N NHrogen

ROUP 15 p Pnosphorvs
As Arsenic

S - An ti mony
Grovp 15- PNICoGENS
Catfocotina odour)
ui

Sb
N
. neal
non Melors
metaS

I.E DTG
Commeh
xidaHion states +3, +5, 3
dlue to
stability otS dereas°S
-

DTG
inert Pai eect
S enly in i5, rest a)
exis4
exis i+3
ompounds
P,As S , i - salids

N 2 P P Sinae strerqt due to

N
nder iomic (epulsions in
bond
due to-eive tera)
N orm PT P

overlapPivj Loc
nnettoam pt- PT
ue o
f a s CATENATON

So only b s n d

ospsrovs)
PCunit

to 5
Covalency N C a ne epand

absenee

YDPIDESs CEH
N ammo
P phospn he

Ast arSe

Stiane
ismhme
 6 - +

ond lenaih
b o n d

od energy
o 3iu) aay
reduci'na
E-+

Juma atuYe
aEH Cdepens on ese

N
onc cAng e Con
almos
c h a v a c e r

B as i c

less s cher(2S/:)

h e r e in
monia
LP are
a m
in s e
LPae present
pespine nueus

whearas
neas
in Case more nty
held by
Yo ta, shich
e h e r

S
pasic
strenat

exothex mic. hydre &41S

enlyhe
N is
AH o).
enthaY fofmo

So "z> AsH3> PH3 oA

N M.w
r
vander
umal

in t e r m o E c u a y

nd iy PH3
SoH? N As H
BiH>
B.P um brella
inversIOn.

Yeduced. and hus

underaees

imuq stae
H -oon d i
Hence exien order
P
it stands 3 v

CaNCN

CaC N Calcivm Cyano ide

ni tro i m

BaC N Balc2
earnm cyan ide

echo P>As > sL Ei >N

t y EaF) n t e r e l a o W i e

v e s i o n s
 OXIDES-, ,os more acidic ieEs)
- Oxides higher OS s

does not f o r m i , , only °3

acidic characler DTG
N P are cidic
E Oxdes
&As Sl are amphoeric
besic

PEACTIVTY TowAPDS METALS

allhne elememts rec witk metal form olYeary
exhi b i 4 i e e 3 ) o.S
Compounds
Calciom itrde
e M a n esium iride
MaN2 Avsenicde
Na Ass Sod iv
antiimonde

Z s zine
i s m u thide
M a n eSiOm
M9 -

hesphde
Cacium
CaP2 mea hsroxide + N 3
hdo s i s
Nirides an

decompesItion

t
The ma
NH C m
o am moniU
H H tCo2 Salts
(N CO
N N0 020

amm. i t r a t e

N2 O

(N S D
 AF

h A A

AmmaV

wwt wthed api)

11es
e n yalaiuvw wypeehlev

dleive
hy peellev Nes

nil' h laru)
 4neuetvial wmelnad eetional-ois4ilaisa

rePEPTIEs oF AMMONI
itis a qae at room temp
smelling as
alkali akabine enth me tals ssue i liq. D«,
ivinblwe coloure solns a euwer Conc

Paramna netiC
am moniatea
nas
Coneluctor electricity
eod reduci m Onaent

wnen Hhe son. oece mes brone

Conc
caloure and diamaae .

se ianisee
t very tle exienat
a monia
water)
Cesser han

2NH3 A4
A m m N)UW
amde
Am m o n a

PRE PARATiONN o AMMONA

decomPcsitien ammaniun l s
Thrwal
to ammoniUm
Adition alkali

Hydro lysis nitndes

H Ma(ow)+ NH3
MaN
mitnte
Peduction Nitale and

(No)

Zn bH (ZH,J
N
(itvae (or
n NO ke
ca
redued by AP?
NO2 Zn

nitrHe
 dsa metha Halbers proces
N 2(9) 2N2NH, (g) AH -ve

conditios
beHer yield
Hiah P (200 cam)
Lo

Betere:

Fe
Catalys+
Chays1: F , A,°3
Rromoter
mix
Mo

n d u s t r i a l
methad -Cyaamide hocess

CaOC
2 CaNCN + CO

CaNCN +H CaCo

PROPER TES

amm b n a
canns e dried
v ssing
acid 4Se
Mois

Coecause
er F Hso , la
loecause it ofws
e c c Hom sCcur
S) CaCl2
a dei Hon
pratduck- Cad2 8 NH.
CaO CAni lime)
en uses
Dry i
Metal ions e da oH
Preciptates
NHLOH
ALCot
e AL
Al AQ Cou) 3 Aces
encesss slu l e
h i e S

