5B 3 2 5 a4 iS = xSwi! Se aaa Aa cat y Touches all the corners of NCERT & NCERT EXEMPLAR 7, More than SUFFICIENT for school EXAMS & BOARDS ~ Approved by Rie: TOPPERS pe Kec aeG eri~ Gotio-economic and Political changes — Oth to 16th century — Western EuroPe * Many groups of Germanic people occupied regions of Italy, Spain and France after the fall of the Roman Empire. There were ‘three orders’, three social categories:- Christian priest, ee landowning nobles and peasants. co Christianity was the official religion that's why the church also became a major land holder and political power in Europe. There were lots of sources to understand that history:- Documents, details of land ownership, prices and legal cases. 2.The inscriptions in churches. 3.Songs and stories. 4.Churches kept records of marriages, birth and death. Downloated from padhleakshay.com French scholar Mare Bloch worked on feudalism, and described French society between 900 and 1300 CE. It’s remarkable details of social relation and hierarchies, land management and culture in his book Feudal society. + Feudalism derived from the German word ‘feud’ which means a piece of land. * Feudalism went beyond the economic to cover the social and political aspects of life as well. * In an economic sense, feudalism is based on the relationship between lord and peasants, where peasants provided labour services for the lord in exchange lord Telegram/@npadhieakshay provided military protection to the peasants. * Peasants cultivated their own land as well as the lord's land * Feudalism also existed during the reign of French king Chavle magne (742-814). —Franceand England Book me bahut diya h is topic k baare me pr ye 4 points most important hai The Franks, a Germanic tribe, established their rule over ‘Gaul’ and renamed it France in the 6th century. The Franks were Christian and had strong relations with the pope in 800 c The pope gave the title of ‘Holy Roman emperor’ to the King Charles Magne. The duke of French provinces of Normandy conquered England and Scotland in the 11th century, YouTube/@padhleakshayCity of France ity of : Europe The Three Orders The first Order - The Clergy French priests believed in the concept that people could be divided in three categories according to the work, which were clergy, nobility, and peasantry. The Catholic Church had its own laws. It did not depend on the king. The pope was the head of the Western Church, who lived in Rome. Bishops and Clerics weve constituted ‘The First Order’. People were assembled every Sunday in the church to listen to the sermon by the priest and pray together. Serfs and women could not become priests. Bishops were the religious nobility who owned a vast estate like lords. Priest could not marry. The church levied tax (tithe), a tenth share of peasants’ produce. The second order - The Nobility Priests placed themselves in the first order and nobles in the second order because they controlled land and practiced ‘vassalage’. The kings of France were linked to the people by vassalage. The Nobel were vassals of the king and peasants were vassals of the nobles. The king was his ‘Seigneur (senior) who would protect the vassals who would be loyal to him. Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhleakshay > s =* The nobles enjoyed a privileged status; he was the lord of all the people settled on his land, + Noble's house called ‘manor’. His manor contained his dwellings, his private fields and pastures and the homes and fields of his tenant peasants. Peasants cultivated their own land and nobles’ private lands and act as foot soldiers in the battle whenever required. - The Manorial Estate — The Knights * The knights were sections of people who were good cavalry and trained soldiers. _. knights were linked to the lords and kings as well. The lord gave them a piece of land (called fief) and promised to protect it .The fief could be inherited and extended to more than 2000 acres. The land of fief was cultivated by peasants and facilitated in feudal manor.in exchange for fief, the knight paid his atied from patihleakshay.com lord a regular fee and promised to fight in war. In France, from the 12th century, minstrels travelled from manor to manor, singing songs which told stories of brave kings and knights. These travelling bards were very popular at that time. Monks * Apart from the church, devout Christian chose to live isolated lives and lived in monasteries. Telegram/@npadhlieaksnay Two well-known monasteries were established by St. Benedict in Italy in 529 and Cluny in Burgundy in 910. Monks took vows to remain in the abbey for their whole life and didn't marry.Unlike priesthood, this life was open to both men and women; Men became monks and women became nuns. There were separate abbeys for men and women. Some groups of monks called friars, moved from place to place preaching to the people and lived on charity, J YouTube/@padhleakshayChristmas (Christ's birth) and Easter (the crucifixion of Christ) became important dates from the 4th century. * On this day, people of each village used to make a tour of their village lands (called Parish). Pilgrimage was an important part of the Christian's life. Hanan Hg * People went on long journeys to shrines of martyrs or to big churches. The Third Order- Peasants, Free and Unfree (Serfs). The vast majority of the society were the cultivators. They were of two kinds:- free peasants and unfree peasants (serfs). Free peasant: Downloaded from padhleakshay.com + Tenant of the lord * 40 days military service ina year. + Peasants’ families had to work for the lord's Estate like weaving, wine- pressing, ete. It was called labour-rent. * There was one direct tax called ‘taille’ imposed by kings only on peasants, These