sculptural treatment and
relatively permanent. its use for building simple structures in its
b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies natural state.
in hardness and durability depending on b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building
the kind of tree it came from. can be constructed using wood except
c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: the foundations.
tensile strength, ductility and malleability. c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and
d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed taller structures with less use of material
with water and poured into mold. when compared to stone or wood.
 d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, e. Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by
with aggregates of sand and gravel. means of a keyboard which consist of a
series of black and white
LESSON 6 – LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED
ARTS GENRE OF MUSIC
a. Classical Music- European tradition that
LITERATURE - Art of combining spoken or written covered the years of 1750 to 1830.
words and their meanings into forms which Forms such as the symphony, concerto,
have artistic and emotional appeal. and sonata were standardize.
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional
TYPES OF LITERATURE popular culture or is written in such a
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to style.
the number and length of lines and c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is
stanzas but in recent years they have inspired in the tradition of rock and roll.
become more free-flowing d. Jazz- Originated in the African-
b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and American communities in the late 19th
which uses elaborate figurative and early 20th centuries.
language. e. Blues- Originated from the African
c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from Americans in the deep South of the
real life. United States in the late 19th Century.
d. Drama- Includes all plays or any written f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that
works that are meant to be performed. evolved from rock and roll and pop
music.
LESSON 7 – MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music
GENRES OF MUSIC that emerged from the independent
music of the 1980s and gained
MUSIC - Defined as the art of combining and popularity in the 1990s.
regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce
LESSON 8 – DANCE, TYPES OF DANCE
compositions that express various ideas and
feelings. DANCE - Is said to be the oldest of arts. It is the
MEDIA IN MUSIC man’s gestures express emotions through
Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular rhythmic movements.
medium for music is the human voice.
TYPES OF DANCE:
Classification of Human Voice: a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk
a. Soprano- Highest female singing voice. dances associated with a national
b. Contra Alto- Female singing voice that and/or cultural groups.
is low and rich in quality. b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that
c. Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice. are generally performed in pairs.
d. Bass- Male singing voice that is low and c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of
rich in quality. the Medieval era.
e. Baritone- Male singing voice that is d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called
between contemporary or interpretative dances.
They represent rebellion against the
Instrumental Medium – materials that classical formalism of ballet.
produce/create sounds. e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to
a. String Instruments- Provide basic those dances performed by one dancer
orchestral sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed or a group of dancers.
strings that produce tones by means of
a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings LESSON 9 – DRAMA AND THEATER AND GENRES
that produce tones by plucking the OF DRAMA
strings with a finger or with a plectrum
held in one’s hand. DRAMA - Genre of literature that is intended to
b. Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds be acted-out or performed on stage in front of
by blowing into them. an audience.
c. Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped
mouthpieces and expands into a bell- THEATER - Combined art that includes music,
shaped end. dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
d. Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by
hitting them.
GENRES OF DRAMA HORIZONTAL LINES - move from left to right or
a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic vice versa. It is a line that appears to be laying
genre. down.
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never
ending battle between good and evil VERTICAL LINE - start from bottom to top or vice
wherein good always wins. versa. It is a line that appears to be standing.
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
DIAGONAL LINES - are slanting lines. In the
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and
visual art, diagonals suggest two meanings, a
criticized human behavior to pave the
positive and a negative one. On the positive
path to some form of salvation for
diagonals indicate action and movement i.e.
human actions.
to move forward and act. On the negative, it
e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the
conveys a feeling of uncertainty, stress and
emphasis is on the jokes, humorous
defeat.
physical action, exaggerated situations
and improbable characters. ZIGZAG LINES - Are angular lines that resulted in
abrupt change in the direction of a straight line
LESSON 10: CINEMA, GENRES OF MOTION
thus forming angles. The lines are unpleasant
PICTURES AND PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION
PICTURES and harsh which portrays tension, conflict,
chaos, or violence.
CINEMA - Series of images that are projected
CURVED LINES - are technically curvilinear lines.
onto a screen to create the illusion of motion.
Curve lines suggest grace, movement and
GENRE OF CINEMA flexibility indicative of life and energy. When a
a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in curve line moves continuously in opposite
movie theaters. directions, it forms a wavy line which shows
b. Animated movies- Use images created fluidity because of the gradual change in
by artists/ animators.
direction.
c. Documentary movies- deal primarily
with facts, not fiction.
d. Experimental films- Sequence of images,
literal or abstract, which do not
necessarily form a narrative.
e. Educational Films- Specifically intended
to facilitate learning at home or
classrooms.

PEOPLE BEHIND A MOTION PICTURE

a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters.
b. Producer- handles finances.
c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for
the screen or adapts interesting written
pieces of work as motion pictures. LESSON 2 – PROPERTIES OF COLOR AND HOW
d. Director- Studies the script, plans and COLORS RELATE AND LIGHT AND SHADOW
visualizes how the film should be portrayed
and guides the actors and the production COLOR
crew as they carry out the project. - Color is composed of a series of wave lengths
which strike the retina of the eyes.
UNIT 4 – ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ARTS - A ray of light contains all the colors of the
visible spectrum- red orange, yellow, green,
KINDS OF LINES blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV).
STRAIGHT LINES- are geometric, impersonal - The visible spectrum was discovered by sir
and differ in the direction that they take. The Isaac Newton when light was allowed to pass
straight lines may move from left to right, start through a glass prism.
from the top going down, slant or move up - Passing white light through a prism breaks it
into a band of the visible colors (just like a
and down forming angles. Whatever is the
rainbow).
direction, each kind indicates a specific type
of emotion
PROPERTIES OF COLOR Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and
HUE - It is the name given to the color, for Caravaggio.
example; red, green, violet and blue.
- For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE are LESSON 3 – SHAPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF
called primary hues. They are considered SHAPES
primary because these hues cannot be
produced from combining any hues. Shapes - In visual arts, a shape is formed when
- When two primary hues are mixed in equal two ends of a line meet to enclose an area.
amounts, secondary hues are produced. These
are ORANGE, GREEN and VIOLET. Picture plane - any flat surface onto which the
- Mixing equal amounts of the primary and artwork is created.
secondary hues produces intermediate hues
which are RED ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE Negative shapes - these are between the
VIOLET. shapes that are not occupied by any form. In
- Combining in equal mixture any two
painting, these spaces can be as important as
secondary hues produces the tertiary hues.
the shaped themselves. In sculpture and
VALUE - refers to the lightness or darkness of a architecture, the shape of the artwork can be
color. The value of any hues can be changed determined by viewing the work against its
by adding a neutral such as black or white. This background (Marquarot&Eskilson, 2005).
results in changing the quantity of light the hue
reflects. CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
Shade - When black is combined with
hue. a. Natural or organic shapes - those are
Tint - When white is added with hue. seen on nature like the shape of leaves,
animals, mountains, flowers and
COLOR HARMONY is one method of seashells.
establishing color quality in a composition.
b. Abstract shapes - those that have little
There are several ways of creating harmony
that an artist can use. The most common are or no resemblance to natural objects.
the following: c. Non-objective or biomorphic shapes -
A. Monochromatic harmony - When a seldom have reference to recognizable
single color in the composition is varied objects, but most often show a similarity
in intensity and value by adding white or to some organic forms.
black. d. Geometric shapes - these are triangles,
B. Complementary Harmony - results when
rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes.
two colors that are opposite each other
in the color wheel are place side by side. LESSON 4 – TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING
C. Analogous harmony - results when hues
SPACE AND MOVEMENTS
that are adjacent or beside each other
in the color wheel is used in a
Visual texture - in such cases where touching
composition.
the artwork is not allowed, textured can be
D. Color temperature - refers to the relative
warmth or coolness of a color. Warm perceived by the eyes.
colors are colors that have YELLOW as its
dominant component white cool colors Texture - refers to the feel or tactile quality of
have blue as their dominant the surface of an object. It has to do with the
component. characteristic of surface, whether it is rough or
smooth, fine or coarse, polished or dull, plain or
LIGHT AND SHADOW (VALUE) irregular. They also add richness and vitality in
Light and shadow focuses on what is paintings.
known as achromatic value. This refers to the
changes in the amount of reflected light which Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is
ranges from black to gray to white and vice created by techniques that adds depth and
versa. An artist who has mastered the distance to two-dimensional art. In sculpture
manipulation of achromatic value in a and architecture, however, space is actually
composition gives his work the illusion of depth present.
and form.

Chiaroscuro - the technique of manipulating

light and shadow in painting. Masters who
have perfected the use of this technique are
METHODS OF CREATING SPACE artworks. They have also experimented on
which techniques to employ to be able to
a. Overlapping planes (interposition) - incorporate in their works the perception of
create space when an object covers a
movement.
part of another object which is behind it.
b. Relative size - objects that appear TWO WAYS TO PRESENT MOTION OR MOVEMENT
large/big indicate nearness and small- IN THEIR ART:
sized objects as distant. Aside from
creating illusion of space, this can also Actual movement - in art, specifically in
be interpreted as power and import. sculptures results in kinetic art. Actual
c. Position on the picture plane (relative movements may be achieved naturally using
height) - In some paintings, spacial wind and water or mechanically through some
representation is based upon the energy source (batteries or electricity).
position of objects relative to the Implied movement - results when a variety of
bottom of the frame. Those objects lines are used together, repeated, changed in
found at the bottom of the frame will position, or decreased/increased in size. This
appear closer to the viewer. gives the impression of movement in a
- Foreground - the bottom part. stationary two dimensional art.
- Middle ground - where the horizon is.
- Background - the topmost part. LESSON 6 – ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

Color is also used to give the illusion of distance. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC:

Warm colors advance and make objects look
A. Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with
closer while cool colors recede making objects
uniform recurrence of accented and
look farther away.
accented beat
Perspective - deals with effect of distance on B. Melody - is the succession of tones
the appearance of objects. It enables the arranged in such a way as to give it a
viewer to perceive distance and to see the musical sense. It may also refer to the
position of objects in space. rising and falling of the tune in time.
C. Harmony - is the sounding of a series of
Linear perspective - give the perception group of tones in the same time. It may
distance by means of converging lines. It has also refer to the pleasing sound that is
to do with the direction of lines and with the produced when two or more
size of objects. D. Timbre - is tonal quality or the character
Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of of the tone that is produced by an
haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near instrument or by the human voice.
objects are seen in detail with the full intensity E. Form - is the structure or the framework
of color and as objects recede, details are loss of a composition
and objects appear grayer.
Vocal Forms
LESSON 5 – ELEMENTS OF THE COMBINED ARTS A. Opera is a drama set to music
complete with actions, costumes
Space in sculpture may be viewed in two ways: and scenery
it may be considered a single solid object or
B. Cantata is a religious story told in
an assemblage of solids that exhibits space; or music without actions
space may be perceived as it enters into C. Moro-moro is a Philippine drama
relations with its surroundings－extending into it, set to music which depicts the
enveloping it, or relating across it. conflict between the Christians
and the Muslims.
Space in architecture is created and defined
by the shape, position, and the materials Instrumental Forms
employed by the architect. A. Sonata is a long composition for solo
Movement -Over the years, artists of the visual instruments (piano, Violin)
arts have manipulated the medium and B. Symphony is a sonata for the
elements in order to portray motion in their orchestra
Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the depending on how the playwright structures
sound in music indicated by symbols to the dialogues to make the characters come to
regulate the volume of the sound. life.

A. pp pianissimo - very soft Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the

B. p piano – soft characters in the story. It what the characters
C. mp mezo piano - half soft use when conversing with each other or when
D. ff fortissimo - very loud expressing his thoughts and emotions
E. crescendo - gradually becoming
louder Theme is what the story means. It is how the
F. decrescendo - gradually becoming individual elements are put together to give
softer the story significance and perspective.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE LESSON 8 – ELEMENTS OF THEATER

A. Music plays an important role in the ELEMENTS OF THEATER:

dance to which it is closely related. It The Playwright’s role is to work out the plot in
should be melodic and harmonious terms of the actual actions to be performed
and fits into the movements of the and dialogue to be spoken by actors within
dance. the limited facilities of the stage.
B. Movement is how the dancers use their
bodies to move and create organized The Performers are the ones who portray the
patterns characters in a play.
C. Choreography refers to how the steps
The Director works with the playwright to
and movements are connected for it to
present which is interpreted and translated into
be performed in an organized manner.
dramatic action.
D. Technique is the skill of the dancer in
executing the movements. Production Design includes the scenery, props,
E. Design is the planned organization or make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and
patterns of movement in time and all other special effects used in a theater
space. production.
F. Costume. The type of dance performed
and the costumes worn relate closely to LESSON 9 – ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION
the customs, beliefs, and environment of PICTURE)
the people. Costumes enhance the
A. Acting and the Stars. Acting is the art of
effect of the dance.
portraying or impersonating a character
LESSON 7 – ELEMENTS OF DRAMA in the story.
B. Set and Directors should know the
Drama is basically one of the genres of setting of the story and build artificial
literature that is written primarily to be sets.
performed. The performance is done by actors C. Music and Musical Director. The musical
on stage before a live audience. director is in charge of selecting,
composing new songs, writing
Plot is the over-all structure of the play. It is
orchestration, preparing background
concerned about what the story is all about.
music, creating musical scores and
- Exposition supervising all recording.
D. Color in the movies is an innovation in
- Complication cinematography. It costs twice as much
- Resolution as the black and white films.
E. Make-up, Hair and Costume Design.
Setting is the locale and period in which the These people are responsible for
story takes place. It includes the scenery, props applyingthe specific type of make-up,
and costumes used in staging hairstyle and costume to the actors
before they face the camera.
Characters are the persons involved in the story. F. Sound, Camera and Special Effects
They may seem real to the audience Technicians. Sound technicians are
 responsible for making the dialogue B. Asymmetrical balance is when the sides of
clear and music of fine quality. They the composition are different but still looked
make sure that there is no background balanced.
noise.
C. Radial balance is achieved when the
LESSON 10 – PRINCIPLES OF ART elements are arranged around a central point.

Form refers to how specific elements in the Emphasis is the part of the design that catches
artwork are organized to produce a unified the viewers attention. The artist will usually
whole. Form is further classified into: make one area stand out by contrasting it with
other areas.
a. Primary Features. This is how the artwork
appears to the viewers.Its physical Movement is the path the viewers eye takes
attributes in terms of medium, color, when looking through the work of art. Such
texture and size. movement can be implied along lines edges,
b. Secondary Features. this refers to shape, and color within the work of art.
balance, proportion, unity and harmony
that are used to create the whole Emphasis is the part of the design that catches
the viewers attention. The artist will usually
composition.
make one area stand out by contrasting it with
Content refers to the message the artists wants other areas.
to convey through his art. The levels of content
Movement is the path the viewers eye takes
are:
when looking through the work of art. Such
a. Factual is the literal interpretation of the movement can be implied along lines edges,
work, its images, attributes, actions and shape, and color within the work of art.
poses.
b. Conventional level takes into MOVEMENT
consideration the basic genres and the Repetition works with patterns to make the
figurative meanings usually indicated by work seem active. The repetition of elements of
familiar signs and symbols and the design creates unity within the artwork.
quality of work.
c. Subjective level takes into consideration Rhythm is created when one or more elements
the effect of form and content on the of design are used repeatedly to produce a
viewers of the art. feeling of organized, continuous, sometimes
flowing movement. To keep rhythm exciting
Context refers to the various circumstances and active, variety is important.
that influence how a work of art was produced
and interpreted. The two types of context are: Variety is the use of several elements of design
that adds interest in order to hold the viewers
a. Primary context pertains to the attention and guide the viewer’s eye through
characteristic of the artist, his personality, and around the work of art.
beliefs, interests and values.
b. Secondary context pertains to the Unity is the feeling of harmony between and
setting. The historical period, time in among the parts of the work of art, which
which the work was produced. creates a feeling of completeness in the
composition.
LESSON 11 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
LESSON 12 – THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN
Balance is the distribution of the visual weight DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
of objects, color, texture and space. The use of
these elements should be balanced to make The Rule of Thirds
the viewers see and feel design as stable.
a. The surface with two equally spaced
Three types of balance:
vertical lines and two equally spaced
A. Symmetrical balance results when the horizontal lines.
elements used on one side of the design are b. These lines divide the picture plane into
similar to those on the other side. nine equal parts with four intersecting
points.
 c. Based on studies, placing an object in
one of the intersecting point results in a
pleasing composition.
d. Balance is achieved by placing another
object at the point opposite the first one.

THE SEVEN DAVINCIAN PRINCIPLES

1. Curiosita is approaching life with a

heightened level of wonder and
continuous search to know and learn
more.
2. Dimostrazione is the commitment to test
knowledge and to persist in this task,
which includes experiencing both
success and failures in undertaking.
3. Sensazione is experiencing life through
refinement of the senses.
4. Sfumato is accepting life’s paradoxes
and uncertainties. It is knowing and
realizing that not everything is cause
and effect and that events happen that
even logic can explain.
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a balance
between art and science or logic and
imagination.
6. Corporalita is taking care of one’s body.
Ensuring that healthy habits are
practiced and sustained. A sound mind
is usually the product of a sound body
and vice versa.
7. Connessione is realizing that all things
are interconnected. It is discovering
patterns in the way things work and how
things and lives work out.