ZnloH) 2 (s excess
Czo,1
Zn whiie
Slubl e

stop here
am mon e

o x i d a t i o n

0&toktt PeotESS - os eld prst )

PE NO + HO
nitric oxide

NHU
NH2t C
exues
Leheck N2 more rxnS )
 NH cOO NHA
2c0 aFm
a mmcmium ur
Carb amate

-H +H 2NH

HYDRAZINE (N) (
col our\ess fuwig iqui
e n t

redcing
ess basic hean
Na4
H
N G

-u)
m b r e stalole lss sa be

beter cleo phle han NIt by efec

aat+ nucleophi l e 4han due
eter
atom
Presence LP on

donate d, LP-LP ve pukions

sho n

a
elEives )

PASCHG PeoEsSs
repa tatic
Na O C H N
NH3 Sod. hy pochloriie

Step N3 Slous chloraminp

Sos
- Nh 2
HN

Sde cm:
heavy
jone
riaerres la mels
to bleck meal
Gelahn is aled

ydra2ie avewers hollens telli

Cc t)
 reducin Y
H A
AuC

O3 * A
A
C
CuS4
a n s w e r
tollens ehings
S * tatate
vtarate Cn
onS

ing cemplex
ror
Feu
FeCNo) (Ho) S
cenc. so4
NO3 orown Yin
 OXIDEES oF NITROGEN

2
o nitogen NOS oe
eni tric
Nodinitrogey o dintr io en
olauina aas oxide o di ntroaen
+n oxid e dioxide +e troxide
co-260 yc o NO , No
entoxide
o NHN o NO on cao Ma selid
PNO o coaure s s
NO H o H N O 1 I S No oNOTN urrs into
ionic solid
liquid PloNO dimer
o HNOtNHH Oa
cidic oxide Petish .NO NO)
brown o it
i s t in
nirouss hyoroxy nitromi m nitae
eneutral a m sith NO
acid amine o annydride t
o aidic oXide
o colorless qas o anhy dri de hiinc
o aidic mixed
aid
oParamoq netic o O t Ho xide
o coleur \ess qas
osold N3 HNo tHNO3 o colour lessS
o on ceoling , the
neutral Pale due mixa axde
' S a l s colour les

linear liq uic N°3 RAYOmaane c

out traces s
intense Lve ee oxdisma aen+
blue co lour iss
= N D t lous T
due to P r e s e e NotC
NN-Oo - bit colour e d s
CAV loecome
Cnitryl emls ride
Supports comloustion N
NO eenismat
otMgP hier T
o be
reen colour
MaN0Mao +
i n solid Stetee due to
NO NO+ No

lue eddi
nidrovs Oxide / ovan
dinitro aen oide diamaqnetic
dime

(red solid)
-N
o NO+ ¥ >NOX
CNOx

nitrosy halice

o NO is dia-
mnne+ic in
lauid SPaLe
 NNET, COLEMAN & Co. LTD. | ESTABLISI

ONy ACIDS NITROGEN

NTeoUss AcAD w -
(HN)
Prep BaCNo, 3 Baso HNO
- acid exst in aq Selu tion

stalde acid
to Co ncen trate the cid sill
ony e tfort
the acid
deco pose

ANO No * Ho

salts h s acd ntritess

mcdeate Oxidsina oLe

Fe Fe
S sn
so so Csulphite Mpae)

NITRIC AcID CANO

DsT WALd PPOCESS
Prep
NO +HO

No + 2
NO N HNO
NO 4ND*H20

- colourless iqud
Cannot oe Conc. eyond 68/ by maSS

Cazeotrope) wsi frachiona distila tian

ts found to e yello wie i Sdve
decomposition o NO2
wnen HNO Cmes in Contad with sin, it

urns yelow due to

formation anho Hho pratei
e r oae nil erel N°2
cellulese tHN®3
 tric aCid
mete
Metel
S h e r g t h
Araductes
fHNO3

Mo,Mn Respecive metal nitrate 2

xHCmey

ilute (27.)

61-)Fe, Z,
Sn
Metal nitrate NH NO + H2
i lud
o
metal traAe NO + H
ilude ( 2 o r )
Po, C, As, Ha|
fe, Zn metal
nitrate N+Ho

Sn +Sn CNG2

metal nitrade + No + d
C o n c e n t r e t e d

Fe,Z Po Cu, Aa

stannic Ccid +No,

metal

CHSno)

conc. HNO3
Non- metals
Oxidaticn

R
HIO3

H2COs

+NO

FeS Fe(so4)3
AA PEGA conc Ha + coc. HNO3

1 Cy volue)
Nod metas
Au, Pt, I, 2h, . dissolve i Aqua

HNO * HO
oecent nitrosy chlorid
cwlorine
2
thus aqua Yeaia i yellouw due t ecene c o a

Au + C Aud3
H Au HCAuC,3
Cnlord Aunc COmply

Cedu de complex)

nen nolde etals reac with cqua reac

absence ar ikevation No
- in presence air No No,T

RI HALIDES
ore all r halides
Nioae
is an explocve
Nd3 it exist
do nc exist reey,
NBr NI2
Selution
am mónia
only
N 6 NH
NBr3.6 N
his NH3 here is explasion
O remove

we y
exist freely
N NF3
N3>Ndg>NBr> NI
Staloi ty
N NF3
bond a e
Nt obes no undeao hydvolysis
torm eall ri ha lides, stabiüty fom F
Everyhin
 d7PR

a
/Loate
aten cks
-O- NHC2
yaCan orit
2H
2 HOCA

VPa l ) N 3o 3HO
aud
ypochlorous

+He

*
24
24 C

OaHacks P si

t
more
e defitie
3 H

Pd33H,0
PLoH T

veral

phaspmorous acid

3H
AsC+3H2 O As

sboj 2H
S H antimony ioh

+ 2H
BiHo [eio]
BSmuthy ion

unclear/turbid sduion n neutra

S qivey
os Bi salts sbOJ Bio0* naed.
e ed . due to formation
the eqom chitted eck aats
acdcc ved ium

qve dear solution

chloride)
So HC Lantme ny

i O* H eis muthy dhloride )

 PHOSPHOROUS AND TSCOMFOUNDE
FPHoSPHoPas
ALLOTRoPES
hosPorousYellbo Phosp heroDus
Owhite
most Yenchvve

(+edranedron)
ay solid

Celu be m insoluble in H, o
-

C
i t iS stored in Ho in order to
Prevent d an i t h atmos pheric

ows in
darE avin yelouwish cre
e r e ton
inte
This henomenon is fnouwn as PHOSPHOPESANCE

P4 Poionous

Phosphote P Hos PHOPITE)

Freparation From C kiwm noir S

CaOu) SO PO TCaSiO

Ped Phospherous
crystalline selic
- redd ish -violet
air <400c
-Sjaole

does not
disssle n CS2

ymer

ohite P 250'c Pa P
repaHun
few cr ys tals
Poly merition iedine as
Catalyst in
Sen ed iron canialve
Buck Posporaus
n 22
e x i s t

orme- B dack
is god
CCmductor phosphsrous
electrici, x
is not
lac phospho ous has
ike p h t e
yeve strucHAre
ei ther mone clinic or
zrhom oD Velral eryste
MOSt thermo dynamicoly
higesF densi Hy lytable eH lletrope
Cdewsy. back red ushite
poly merisation
the cempact ness ]

PHOS PHINE CPH

wth mild roten is Smell
- olour s aS

poIsonous

Peparaion

PH2 *CaleH) CHydrslysis

Ca Ho phespidej

P NadH NaHP
ntee
sedium dihydrogen
mospn ite Sociuw y e e pnoephute

Sod. hype phos phite

atm to prevent en ty
out i C2
Came
X
med u s h i c Catches
iS also
sHle s smake
d u e
Ghich ins
ire easily ae vorAe rings
Tese
Ne fomed.

Separatio n PH3rom H
ron HL Soution
This OeCUS
mixture

LPHTHI PHL
only P3 PhospMeniom icdide
Ond P let Out

P A P PH
addinq dka\i.
"3is Teseneratal
rom
 proprrs PH3
sude in Ho,
-

sliaty exteni inS , h e r oracanic ol

to qreoter
selube

esfor PP 3
witn
igives black C
o h
Hy2 i i e s blac PPt

Helme s Siqal C mains only)

Sea T Catch fire wi th enzelim ane
watr
t incomi
Ca C2 PHT ive siqnal
Sip.

OXIDES OF PHOS PHOROUS

fhospoYCS i Oxide
coour \ess crystellin solid
me xn lbtu
epared
PLCwite) wi H limitee
SPY
HPO
hydrolysic: add
PhosehorGUS
P-4bancd, that
Nere nian Oxy ocid oP
aad ocs as
reduan ent
FO+ POD+ Poc
phospMorous hesphory culere
oxychlorde

t
(
* P

wed D
onro amt
oxyaen
 Pentoxide CP )
dehydrati na ent
s

P buck bonding

Lo-P-
O

-6

tetra me ta ehos phoric ac

o
254,D 4M -6.

Ho-P
-o- ol

acid
Poly p h o s p h o r i c

-64

0--o
aad
Phesphoric acd PYYophos phoric
op orno pnos C a c e

HPO3
HNO t P m e t a phosphoric

ace

*HPoz
 Oxy AcIDS oF HoS PHORUS
DoTE d a e PP ked orP-UP
NAME SteUCTU PE
OX\DATioN E
Hypophosporovs
Acid +1
Pnosphinic
acid)

di phospnorovs acid
HB +3
PyopmosPoYous acid

diposphinic acid

orno phesphorous ad 3

phospnnic aad

HyPo pheSponc oid

diphosp ovic Cw) acid

jscphcsphoric aid t
+35B
diphospnoric (u,v) add

ortno pnosphoriC aid HPO

-

PyrDosmoric aid
dipvospesic ccis

NoTCpyo (ome eon

dehydyonima cacd
DYn dim e
 STRUCTuee
NAME

,eta phosphord
HPO3
ymeta phosphoric acc

o
s7>, PCTOY
a lo s > >

1 , P - O - P

Cy clo trineta phospnoric

SP-P
Cacd
al.0S S

phosphott
Cydo tetra met
Caud

' e roxo d i p h o s p o r i c

G u
OO o

ocid s o
nipos phoric

YeroxovoNo phosphorid O-o-14

HO
 acis)
aid)

HPO Chy popospvorou6

x n h u s w m t e P E B a l o H ) ,

Preparation

PH BolHPD2
Ba
Ba lo)
Barium hypo phephile
(Bary ta

solid
Celurless crysa lie
- disproprtionatePs on heat ing

HP
Crcid

mono po Sic

XnS s et oxid ise H

reducticn

2
H
H
Hg
Au
P
HO

acid)
HPOL Phospha US
P eparaion
HPO H
P H

deliqueset olid
- white

- lcesd metrad prepe

t
APot Cot Cat+ HEO
Pa+H44

i s proPor tionate nea

H Ph3 tHPo,

Jiasic re ducin ceid

 reeucion rXns stsel get exidise to t P
Au
Aud
A9
NO

CuS

PCS
H ° > HPo HPo
aity
aCidty

e stalouhy
cUE conj

CrDSS con)
+

t P PoC
Pouer
edein
acid)
phospnari
H n y po

Preparanion:
acid
pnoric
alkali nyeo Pnes
vedP+

sod
- colour les s ay stllig

4 -
n o s porous
e h e sphoYc
ace.
a id

Cortho phaphoric auid)

HPO
Preparation
hydrelysisPo + NO + ,
2 Conc HNO+ 4
e
um phos hat
ery acidityi) CSOy
HSOL

4CoLPo t Sio, CaSiD POo

HPO

22 316 HPO
 phsphoric otid )
Pyo Cpyvo
Prepara tion
heati 34

R
-o

O+

Pis PHOROUS
HALIDES OF

T e HALIDES

PO Pa
Brs, PL3

P
colou l e s cily iguid
PCA
Cimital)

P Sot2 S Ss
thiony
chloride pen oo
haPe ike h
supnu cnocnlmde)
alkyl ehlonde
chlori notim o e n ( otel acid ch lonid e )
acid
-drolysis :PcR3 H HPo t +

PKPs feNTAHALIDES

PF, PCAS Pers, Pls

unstade lorouonsh Lack solid
- P in sal

reddish yellaw solid [PBr [8r Stae

- Per insold

-P yelouash t e selc-> [ PA, 1 [PcAg

Sh

PCo*
 p r e r a Hon

PA Cexcesss)

So c 2
P
sulphyy) chlan d e
hbr na tina
aent Cachd al eoride
acd chlor d e
atid
me tal metal dhloride)

A PCA AaCt4
Pcl
PCA SnC+ PP

Po C+ SO
> PoA

PO +4 CR PO T4} CO
H wydolys
PO+ /S

HYDROLYSS PEACTONS
metal itrid e Ho meta hydro xide +NH 3
hetapnosphid e H metal hoxide +PH3
NE-N 2NH CO2

NO 3+ 3+oc NH

Asca3 3HC tAs

sa+2t 2 tt +

2HC d a
2t,
t6H
phophoric ccid
41o 24, et cycoterta weta

otho 2Pyre phoephoric tera phosRhoric acid

Mcsporn cc FTcid
H,o Pod 2H
Po