two comes under the third order wr a TTT) i - * Cultivated lords plot. + Much of produce given to the lord. * No wages and no leave. Telegram/@npathieakshay * Lords permission required in his personal life. * Lords monopolis at the expense of his serfs. YouTube/@padhleakshayQuestion : What was the achievement of Mare Bloch? Answer : He had composed a book on “The Feudal Society”. Here he gives a detailed account of social relations, hierarchies, land management, and culture of the French society between 900 and 1300 CE. Question : How did European historians become successful in writing the histories of regions even that of individual villages? Answer : It would possible because of the availability of a number of documents, details of landowners’ life, prices, and legal cases. Eg. Churches records of births, marriages, and deaths. Question : What do you understand by the medieval era? Answer : It is the period between the fifth and the fifteenth century i.e. history of above 1000 (a millennium) years. Question : Why did the social organization was centered on the control of land in Europe? Answer : 1. There was a lack of any integrated political force. 2. Continuous military conflict was witnessed. 3. Fencing became important in order to protect one's land. Question : What features the feudal system had derived from the past? Answer : These were- 1. Traditions descended from the Roman empire and 2. Customs observed by Germans. Question : What is the meaning of feudalism from an economic angle? Answer : It was based on the relationship between lords and peasants. Lords were the nobles with large estates, joined by the whole. Peasants were owners of smallholdings and they had to cultivate the land owned by their lords and military protection was given to them in exchange for such services to the lords. Question : How can you say that feudalism had covered social and political aspects of life also? Answer : Social aspect-Render services to lords in order to receive military protection Political aspect-Peasants were subordinated to judicial provisions made by lords. Downloaded from padhieakshay.com Telegram/@npadhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayQuestion : Why was Gaul renamed as France? Answer: on the decline of the Roman empire, Franks, a German tribe renamed it, France for their tribe name being Franks. Question : Where was the island of England-Scotland located? Answer : It was located across a narrow channel in Normandy province of the French empire Question : What was the source of origin of the three orders? Answer : it was the speech ofa bishop which stated that here below, some pray, others fight, still others work i.e. the elegy, the nobility, and the peasantry. Question : What were the criteria for the eligibility of a priest? Answer : 1. He should be physically and mentally sound, 2. He should neither be a woman nor a peasant. 3. He will observe celibacy throughout life. Question : What was the posture while offering pray at the church? Answer : The devotee would kneel (sit on the knee, bent), Hands clasped and head bowed. Question : Why was the nobility called lord? Answer : It was a replica or copy of the formality in the Church. 't was meant by the one who provides bread. Question : Why are monasteries called Benedictine monasteries? Answer : The first monastery was established by St. Benedict of Italy in 529 CE. Hence, these are so addressed. Question : How many chapters of rules were composed and abide by monks in Benedictine monasteries? Answer : These were with 73 chapters. Chapter 48 states that the monastery should be laid out in such a way that all necessities be found within its bounds i.e. water, milk, garden, and workshops. Question : Who were the people or section of society put under second-order? Answer : It was nobility or the large estate owners. This section of society was the vassal of the king, Under a mutual promise, the king was accepted as seigneur or lord by the nobility and they would remain loyal to the king. Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@npadhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayQuestion : What was the mutual promise between lord and nobility? Answer : 1. The vassal (nobility) and the king (lord) would do the exchange of vows taken on the Bible in a Church. 2. The vassal (nobility) would be given a- written charter or a clod of earth as a symbol of the land (estate). Question : What was Fief? Answer : It was a smaller estate measuring between 1,000 and 2,000 acres awarded by the lord of a manorial estate ie. nobleman. It was consisting of structures like a house for the knight and his family, a church, houses for dependents, a water mill, and a wine-press. Question : What services promised by the knights to their lords (noblemen)? Answer : 1. He will pay a fixed amount periodically as agreed to in the form of a fee to his lord. 2. He will fight for him’ with his soldiers in the war. 3. He will remain loyal foremost to his own lord if owing to certain necessities, he may serve under more than one lord. Question : Describe the works done by serfs. Answer : 1. Cultivate the fields that belonged to the lord but assigned to them from which they were given a minimal share of produce. 2. Cultivate the fields that belonged exclusively to the lord for which no wage was given. 3. Do all other works as desired from time to time by the lord but all without wage (Begar). % *after studying from these notes SCAN THIS FOR MAGIC “NOTE : Worksheet (Important questions of all typology with answers) is provided as a seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com* Downloaded from padhleakshay.com Telegram/@padhlieakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay