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ÏIDAJC
LK ^RAOCRK…
^CIZHR ^KZATAUK
»XSÁ CZ LH
^RK^ACDHD “U‟
Jhrhjtcrïstajhs dc uih prkpacdhd “U‟
Uhlkr rchl dcl aioucblc
Hièlasas jkophrhtavk dc ocrjhdk, »júok sc mhjc;
Sbajhjaúi vcidablc
Lk praocrk
Lh jath
Júok tc vci, tc trhthi
Ic`kjaks átajks
»XSÁ LC KERCJCZ H TS JLACITC;
JÈLJSLK DCL AO^SCZTK ZKBRC LH RCITH JHSZHDK ^KR CIHGCIHJAÚI K UCITH DC
AIOSCBLCZ
Dcdujablcs pcroatadks
HUAZK DC ^RAUHJADHD
»^hrh quc tc sarvc cl hvask dc pravhjadhd;
»Jkok clhbkrhr cl hvask dc pravhjadhd;
LCQ ECDCRHL ^HRH LH ^RCUCIJAÚI ADCITAEAJHJAÚI DC K^CRHJAKICZ JKI RCJSRZKZ
DC ^RKJCDCIJAH ALÏJATH
RCXSAZATKZ ^HRH
EKROHR C]^CDACITC
^HRH DHR
JSO^LAOACITK
H LH LCQ
JKIJLSQCIDK
LH JKO^RHUCITH
LH KECRTH
JKITRHTK DC JKO^RH UCITH
HRRCIDHOACITK
RCJKOCIDHJAÚI
EAIHL

LK ^RAOCRK…

Bacivciadk h cstc labrk y h csth hvciturh, cspcrk quc guitks pkdhoks hprcidcr
jkiekroc vhyhoks hvhizhidk. Dcbk copczhr pkr eclajathrtc, yh quc mky ui
prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak dcbc csthr prcphrhdk phrh pkdcr llcvhr h jhbk su lhbkr
dahrah. Mhy hl`uiks quc jrcci quc csth prkecsaúi sa`iaeajh jklkjhr uih lkih ci lh
jhsh k aioucblc quc vhi h prkokvcr, y luc`k cspcrhr h quc llhoc cl praocr
aitcrcshdk y ¡puo!, vcidcrlh oè`ajhocitc, pcrk ik euijakih hsï.
Lh aitcrocdahjaúi ci lh trhisoasaúi dc lh prkpacdhd (scr aiokbalahrak), vh oès
hllè, rcquacrc dc jhphjathjaúi y citrcihoacitk6 cs pkr cllk, quc dcbk eclajathrtc,
pkrquc lccr cstc labrk, yh sch quc tc cstás aiajahidk ci cl èobatk aiokbalahrak k
yh tci`hs cxpcracijah, tc pcroatc ohitcicrtc h lh vhi`uhrdah ci ohtcrah dc
jhphjathjaúi y pkr cllk cstky sc`urk quc hl tcroaihr dc lccrlk pkdrès dcscopcøhr
tu hjtavadhd dc ohicrh ceajhz y prktc`acidk lk quc tus jlacitcs tc vhi h jkieahr,
su phtraokiak.
^cisá ci csjrabar cstc labrk bhshdk ci oa cxpcracijah jkok hscskr gurïdajk y
easjhl, hsï jkok jkhjm dc aiokbalahrahs, ci juhitk h ic`kjaks sc rceacrc y ci
vartud dc lk quc guitk jki oujmks prkecsakihlcs aiokbalahraks mc lk`rhdk
hprcidcr6 pcrk skbrc tkdk, ci oa jhrèjtcr dc hbk`hdk y easjhlasth, dèidklc cl
ciekquc gurïdajk y easjhl quc sc rcquacrc phrh shlvh`uhrdhr cl phtraokiak dc tus
jlacitcs6 cs dcjar, sus aioucblcs, sai quc cl lci`uhgc sch ouy tájiajk, yh quc
sacoprc mc jrcïdk quc cl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak dcbc tcicr jkikjaoacitks
urïdajks y easjhlcs phrh pkdcr hscskrhr h su jlacitc, pcrk sai tcicr quc shbcrsc dc
ocokrah jacrtks hrtïjulks k lcycs pkr cgcoplk, yh quc phrh cllk dcbc hllc`hrsc dc
ui rcsphldk k cquapk dc pkdcr quc dcbc csthr jkiekrohdk pkr lk ociks dc
hbk`hdks, easjhlasths, ikthraks, vhluhdkrcs, `cstkrcs, ci vartud dc quc cl
prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak ik pucdc scr tkdúlk`k, pkrquc sa eucrh hsï sc dastrhcrïh
dc su lhbkr praijaphl quc h jkitaiuhjaúi dcsjrabará. Copcjcoks pkr cl ciekquc
dcl ic`kjak, scr prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak, yh schs aidcpcidacitc k baci ekrocs
phrtc dc uih aiokbalahrah cstrujturhdh, jkok coplchdk, hscskr k ducøk, sa`iaeajh
quc crcs ui coprcidcdkr, hmkrh crcs ui hutk coplchdk, yh quc ci juhlquacrh dc
lks csjcihraks plhitchdks tacics uih octh quc cs `cicrhr tus prkpaks ai`rcsks, y
cs hquï dkidc oujmhs vcjcs iks jkieuidaoks y juhidk iks dhoks jucith dc
quc skoks iucstrks prkpaks gcecs6 k baci, quc cl gcec ik iks dajc ihdh, (pkrquc
súlk jkbrhrès sa cs quc `cicrhs ic`kjak), citrhoks ci ui csthdk dc jclcbrhjaúi k

jkiekrt y citkijcs jrccoks quc hl ik tcicr mkrhraks pkdcoks llc`hr h lh mkrh quc
qucrhoks h lh keajaih k tkohr ui dïh dc hsuctk6 ci eai, iks vklvcoks
aidasjaplaihdks, lk juhl rcsulth scr ui `rhvc crrkr.
^kr cl jkitrhrak, ik tcicr ui gcec quc tc cstá dajacidk quá mhjcr, k ik tcicr ui
mkrhrak, tc kbla`h h scr oès cxa`citc jkita`k oasok. Zcr coprcidcdkr sa`iaeajh
quc hmkrh dcbcs trhbhghr oès eucrtc y oès tacopk quazè, pcrk iuijh sa`iaeajh
quc pucdcs citrhr ci csc aidcschblc csthdk dc jkiekrt quc h oujmks lcs hjcjmh.
Aijlusk, tc sujcdc juhidk jkbrhs tu praocr jkoasaúi k ik icjcshrahocitc lh
praocr jkoasaúi saik uih bucih jkoasaúi, dc cshs quc dhi `hihs jkbrhr6 cs
dcjar, ui rcjursk quc tc pcroath vavar júokdhocitc uiks scas ocscs y lk quc
sujcdc cs quc juhidk lh jkbrhs citkijcs dcjadcs vavar dcshmk`hdhocitc y dcghs
dc prkdujar, dcghs dc `cicrhr ic`kjak, dcghs dc hsastar h tu keajaih, juhidk pkr cl
jkitrhrak, oc phrcjc quc jkbrhr uih jkoasaúi gu`ksh dcbcrïh scr ui aijcitavk
phrh quc quacrhs jkbrhr uih jkoasaúi gu`ksh jhdh ocs k »pkr quá ik; jhdh
quaijc dïhs.
Citkijcs scr coprcidcdkr k scr tu prkpak gcec, sa`iaeajh quc dcbcs trhthr dc jubrar ui mkrhrak, tcicr ocths y
kbgctavks prcjasks quc uih vcz quc hljhijcs dcbcs rcplhitchr uih y ktrh vcz, pkrquc cl ic`kjak aiokbalahrak
pucdc scr ouy gu`ksk k lujrhtavk, jlhrk sa tc copcøhs y dcjadcs scr ui aiokbalahrak cxatksk, huiquc thobaái
pucdcs clc`ar scr (k sc`uar sacidk) uik oès dc lks quc jkbrhi uih jkoasaúi jhdh scas ocscs y ocdak vavci
baci.

^CIZHR ^KZATAUK

Oc phrcjc quc lh hjtatud pksatavh cs aopkrthitc, pcrk lk`rhr scr prkdujtavk y jkbrhr uih bucih jkoasaúi
jhdh quaijc dïhs ,
dceaiatavhocitc ik cs kbrh davaih. Tkdks mcoks tkohdk oujmks
jursks y csjujmhdk jacitks dc plètajhs k jkiecrcijahs, quc iks mhblhi dc lh
hjtatud y dcl scr pksatavk, jki lk juhl jkaijadk, sa ik crcs pksatavk y ik tacics
bucih hjtatud, ik pkdrès scr cxatksk6 sai cobhr`k, cstk ik quacrc dcjar quc dcbhs
phshrtc tkdk cl dïh padacidk hl uiavcrsk y rcpatacidk 0 k 28 vcjcs quc dcschs scr
cl hscskr dcl ocs6 sï, sc vhlc skøhr y cs bucik mhjcrlk, dcbcs vasuhlazhr tus
sucøks, pcrk jki cl kbgctk dc quc lks ohtcrahlajcs. Za, skøhr ik jucsth ihdh y
sarvc oujmk, »pcrk dc quá iks sarvc skøhr k tcicr hjtatud pksatavh, sa ik
aiajahoks iai`uih hjtavadhd tcidacitc h
lk`rhr csh octh k csc sucøk; Ik iks sarvc dc ihdh, mhy quc skøhr, pcrk ui sucøk
sai ui plhi dc hjjaúi cs ui sucøk sai juoplar.
Dc ohicrh quc lk praocrk quc dcbcs mhjcr cs hjtavhrtc, csjrabar ui plhi dc
hjjaúi y luc`k llcvhrlk h jhbk. ^kr cgcoplk, »quá icjcsaths phrh jkbrhr uih
jkoasaúi;
Ucidcr uih jhsh k aioucblc »y phrh vcidcr uih jhsh quá icjcsaths; Mhbcr
kbtciadk lh earoh dc jkitrhtk dc uih pcrskih quc quacrh vcidcr su jhsh h trhvás
dc ta k dc tu coprcsh. Luc`k mhjcr tkdk lk icjcshrak jkok ohrfctai`, cstudak dc
vhlkr, hscskrïh easjhl, lc`hl, eaihijacrh, ctj. phrh pkdcr vcidcrlh.
Hmkrh baci, »júok vhs h lk`rhr quc uih pcrskih tc busquc phrh quc vcidhs su
jhsh;, icjcsaths sc`uar lhs rc`lhs, csc cs tu plhi dc hjjaúi6 pkr cgcoplk, lhs
csthdïstajhs dajci quc phrh kbtcicr ui jkitrhtk phrh quc vcidhs uih prkpacdhd
dcbcs tcicr pkr lk ociks :> jkithjtks dc pcrskihs quc cstái vcidacidk su jhsh

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(trhtks darcjtks), k quc tci`hi aitcrás ci vcidcrlh, y dc csks :> hl llhohrlks

dcbcrès kbtcicr pkr lk ociks dc : h 3 jaths y dc cshs pkr lk ociks 8 k 2
pcrskihs dcjadarèi jkitrhthrtc6 citkijcs cl praocr phsk cs kbtcicr csks :>
jkithjtks phrh llc`hr h lks sa`uacitcs phsks y phrh hl eaihl llc`hr h tu sucøk. ^crk
sa ik copaczhs pkr lk praocrk, ik juoplarès tus sucøks. Dcbcs jkikjcr y tcicr
ui sastcoh, ui prkjcsk, sa shbcs quá `cicrhrès ic`kjaks jki jkithjtks, dcbcs
busjhr jkithjtks y sa shbcs quc :> jkithjtks tc dhrèi 8 prkpacdhd pkr lk ociks,
citkijcs quá phsh sa phrh lk`rhr tu sucøk icjcsaths tcicr oès prkpacdhdcs,
citkijcs icjcsathrès oès jkithjtks.
Ci cstc labrk trhthrá dc dhrtc cl sastcoh k baci cl prkjcsk, hl juhl dcbcrès trhthr
dc hpc`hrtc phrh scr prkdujtavk, pcrk jrácoc dc ihdh sarvc shbcrlk sa ik sc llcvh
h jhbk.
Mc csjujmhdk rcspucsths dc hscskrcs aiokbalahraks h lks quc lcs prc`uitk
juèitks jkithjtks tacici k mhi kbtciadk csth scohih k cstc ocs, ci vartud dc quc
jkok yh dagaoks lh bhsc dcl ic`kjak cstè ci lks jkithjtks, phrh quc pucdhs h
trhvás dc cstks tcicr aivcithrak, y lh rcspucsth cs iai`uik pkrquc cstky kjuphidk
tkdk oa tacopk, oa copcøk ci jcrrhr lh jkoprh vcith dc ui aioucblc pkr csh
rhzúi ik mc busjhdk iucvks jkithjtks. Luc`k hl eaihl rcsulth quc sc lcs jhyú lh
kpcrhjaúi pkr hl`uih rhzúi, y hl eaihl sc qucdhrki sai jkoasaúi y sai `cicrhr
iucvks prkspcjtks
Cs aopkrthitc quc davadhs tu tacopk y quc scphs quc iuijh dcbcs dctcicrtc ci
juhitk h `cicrhr iucvks ic`kjaks k trhcr iucvk aivcithrak, dcbcs dcsa`ihr k
dcdajhr pkr lk ociks dks k trcs mkrhs hl dïh rcla`akshocitc c aicludablcocitc h
scobrhr6 cs dcjar h rchlazhr cshs llhohdhs h jkithjtks iucvks y jrácoc sa tkdks
lks dïhs sacobrhs, dcsdc luc`k quc pkdrès jkscjmhr6 sai dudh, pcrk aisastk, tkdks
lks dïhs dcbcs dcdajhr hl`÷i tacopk h trhcr ic`kjak, h llhohr h prkspcjtks. Ci
cstc ic`kjak, pucdcs aijlusk dcdajhrtc súlk h trhcr aivcithrak y dcghr quc lks
dcoès (tus jkophøcrks ci lh aiokbalahrah u ktrks aiokbalahraks) vcidhi tus
prkpacdhdcs, »júok pucdcs mhjcr cstk;
^ucs trhbhghidk ci uih aiokbalahrah quc tci`h oès hscskrcs y quc ástks vcidhi,
k baci sa crcs aidcpcidacitc k h÷i jki aiokbalahrah tc jkivcidrïh healahrtc h
hl`uih hskjahjaúi dc aiokbalahraks k `rupk heïi quc tci`h pkr rc`lh
jkocrjahlazhr citrc sï aioucblcs y dc csth ohicrh sa jkophrtcs tu aivcithrak jki
ktrks, pkdrès vcidcr oès rèpadk tus aioucblcs6 jlhrk tcidrès quc jkophrtar lh
jkoasaúi jkok cs gustk, pkrquc cl ktrk aiokbalahrak trhgk hl jkoprhdkr, k baci tu

pkdrïhs hoplahr tu aivcithrak y kercjcrlc oès kpjakics h jkoprhdkrcs quc tu

tci`hs y hsï jcrrhr oès ic`kjaks huiquc schi jkophrtadks, h oï oc phrcjc quc
hquï hplajh  cl dajmk quc dajc “oès vhlc hl`k dc pkjk, quc oujmk dc   ihdh‟,
citkijcs sa oc pcroatcs cl jkiscgk dcbcrïhs  jkophrtar tu aivcithrak jki ktrhs
aiokbalahrahs, jlhrk súlk jcrjaúrhtc dc quc lh aiokbalahrah cstc rc`astrhdh k sch
jkikjadh, pkrquc thobaái mc tciadk iktajah dc hl`÷i aiokbalahrak pkjk átajk quc
ik ph`ú lh jkoasaúi, pkr cllk pucdc scr uih bucih bhsc quc cstás ci hl`uih
hskjahjaúi yh quc rc`ulhrocitc lhs hskjahjakics juci thi jki jkoatás quc
rc`ulhi lks ic`kjaks átajks citrc sus h`rcoahdks.
Ci eai, vklvacidk hl tcoh ci cl scitadk dc quc lh rc`lh y lh csthdïstajh iks dajc
quc phrh quc pucdhs vcidcr uih prkpacdhd hl ocs, y ci jkiscjucijah jkbrhr uih
jkoasaúi, dcbcs tcicr oïiaok 8> prkpacdhdcs, pcrk dacz jkok yk lcs llhok
prkpacdhdcs “U‟.
 

»XSÁ CZ LH
^RK^ACDHD “U‟

Cs cl tapk dc prkpacdhd quc dcbcs tcicr y htrhcr ci tu ic`kjak, lh llhok

prkpacdhd “U‟ pkrquc cs cl aiajak dc lh phlhbrh vcidablc, yh quc dc ihdh tc
scrvarè tcicr 8> k oès prkpacdhdcs quc ik tci`hi csh jhrhjtcrïstajh.
^hrh quc uih prkpacdhd sch vcidablc dcbc tcicr lhs sa`uacitcs jhrhjtcrïstajhs quc
dcbcs tkohr ci jucith, phrh quc ik trhbhgcs ci vhik, pkrquc jrácoc sa lh
prkpacdhd quc vhs h kpjakihr ik juoplc jki lhs jhrhjtcrïstajhs dc prkpacdhd
“U‟, scrè daeïjal quc lh vcidhs y ci jkiscjucijah tc dcs`hsthrès y dcsdc luc`k
aivcrtarès tacopk y daicrk y hl eaihl cl jlacitc tcroaihrè pkr quathrtc lh prkpacdhd
k tu tcroaihrès ik mhjaáidklc jhsk.
Oujmhs aiokbalahrahs prcsuoci dc tcicr oujmhs prkpacdhdcs, pcrk lh prc`uith
cs, »juèiths rchlocitc vci dci; Rcjkrdcoks quc cl kbgctavk dcl ic`kjak ik cs
tcicr ui aivcithrak rkbustk quc ik sc vcidh, quazè pucdcs tcicr ui aivcithrak ik
thi iutradk, pcrk jki prkpacdhdcs “U‟, prkpacdhdcs quc pkr sus jhrhjtcrïstajhs
tacics oujmhs oès prkbhbaladhdcs dc vcidcr y hl mhjcrlk lk`rhrès tus ocths, pcrk
thobaái lk`rhs lk quc lc prkoctastc h tu jlacitc, vcidcr su aioucblc. Jkok dajc
cl dajmk “oès vhlc pèghrk ci ohik quc 2> vklhidk‟6 cs dcjar, cs prcecrablc quc
tci`hs ui aivcithrak dc 2> prkpacdhdcs quc sa ski “U‟ pkdrès vcidcr k tcicr ou
jmhs oès prkbhbaladhdcs dc vcidcr quc ui aivcithrak dc 8>> prkpacdhdcs quc ik
ski “U‟ y juyhs prkbhbaladhdcs dc quc lhs vcidhs ski iulhs. Sih prkpacdhd dcbc
scr htrhjtavh, ik súlk pkrquc cstc baci paithdath y ubajhdh (cstk oujmhs vcjcs cs
lk dc ociks), saik pkr lhs sa`uacitcs7

Jhrhjtcrïstajhs dc uih prkpacdhd “U‟

h) Gurïdajhocitc vahblc. Lk praocrk quc dcbcs mhjcr hitcs dc tkohr uih

prkpacdhd phrh vcith, cs dajthoaihr cl cxpcdacitc6 cs dcjar, vcraeajhr quc lh
pcrskih quc prctcidc vcidcr pucdc mhjcrlk y juoplh jki lks rcquasatks  phrh
pkdcr mhjcrlk. Dcbk jkocithrtc quc lhs csthdïstajhs aidajhi quc oès dcl 0>% dc
lks aioucblcs dc Oáxajk tacici hl`÷i aopcdaocitk phrh quc sc pucdhi vcidcr,
cstk cs pkrquc lhs pcrskihs oujmhs vcjcs ski dcsadakshs, thobaái sc trhth dc ui
tcoh dc julturh, tc pki`k hl`uiks cgcoplks6 pcrskihs quc mcrcdhrki cl
aioucblc, cl mcjmk dc quc uih pcrskih jrch quc lc mcrcdhrki, ik sa`iaeajh quc
hsï eucrh, ik pkdcoks hsuoar quc hl`÷i ehoalahr quc ci su lcjmk dc oucrtc lc
dagk tcxtuhlocitc “lh jhsh `rhidc cs phrh ta magh ‟, súlk pkr mhbcrlk dajmk ercitc
h lh ehoalah, juoplh jki lks rcquasatks lc`hlcs phrh quc hsï sch. ^hrh pkdcr
mcrcdhr ui aioucblc dcbc cxastar ui tcsthocitk6 ik kbsthitc, thopkjk pkdcoks
jkisadcrhr quc pkr cl mcjmk dc tcicr ui tcsthocitk sch vèladk, sc dcbc vcraeajhr
quc ik cxasth ktrh daspksajaúi quc sch oès rcjacitc quc cl tcsthocitk dcl quc
mhblhoks, yh quc csth jkidajaúi aivhladhrïh cl tcsthocitk hitcrakr, pkrquc ci
cstc jhsk, cl ÷ltaok dkjuocitk quc mubacrh dajthdk cl ehllcjadk, scrè cl vèladk.
Dcravhdk dc lk hitcrakr, cs dc vathl aopkrthijah vcraeajhr lh vhladcz dcl
tcsthocitk, citkijcs dcbc mhjcrsc ui guajak sujcskrak aitcsthocithrak k sujcsaúi
lc`ïtaoh, ocdahitc lh juhl quacics tci`hi dcrcjmk h mcrcdhr pkdrèi mhjcrlk
 
^kr cllk, rcjkoacidk quc sacoprc quc tci`hs uih prkpacdhd phrh vcidcr quc
prkvci`h dc uih mcrcijah, vcraeaqucs quc sc tci`h cl guajak k baci cl
prkjcdaoacitk rchlazhdk hitc ikthrak dcbadhocitc jkijluadk y h ehvkr dc lhs
pcrskihs quc prctcidci vcidcr k dhrtc h vcidcr cl aioucblc. Ci ohtcrah dc
mcrcijahs pkr cgcoplk sc hjkstuobrh dcjar quc sc pucdc vcidcr lh jhsh sai quc
cstá tcroaihdh lh sujcsaúi, lk juhl cs ehlsk, sa sc pucdc vcidcr sa lh prkpacdhd
prkvacic dc ui tcsthocitk, pcrk cl guajak dcbc csthr tcroaihdk6 cs dcjar, dcbc
tcicr uih scitcijah dceaiatavh ci lh quc sc rcjkikzjh h lks mcrcdcrks. Lk quc
sujcdc cs quc dcspuás dc lh scitcijah dceaiatavh, dcbc mhjcrsc lh hdgudajhjaúi h
ehvkr dc lks mcrcdcrks y cs hquï dkidc hl`uihs pcrskihs ik pucdci k quacrci
ph`hr dajmh hdgudajhjaúi yh quc ásth dcbc mhjcrsc hitc ikthrak y dcbci ph`hrsc
sus mkikrhraks y hl`uiks `hstks6 hitc csth satuhjaúi, sa pucdc pkicrsc lh jhsh ci
vcith, aisastk sa sc tacic lh scitcijah dceaiatavh h ehvkr dc lks mcrcdcrks, sc pucdc
y dcbc cxplajhr h lks jhidadhtks h jkoprhdkrcs quc lh mcrcijah cstè tcroaihdh y
quc súlk ehlth llcvhr h jhbk h lh hdgudajhjaúi hitc ikthrak6 ci lh prèjtajh dajmh
hdgudajhjaúi sc pucdc rchlazhr dc ohicrh jkiguith jki lh kpcrhjaúi dc jkoprh
vcith y cl oasok dïh ci lh oasoh ikthrah, lk juhl lc dcbc dhr jkieahizh hl

jkoprhdkr6 huiquc kgk, pucdc scr quc oujmks bhijks ik ktkr`uci ui prásthok
pkr dajmh jkidajaúi, citkijcs tcidrïhs quc cspcrhr vcidcr dajmk aioucblc dc
jkithdk.
Jkok vcrès phpclatk mhblh y dcbcoks dc tcicr juadhdk y rcvashr baci lh
dkjuocithjaúi, phrh quc ik aivacrths tacopk daicrk y cseucrzk, y juhidk tci`hs
hl jkoprhdkr tc dcs jucith dc quc dajmh prkpacdhd ik sc pucdc vcidcr.
Ktrk cgcoplk cs quc oujmhs prkpacdhdcs ski phrjclhs k cgadks, hquï cl tcoh sc
vuclvc jkoplcgk yh quc jkok hbk`hdk tc pkdrïh dcjar quc ik ski prkpacdhd dc
hjucrdk hl júda`k javal y pkr lk thitk ik sc pucdci vcidcr, cl hjtk gurïdajk
ocdahitc cl quc dcbcrïhi trhisoatarsc cs jcsaúi6 sai cobhr`k, oujmh `citc ik lh
hjcpth y busjh quc sch vcith, pkdrïhoks csjrabar dks labrks dcl tcoh, hquï súlk
oc laoatk h rcjkocidhr quc prkjurcs ik vcidcr aioucblcs jki csths jkidajakics
y sa lk mhjcs), vcraeaqucs baci lh lc`aslhjaúi hl rcspcjtk, yh quc oujmks cgadks sc
ra`ci h÷i pkr usks y jkstuobrcs y hl`uiks súlk pcroatci quc sus tcrrciks sc
trhisoathi k jcdhi k vcidhi h pcrskihs dc su oasok pucblk k súlk h mkobrcs
pkr cgcoplk, ci eai, sa vavcs ci hl`uih jkouiadhd k cgadk quc jkikzjhs ouy
baci, jlhrk quc pkdrïhs dcdajhrtc h cstc tcoh, huiquc rcatcrk phrh cecjtk dcl
júda`k javal lh prkpacdhd sc dh sa cl aioucblc cstè rc`astrhdk y juoplc jki lhs
daspksajakics rclhtavhs hl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc lh ^rkpacdhd y dcl Jkocrjak.
Ktrk cgcoplk ercjucitc ski lks ohtraokiaks, dcpcidacidk dcl rá`aoci k baci
uih vcz quc sc davkrjahi, rchlazhi hjucrdks phrh laquadhr lh skjacdhd jkiyu`hl k
sa ik mubk skjacdhd jkiyu`hl dc juhlquacr ohicrh phjthi ci ui jkivciak dc
davkrjak, rcspcjtk dc lks bacics.
Dc hmï quc oujmhs pcrskihs pucdhi hjudar h ta phrh dcjartc quc quacrci vcidcr
su jhsh y phrh cllk tc oucstrhi su jkivciak dc davkrjak plhsohdk ci lh scitcijah
dceaiatavh, oasoh quc euc clcvhdh h lh jhtc`krïh dc jksh guz`hdh, pkr lk juhl lh
scøkrh dajc quc cllh cs lh ducøh dcl aioucblc, yh quc hsï dajc cl jkivciak, “quá
cl scøkr lc jcdc h lh scøkrh cl aioucblc ubajhdk ci …‟ y ouy baci, phrjahlocitc
cs jacrtk quc dajmh ougcr cs ducøh dcl aioucblc, jklkjk lhs jkoallhs pkrquc sa
hjudaoks hl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc lh ^rkpacdhd y dcl Jkocrjak, (lk juhl tc
rcjkoacidk quc mh`hs sacoprc quc quacrhs tkohr ui aioucblc phrh quc lk
vcidhs, mhy oujmks jlacitcs quc ik tc dajci tkdh lh vcrdhd)6 y hl hjudar h dajmk
lu`hr y rchlazhr lh aivcsta`hjaúi dcl aioucblc, iks pcrjhthoks quc cl aioucblc
jkitai÷h h ikobrc dcl cspksk y h pcshr dc quc lh scitcijah dcl davkrjak da`h quc
ál sc lk dcgú k jcdaú h cllh, oacitrhs ci cl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc lh ^rkpacdhd

jkitaiuá h ikobrc dc ál, phrh cecjtks lc`hlcs ál cs cl ducøk.

Ci cstc cgcoplk lk quc lh scøkrh tcidrïh quc mhjcr cs pcdarlc hl Gucz quc `arc
keajak hl Darcjtkr dcl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc lh ^rkpacdhd y dcl Jkocrjak phrh quc
cstc aisjrabh h su ikobrc cl aioucblc, jlhrk, hquï thobaái dcbcrè phshr pkr cl
ikthrak quaái dcbcrè pkr ohidhtk dcl Gucz sklajathr quc sc aisjrabh cl aioucblc h
ikobrc dc cllh y jlhrk cllk aoplajh cl ph`k dc dcrcjmks, aopucstks y dc
mkikrhraks dcl ikthrak, yh quc hl a`uhl quc ci cl cgcoplk hitcrakr, sc trhthrïh dc
uih csjraturhjaúi.
Ci eai, júok vcrès jki cstks cgcoplks, ik cs thi scijallk vcidcr ui aioucblc
quc ik cstè ci rc`lh, pkr cllk phrh quc lh prkpacdhd sch “U‟ vcidablc, dcbc csthr
aisjrath ci cl R^^ h ikobrc dc lh pcrskih quc quacrci vcidcr dajmk aioucblc.
Hquï oujmh htcijaúi juhidk da`k h ikobrc dc pcrskih k pcrskihs quacrc dcjar
quc sa cl aioucblc cstè h ikobrc dc dks k dacz pcrskihs, tkdks y jhdh uik dc
cllks ski prkpacthraks k jkprkpacthraks, pkr lk thitk icjcsaths lh hutkrazhjaúi k
earoh dc tkdks y jhdh uik phrh quc pucdhs vcidcr cl aioucblc6 cs dcjar, tkdks y
jhdh uik dcbcrèi dc earohr tu jkitrhtk dc prcsthjaúi dc scrvajaks prkecsakihlcs,
yh quc suclc phshr quc sa ik cstèi tkdks dc hjucrdk k baci ik tc hutkrazhrki
tkdks ik súlk ik pkdrès vcidcr, saik quc aijlusk pkdrès octcrtc ci prkblcohs,
ik vhlc lh phlhbrh dcl mcrohik ohykr huiquc sch tu jkikjadk, dcbci earohr
tkdks, pkrquc aoh`ïihtc quc ski dks mcrohiks lks ducøks, súlk tc earoú uik cl
jkitrhtk, cl ktrk ik lk shbc k shbaáidklk ik quacrc quc sc vcidh, tu hjudcs hl
aioucblc h okstrhrlk jki lhs llhvcs quc tc dak cl mcrohik quc sa tc earoú tu
jkitrhtk y quc sa quacrc vcidcr, pcrk hl citrhr cl mcrohik quc ik quacrc vcidcr y
quc thobaái cs ducøk, llhoh h lh pklajïh, llc`h lh pklajïh y tc dctacic h ta y h tu
jhidadhtk h jkoprhdkr pkrquc csthrïhs jkoctacidk ui dclatk, oacitrhs cl ktrk
mcrohik llc`h h hjlhrhr sa cs quc llc`h csthrïhs octadk ci ui prkblcoh.
Dc hquï lh aopkrthijah dc quc earoci tkdks lks quc ski ducøks, h ociks jlhrk
quc hl`uik dc cllks tuvacrh ui pkdcr dc lks dcoès phrh hjtks dc hdoaiastrhjaúi
dc dkoaiak y jki jhrèjtcr dc arrcvkjhblc, pkdcr quc dcsdc luc`k sc mubacrh
rchlazhdk hitc ikthrak p÷blajk.
Dcitrk dc tu cquapk dc pkdcr dcbcs tcicr h ui hbk`hdk quc tc rcvasc y dajthoaic
lks cxpcdacitcs phrh ik jkrrcr racs`ks. Hmkrh baci, quc dkjuocitks oïiaok
icjcsaths pcdar, hitcs dc dhrtc lh lasth quacrk jkocithrtc quc cs aijrcïblc pcrk
oujmks jlacitcs hr`uocithi quc ik tc dhrèi iai`÷i dkjuocitk pkr sc`uradhd,

yh quc h÷i ik lcs vcidcs su aioucblc, ktrks dajci quc júok tc vhi h dhr lh
csjraturh dc su jhsh, hr`uocithi quc y sa lcs quaths k rkbhs su jhsh, pkr lk quc
dcbcs hjlhrhrlc h tu jlacitc quc lhs csjraturhs ik ski jkok lhs ehjturhs dc lks
hutkoúvalcs yh quc ci lks hutks sa pucdcs vcidcr k trhisoatar lh prkpacdhd jki
uih ehjturh, pcrk jki lhs csjraturhs ik sc pucdc, yh quc uih jkpah ik sarvc dc
ihdh oacitrhs ik sc krdcic ocdahitc ui Gucz k Ikthrak quc sc mh`h hl`÷i
okvaoacitk, y phrh mhjcrlk dcbc mhbcr uih jkoprh vcith y dc hjucrdk h lhs
daspksajakics va`citc tcidrïh quc hjudar cl prkpacthrak h earohr y rcjabar su
daicrk, hsï quc ik mhy iai`÷i racs`k ci quc tc prcstc uih jkpah saoplc k lhs
ektk`rheïhs quc cstèi dc okdh.
Jhbc dcsthjhr quc sa cl jlacitc sc iac`h h dhrtc lks rcquasatks ik pkdrès ia
dcbcrès hjcpthr su jhsh ci tu aivcithrak, yh quc pkdrïhs octcrtc ci prkblcohs,
aoh`aih quc ik cs cl ducøk y t÷ lh hiuijahs jki su hutkrazhjaúi, cl ducøk
vcrdhdcrk lk vc k pcrk mhy hl`÷i aitcrcshdk y earohi ui jkitrhtk dc jkoprh
vcith, pcrk hl ik scr cl ducøk sc pkdrïh jkoctcr cl dclatk dc erhudc y dcsdc luc`k
csthrïhs aoplajhdk, hsï quc ui rcquasatk aidaspcishblc ci tu ic`kjak dcbc scr
pcdar oïiaok lk sa`uacitc ci jkpah lc`ablc k ektk`rheïh lc`ablc7
 
8. Csjraturh p÷blajh dc jkoprh vcith jkoplcth, ik sarvc súlk lh
praocrh y lh ÷ltaoh pè`aih, dcbci csthr tkdhs.
2. Zcllk k eklak clcjtrúiajk dc lh aisjrapjaúi hl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc
lh ^rkpacdhd y dcl Jkocrjak, dcbc csthr hl eaihl k ci lh ÷ltaoh
pè`aih dc lh csjraturh p÷blajh.
:. ×ltaoh bklcth prcdahl y su ph`k.
4. ×ltaok rcjabk dc h`uh y su ph`k
3. Adcitaeajhjaúi keajahl va`citc dc tkdks y jhdh uik dc lks
prkpacthraks, pkr hobks lhdks (adcitaeajhjaúi keajahl sklk sc
jkisadcrhi, lh jrcdcijahl phrh vkthr cxpcdadh pkr cl Aistatutk
Ihjakihl Clcjtkrhl (AIC) y cl phshpkrtc cxpcdadk pkr lh
Zcjrcthrïh dc Rclhjakics Cxtcrakrcs.
 
5. Earoh dcl jkitrhtk dc aitcrocdahjaúi aiokbalahrah, citrc cl
prkpacthrak dcl aioucblc y tu coprcsh k tu jkok pcrskih eïsajh.
 
0. Ektks dcl aioucblc, hquï dcbk dcjartc quc lhs ektks y lhs phlhbrhs,
sa vcidci y sa tacici quc vcr, tc rcjkoacidk quc pucdhs tcicr uih

bucih jèohrh k ui buci ektú`rhek6 thobaái cxastci jursks dc

ektk`rheïh quc tc rcjkoacidk tkohr, pkrquc ci csth crh da`athl cs
aoprcsjaidablc quc sc tkoci bucihs ektks y quc luc`k csths sc
publaquci cxatkshocitc, quc llhoci lh htcijaúi.
Rcspcjtk h lhs phlhbrhs cs aopkrthitc utalazhr lhs quc vcidhi, ik cs lk
oasok “vcidk jhsh `rhidc, 4 rcjèohrhs, ghrdïi‟ h “clc`hitc
rcsadcijah, 4 hljkbhs, cikroc ghrdïi phrh daseruthr ci ehoalah, adchl
phrh sus eacsths‟, ik sky cxpcrtk ci ohrfctai`, pcrk vhlc lh pcih quc
paciscs hjcrjh dc lhs ektks y dc lhs phlhbrhs quc ushrès hl publajhr cl
hiuijak. Mhy quc mhjcrlk ci lh praocrh jath pkrquc pucdc scr uih
ohicrh dc jkoprkoctcr hl jlacitc phrh quc tc hutkrajc jkitaiuhr jki
lh vcith, k baci pucdc scr uih ekroh dc hdclhithr tu trhbhgk y tcicr
tkdk lastk phrh aiajahr lh prkokjaúi dcl aioucblc.

Uhlkr rchl dcl aioucblc

Cstc puitk cs dúidc cl prkecsakihl ciercith ui `rhi rctk, yh quc oujmhs

pcrskihs quc dcjadci pkicr h lh vcith su aioucblc, lk mhjci dèidklc vhlkr h lks
scitaoacitks y ik h lks lhdrallks, lk juhl dcsdc cl puitk dc vasth dc ic`kjaks ik
rcsulth vahblc, sc vhlc quc sch lh jhsh ci lh quc tu jlacitc jkophrtaú jki tkdh su
ehoalah, su iaøcz, su praocr bcsk, pcrk dcbcs cijkitrhr lh ohicrh dc mhjcrlc
citcidcr h tu jlacitc, quc hl jkitrhrak, prcjashocitc ci cl trhisjursk dcl tacopk
mh dcprcjahdk cl vhlkr dc lh jkistrujjaúi pkr cgcoplk
Iks cijkitrhoks jki ktrhs prkpacdhdcs quc ski vcr dhdcrks jhstallks dcitrk dc
uih zkih ik thi laidh jkok cl jhstallk, dcbcs lk`rhr mhjcrlc vcr h ui prkpacthrak
quc, huiquc su jhsh tci`h oèrokl rkshdk trhïdk dc Curkph y pasks dc ohdcrh dc
jhkbh trhthdh, sa cstè dcitrk dc uih jklkiah ci lh quc lhs jhshs vhlci dctcroaihdk
prcjak, lh suyh ik pkdrè jksthr oujmk oès, h÷i jki lks oèroklcs athlahiks y lks
hjuzzas. Cs pkr cllk, pkr lk quc lk praocrk quc lc kercjcs h tu jhidadhtk h
jlacitc, vhoks, h csh pcrskih quc quacrc vcidcr su jhsh cs cl Hièlasas
Jkophrhtavk dc Ocrjhdk, jki cl kbgctavk quc h trhvás dc dajmk hièlasas tci`h
uih adch rchl, dcl vhlkr dc su aioucblc, rchl pkrquc dajmk hièlasas sc mhjc ci
tacopk y prcjaks hjtuhlcs.

Hièlasas jkophrhtavk dc ocrjhdk, »júok sc mhjc;

Ik sky cxpcrtk ci cstc tcoh, hsï quc scrá brcvc y tc rcjkoacidk quc tkocs ui
jursk ik dc vhluhjaúi, saik dc kpaiakics dc vhlkr, yh quc cl hvhl÷k suclc scr oès
cspcjïeajk, thobaái sarvc, pcrk cs ocgkr tcicr ui vhlkr jkocrjahl, yh quc csc ra`c
lhs vciths aiokbalahrahs
»Júok sc mhjc; Cs scijallk, cs uih cspcjac dc rc`lh dc :, ci lh quc hihlazhs cl
vhlkr dc lks aioucblcs, sa vhs h vcidcr uih jhsh ci lh jklkiah Lhs Lkohs,
dcbcrès citrhr h aitcrict y vcraeajhr ci quá prcjaks cstèi publajhdhs lhs jhshs ci
Lhs Lkohs, dcbcrès tkohr dhtks jkok prcjak, i÷ocrk dc octrks juhdrhdks dc lh
jkistrujjaúi, i÷ocrk dc octrks juhdrhdks dcl tcrrcik dc pkr lk ociks dc dacz
prkpacdhdcs y su`acrk quc hdcoès llhocs phrh prc`uithr juèl scrïh cl ÷ltaok
prcjak, cl kbgctavk dc csth llhohdh cs quc pucdhs cijkitrhr hl`uih pcrskih quc tc
jkitcstc y tc da`h  yh sc vcidaú  juhidk tc rcspkidhi csk mhzlcs lh prc`uith
hr`uocithidk juraksadhd, ci quá prcjak sc vcidaú. Mhy uih daecrcijah citrc cl
vhlkr dc kecrth y cl vhlkr dc jacrrc, citkijcs pkdrès tcicr ui phikrhoh rchl sa
lk`rhs tcicr prcjaks dc jacrrc, jki cl phsk dcl tacopk y jkiekroc t÷ oasok vhyhs
jcrrhidk pkdrès tcicr cstc phrèoctrk, yh quc shbrès dc hjucrdk h lhs kpcrhjakics
quc t÷ oasok vhs jcrrhidk ci lh zkih, cl vhlkr pkr octrk juhdrhdk, cs pkr cllk
quc dcbcs ar jrchidk tu prkpak hrjmavk, aijlusk hl`uihs hskjahjakics u
kr`hiazhjakics aiokbalahrahs, jkophrtci bhscs dc dhtks quc jkitacici lks
vhlkrcs pkr octrk juhdrhdk, dc jhdh jklkiah ci dkidc sc vcidaú ui aioucblc y
jlhrk lh ecjmh.
Hmkrh baci, yh quc tacics lks dhtks, oc rceacrk hl vhlkr dcl aioucblc y i÷ocrk
dc octrks juhdrhdks dc jkistrujjaúi y dc tcrrcik, rcjkoacidk quc tci`hs ui
oïiaok dc 8> dhtks dc daecrcitcs prkpacdhdcs ci lh zkih, thobaái cs aopkrthitc
juadhr quc sc trhtc dc lh oasoh zkih, k aijlusk dc lh oasoh jhllc, yh quc cxastci
jklkiahs quc aijlusk vhi jhobahidk dc prcjak jkiekroc vhi jhobahidk dc jhllc,
h÷i juhidk sc trhth dc lh oasoh jklkiah. Citkijcs yh quc tacics cl vhlkr pkr
octrk juhdrhdk dcbcs davadar cl vhlkr citrc lks octrks juhdrhdks, h cecjtk dc
dctcroaihr ui vhlkr pkr octrk juhdrhdk, uih vcz quc kbtuvastc cl vhlkr pkr
octrk juhdrhdk, tcidrès uih adch dc juèitk vhlc cl octrk juhdrhdk ci lh zkih y
citkijcs dcbcrès oultaplajhrlk pkr cl i÷ocrk dc octrks juhdrhdks quc tacic cl
aioucblc dcl quc cstès kbtciacidk cl vhlkr, kbvahocitc tcidrès ui vhlkr oès
hltk y uik oès bhgk, csc cs cl kbgctavk csthblcjcr ui rhi`k dc vhlkrcs6 cs dcjar, cl
prcjak ci csth zkih ksjalh citrc thitks pcsks y thitks pcsks, dc ocikr h ohykr,
su`acrk quc lc prkpki`hs h tu jlacitc pkicr h lh vcith su aioucblc jki cl vhlkr
oès bhgk, hr`uocithidk quc sa quacrc vcidcr su jhsh tcidrè quc csthr daspucstk

h dhr cl vhlkr oès bhgk yh quc cxastc oujmh kecrth y hquï pucdcs hr`uocithr
juhitk tacopk llcvhi vcidacidk aioucblcs ci csh zkih sai áxatk pkr tcicr ui
vhlkr ouy hltk. Lh su`crcijah cs quc cl jlacitc hjcptc cl vhlkr oès bhgk, pcrk
jkok lïoatc, pkrquc pucdcs su`crarlc quc sc publaquc h ui vhlkr aitcrocdak phrh
quc ci tkdk jhsk jki lh kecrth pucdh bhghr ui pkjk k quazè ik sch icjcshrak sa h
hl`uaci lc `usth kecrthrè pkr cl vhlkr aitcrocdak y dc csth ekroh pkdrès juoplar
jki uiks dc lks vhlkrcs quc sc lc dh hl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak, ¡cl ocgkr prcjak
pkr tu jhsh.
Jhbc dcsthjhr quc, pkr cl ktrk lhdk, mhy `citc quc ik tacic jhstallks k pucdc
tcicrlks, pcrk ik tacici ia adch dc juèitk vhlc su aioucblc y pacish quc vhlc lh
oathd dcl vhlkr quc tu cijkitrhstc6 ci eai, mhy jlacitcs dc tkdk tapk, pkr cllk uih
prc`uith cscijahl quc dcbcs mhjcr ci tu praocr jath jki tu jlacitc, cs »ustcd tacic
 adch dc quá vhlkr tacic su jhsh; Cs daecrcitc h prc`uithrlc juèitk quacrc, pkrquc
sa lc prc`uiths csk quazè tc da`h quc cl dkblc dcl vhlkr rchl.
Huiquc jkok dagc hitcs, cs rclhtavhocitc scijallk clhbkrhr uih kpaiaúi dc vhlkr,
rcjkoacidk quc tkocs hl`÷i jursk cspcjahlazhdk, yh quc cl vhlkr dc ui aioucblc
cs ui ehjtkr dctcroaihitc phrh quc sch vcidablc.

Sbajhjaúi vcidablc

Dcbcs tcicr uih ubajhjaúi jcrjh dc lh zkih dc aielucijah, jcrjh dc tu keajaih k lh

zkih ci lh quc tc dcdajhs h vcidcr aioucblcs, k baci jcrjh dc tu jhsh, yh quc uih
prkpacdhd pkr ouy bucih quc sch, sa sc cijucitrh lcgks dc lh zkih dkidc tacics
lh ohykrïh dc tus prkpacdhdcs scrè daeïjal vcidcrlh, lk oasok phsh jki
prkpacdhdcs ci ktrh jaudhd, dc citrhdh tc pucdc phrcjcr ouy htrhjtavk pkdcr
vcidcr ui aioucblc jkstksk ci ktrh jaudhd, pcrk jrácoc ihdac qucrrè ar h
okstrhrlk y dcspuás dc hl`uihs vcjcs quc vhyhs t÷ thopkjk qucrrès ar pkrquc sc
vuclvc daeïjal pcrdcr tacopk jhdh vcz quc hl`uaci quacrc vcrlk, citkijcs cs
rcjkocidhblc ocgkr rcjmhzhrlk, k jkophrtarlk, k rcecrarlk h ktrh aiokbalahrah quc
sc cijucitrc ubajhdh ci lh jaudhd dkidc sc cijucitrh cl aioucblc, k dc plhik
rcjmhzhrlh, pkrquc sa vhs h pcrdcr ocdakdïh ci ar h okstrhr csh prkpacdhd, quazè
pucdhs ci csc oasok tacopk okstrhr trcs k oès prkpacdhdcs, lk juhl sai dudh cs
oès prkdujtavk y hdcoès tc dcs`hsth ociks.

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Jkok vaoks, cl ic`kjak aiokbalahrak jkok juhlquacr ktrk ic`kjak dcbc copczhr
pkr lk praocrk, lh ocrjhijïh6 juèl cs ci lhs aiokbalahrahs, lks aioucblcs, pucdci
scr jhshs, tcrrciks, keajaihs, lkjhlcs jkocrjahlcs, bkdc`hs, rhijmks, aidustrahs,
ctj. Mhy uih aiocish vhracdhd dc aioucblcs quc pucdci scr `cstakihdks pkr ta,
mky lh tcidcijah ci cl ouidk y ci lh ohykrïh dc lks ic`kjaks cs lh
cspcjahlazhjaúi, hsï jkok mhy oádajks quc sc cspcjahlazhi ci jacrtks
phdcjaoacitks k hbk`hdks quc cspcjahlazhi ci jacrtks rhoks jkok cl cgcoplk cl
dcsphjmk Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai` quc sc cspcjahlazh ci Dcrcjmk Aiokbalahrak,
hrrcidhoacitk c aopucstks Aiokbalahraks, hsï ci lhs aiokbalahrahs, mhy quacics sc
dcdajhi h tcrrciks, k jhshs, k aioucblcs jkocrjahlcs k aidustrahlcs, turasok, ctj.
Jkisadcrk dcsdc luc`k quc, sa cs ocgkr quc tc cspcjahlajcs ci ui rubrk, yh quc
huiquc hl eaihl tkdks ski aioucblcs y lh trhisoasaúi dc lh prkpacdhd da`hoks
quc cs phrcjadh ci tkdks lks jhsks, cxastci davcrsks tcohs quc, sa rcquacrci
cspcjahlazhjaúi, pkr cgcoplk, ci ohtcrah dc aopucstks. Hl`k quc mc vastk vhrahs
vcjcs y ci pcrskihs quc llcvhi høks sacidk cxatksks ci lh vcith dc jhshs cs quc
dc rcpcitc lcs jhc uih bkdc`h y dcjadci jkocrjahlazhrlh y jkok cxatksks quc
ski, kbtacici hl jkoprhdkr quaci mhjc uih kecrth y earohi aijlusk jkitrhtk
pravhdk, pcrk hl llc`hr jki cl ikthrak sc pcrjhthi quc lh vcith dc lh bkdc`h
(sklhocitc lh jkistrujjaúi), jhush cl Aopucstk hl Uhlkr H`rc`hdk (AUH) quc
mky cs dcl 85% skbrc cl vhlkr dc lh jkoprh vcith, y gusthocitc lh ehlth dc
cspcjahlazhjaúi tkoh pkr skrprcsh hl aiokbalahrak quc mhbïh sacoprc vcidadk
jhshs, y dcsdc luc`k hl jkoprhdkr y vcidcdkr y hl eaihl sc jhc lh kpcrhjaúi
pkrquc iuijh jkisadcrú ph`hr cl aopucstk.
Ci eai, ik jki cstk quacrk dcshiaohrtc h quc ik jkocrjahlajcs tkdk tapk dc
aioucblcs6 hl jkitrhrak, cl kbgctavk dc cstc labrk y dc cstc tapk dc cgcoplks cs quc
vhyhs tkohidk ikth y hprcidacidk skbrc tkdks lks tapks dc aioucblcs quc sc
jkocrjahlazhi k vcidci h iavcl ihjakihl.
^kr cllk dcbcs csthr ciekjhdk sacoprc ci trhcr oès ocrjhijïh y tcicr tu cquapk
dc pkdcr, mcoks jkocithdk hquï quc cl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak dcbc csthr
jhphjathdk pcrk dcbc jkithr jki ui rcsphldk dc vhraks prkecsakihlcs h quacics
lcs llhok tu cquapk dc pkdcr, y cstk cs hl`k quc dcbcs hprkvcjmhr phrh
prcsuoarlk h tus jlacitcs, tu cquapk dc pkdcr dcbci scr ikthraks, vhluhdkrcs,
`cstkrcs, easjhlasths, hbk`hdks, vhluhdkrcs, brúfcr mapktcjhraks, ctj.
Ci `cicrhl tkdhs lhs pcrskihs quc pkdrïhi hyudhrtc h jcrrhr lh kpcrhjaúi, pkrquc
vcidcr uih jhsh aoplajh gustk quc vhraks cspcjahlasths aitcrvci`hi phrh quc sc

jacrrc lh kpcrhjaúi, pkr cgcoplk lks hbk`hdks clhbkrhi jkitrhtks, rcvashi cl

jlhusulhdk y dajthoaihi lks dkjuocitks, jksh quc thobaái pkdrïh mhjcr ui
ikthrak, pcrk cs phrtc dcl scrvajak quc dh cl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak lh hscskrïh,
pcrk ik súlk dcl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak, saik dc csc cquapk dc pkdcr k cquapk
dc prkecsakihlcs quc tacic jkok rcsphldk phrh juhidk sc icjcsatci, pucdcs
prcsuoar h tu cquapk dc pkdcr juhidk cstès kpaihidk, juhidk cstè jkivcijacidk
h lh scøkrh quc quacrcs quc tc dc su jhsh phrh quc lh vcidhs ci tu aiokbalahrah
pucdcs dcjarlc hl`k jkok7
“Zcøkrh, shbc ustcd quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki  brkfcrs mapktcjhraks quc pucdci hyudhr h
hl`÷i jlacitc quc sc aitcrcsc ci jkoprhr su jhsh h trhoathrlc hl`÷i jrádatk bhijhrak jki juhlquacr
bhijk y dhrlc hscskrïh phrh quc cgcrzh su jrádatk Aiekihvat k EKUAZZZTC y cstc scrvajaks sc lk
vhoks h dhr h lks jkoprhdkrcs sai iai`÷i jkstk jki cl kbgctk dc quc lc jkoprci su jhsh ..‟.

A`uhlocitc lc pucdcs dcjar quc sa sc rcquacrc hl`÷i vhluhdkr durhitc cl prkjcsk

t÷ tacics h quaci rcjkocidhrlc y quc aijlusk tacics ikthraks h quaci rcjkocidhr
phrh quc cl prkjcsk dc vcith sc llcvc dc ohicrh sc`urh y rèpadh, pkrquc csc cs tu
kbgctavk htcidcrlc guitk jki tkdks lks prkecsakihlcs quc jklhbkrhi jki tu
aiokbalahrah, jki cquapk dc rcsphldk.
Dúidc cijkitrhr y hphlhijhrtc jki tu cquapk dc pkdcr Cs scijallk, pkr cgcoplk
hjudcs h lh keajaih dc ui ikthrak, padcs mhblhr jki ál y lc dajcs quc crcs ui
prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak y quc quacrcs hphlhijhrtc jki ui buci ikthrak phrh quc
lcs pucdhs rcjkocidhr h tus jlacitcs sus scrvajaks, ál csthrè cijhithdk dc quc lc
llcvcs jlacitcs, jlhrk quc dcbcs dcjarlc quc jkok tkdk, hitcs dc pkdcr jkitrhthr
dajmks jlacitcs quazè rcquacrhi hscskrïh y ci `cicrhl lh ohykrïh dc lks ikthraks
pkr cgcoplk dhi hscskrïh y hmï pucdcs hphlhijhrtc phrh dcjarlc quc t÷ thobaái
rcqucrarès hl`uih hscskrïh jkok quc tc dajthoaic ui cxpcdacitc k tc rchlajc
hl`uik prcsupucstk k jèljulk dc aopucstks aiokbalahraks. Lk oasok sujcdc jki
vhluhdkrcs y dcoès dcbcs dcsdc luc`k prkbhr y jkoprkbhr quc sc trhtc dc
pcrskihs k coprcshs scrahs y dc prcsta`ak pkrquc mhy oujmks aoprkvashdks quc
pkdrïhi scr csthehdkrcs, aijlusk hbk`hdks quc mhjci phshrsc pkr coplchdks dc
ikthraks, sacoprc dcbcs hjudar h lhs keajaihs y tcicr dks k trcs jaths dc aiekrocs
hitcs dc jkitrhthr h juhlquacrh quc quacrhs jkok tu cquapk dc pkdcr. Mhblhidk
dc hbk`hdks, hscskrcs easjhlcs, jkbcrturhs y sklujakics phrh hrrcidhoacitk y
brúfcr mapktcjhraks mhy coprcshs quc tc dhi hscskrïh aitc`rhl sai jkstk ci cstk
rubrks jkok lk cs Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai`, ci dkidc pkdrès tcicr hscskrcs
jhlaeajhdks y lk ocgkr cs quc tu jlacitc ik tacic quc ph`hr ihdh, súlk mhsth quc
dcjadc jkitrhthrlks, csth coprcsh tacic prcscijah ci tkdk cl phïs, lh juhl tc

rcjkoacidk jkok tu cquapk dc pkdcr, vasïthlh ci www.l`j.jko.ox

Jkok vcrès hl tcicr h tu cquapk dc pkdcr jkiekrohdk, pucdcs dcsdc luc`k
prcsuoarlc h tu jlacitc quc crcs cl  prkecsakihl pcrk quc dctrès dc ta tacics h tu
cquapk dc prkecsakihlcs quc csthrè hyudèidktc y hl thitk dc tkdks lks tcohs. Cs
hl`k quc dcbcs prcsuoar jki erhscs jkok7
“Zhbc ustcd scøkrh quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki ui cquapk dc prkecsakihlcs dc rcsphldk,
jkok hbk`hdks quc iks vhi h hyudhr h rcvashr jkitrhtks y h vcraeajhr quc cl jkoprhdkr sch `citc dc
baci y quc lks rcjursks jki lks quc vh h ph`hr lh jhsh prkvci`hi dc eucitcs lïjaths‟.
 
“Zhbc ustcd scøkrh quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki easjhlasths quc iks vhi h hyudhr h rchlazhr
cl jèljulk dc lks aopucstks aiokbalahraks jkok lk mhrïh cl ikthrak h cecjtk dc dctcroaihr sa ustcd vh
h ph`hr k ik, hdcoès pkdcoks hyudhrlc h cxcithr cl Aopucstk skbrc lh rcith pkr cihgcihjaúi sa cs
quc juoplc jki lks rcquasatks, dc a`uhl ekroh lc hscskrhrcoks ci cl jkbrk jkrrcjtk dc dajmks
aopucstks‟.
 
“Zhbc ustcd scøkrh quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki hscskrcs k brúfcr mapktcjhrak quc
hyudhrèi sai jkstk hl`uik, h tkdhs lhs pcrskihs quc sc aitcrcsci ci su jhsh h trhoathr ui jrádatk
mapktcjhrak y h utalazhr jrádatks jkok Aiekihvat k Ekvassstc‟.
 
“Zhbc ustcd scøkrh quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki ikthraks quc pucdci rcjabariks phrh
hjlhrhr dudhs suyhs y
dcl jkoprhdkr, hdcoès dc quc pkdrè hscskrhriks c aijlusk llcvhr cl cxpcdacitc dc su kpcrhjaúi‟.
 
“Zhbc ustcd scøkrh quc ci oa aiokbalahrah jkithoks jki vhluhdkrcs quc dc scr icjcshrak y sa sc
sklajathrè hsï pkr ui bhijk k pkr cl ikthrak, pkdrïhi llcvhr h jhbk cl hvhl÷k dc su aioucblc‟.

Ci eai, dcbcs prcsuoar h tu cquapk dc pkdcr, ik tacics quc dcjar quc cs lh ikthrah
thl k lh coprcsh thl, dcbcs sklhocitc dc dcjar quc cs tu cquapk dc prkecsakihlcs
ci tu aiokbalahrah, ik csths oaitacidk saoplcocitc yh vcraeajhstc quc tu cquapk
dc pkdcr ski átajks y pkr csh rhzúi pucdcs rcjkocidhrlks, quc lh scøkrh quc
quacrc vcidcr su jhsh pucdh scitarsc rcsphldhdh jkita`k.

Lh jath

Jkok yh dcjïh lk praocrk quc icjcsath juhlquacr ic`kjak cs lh ocrjhijïh y ci

cstc jhsk ski lks aioucblcs6 hmkrh baci, yh shbcoks quc dcbcoks tcicr
jkithjtks y luc`k mhjcr llhohdhs juyk kbgctavk cs kbtcicr uih jath, ci csh
llhohdh ik dcbcs dctcicrtc h cxplajhrlc dc oès h tu aitcrlkjutkr, súlk dcbcs
llhohrlcs prc`uithidk sa vcidc lh jhsh quc cstè publajhdh ci cl hiuijak y
prc`uithr sa cs cl ducøk, cs cscijahl jucstakihrlk yh quc sa ik cs cl ducøk y yh sc
trhth dc uih aiokbalahrah, ik tacic scitadk quc mh`hs uih jath. Za tc rcspkidc

dajacidk quc sa cs cl ducøk, phrtc dc lks spchjms cxatksks quc mc csjujmhdk cs

dcjarlc h tu aitcrlkjutkr7 “quc baci quc cs ustcd cl ducøk, pkrquc sky
aiokbalahrak y tci`k ui jlacitc aitcrcshdk ci uih prkpacdhd jki lhs
jhrhjtcrïstajhs dc lh suyh, pkdrïh dhroc uih jath phrh vcr su jhsh, pkdrïh llcvhr h
ui jlacitc quc quacrc jkoprhr su jhsh ‟, hl`uihs pcrskihs ik cstèi dc hjucrdk ci
quc sc da`h quc sc tacic ui jkoprhdkr, yh quc dajci quc pucdc scr uih ocitarh6
sai cobhr`k, pacisk quc sa lk`rhs lh jath y kbtacics lh kpjaúi, citkijcs pkdrès
mhjcr su trhbhgk y dhrlc daeusaúi y ohrfctai` hl aioucblc y ci jkiscjucijah
pkdrès tcicr uik, saik vhraks jlacitcs aitcrcshdks. Ci eai, cl cstalk pcrskihl jhdh
quaci sc lk aopraoc ci lh llhohdh, pcrk cl kbgctavk cs lh jath, yh quc sacoprc lhs
pcrskihs cstèi rcjmhzhidk quc lcs vcidhs hl`k y quazè ci lh llhohdh tc da`hi
erhscs jkok ik oc aitcrcsh uih aiokbalahrah, ik ph`k jkoasaúi, ik oc aitcrcshi
sus scrvajaks, ctj., pcrk hquï tu ik dcbcs pcrdcr dc vasth quc cl kbgctavk cs
kbtcicr ui jath y dc bcs rcspkidcr dajacidk7 “kf ik sc prckjupc cl kbgctavk ihdh
oès cs vcr su jhsh, »oc pcroatc vcrlh;‟, yh quc sa tc pkics h dasjutar k cxplajhr
pkr tcláekik lhs vcithghs dc quc tc jkitrhtci k pkrquc jkbrhs oès k ociks
jkoasaúi, tcroaihrès pkr ik kbtcicr lh jath. Sih vcz quc cl jlacitc hjjcdc,
tcidrès lh kpkrtuiadhd dc lujartc y `cicrhr csh cophtïh jki cl jlacitc.
Durhitc cl dcshrrkllk dc lh jath, dcbcs ar prcphrhdk y dcbcs llcvhr uih
prcscithjaúi dc tu coprcsh k dc lks scrvajaks quc kercjcs6 mhy pcrskihs hudatavhs
k vasuhlcs y dcbcs ar jubacrtk pkr lk ociks ci cstks dks rubrks, mky cstè dc okdh
lh thblcth clcjtrúiajh y sc vhlc llcvhr uih prcscithjaúi ci cllh pcrk thobaái lh
pucdcs llcvhr ci phpcl pkrquc hdcoès csh prcscithjaúi ci phpcl sc lh pucdcs
dcghr jki tus lk`ktapks y cl jlacitc tcidrè kpkrtuiadhd dc rcvashrlh juhidk yh tc
mhyhs adk. Dcbk plhtajhrtc quc hl`uiks jlacitcs quc jkikzjk mhi aivcrtadk ci
uih ci`hr`klhdkrh y jki cstk tu prcscithjaúi sc vcrè oujmk oès prkecsakihl y sa
cl jlacitc cstè jkisulthidk h vhraks aiokbalahraks, scrè quazè cstc cl ehjtkr
daecrcijahdkr phrh quc tc jkitrhtc.

Júok tc vci, tc trhthi

Dcbcs shbcr quc tkdks skoks vcidcdkrcs, oádajks, hbk`hdks, hrquatcjtks, tkdks
iks hutk vcidcoks, mhsth jki tu phrcgh lk mhs mcjmk, dc ohicrh quc dcbcs
citrcihr y prhjtajhr lk quc vhs h dcjar dclhitc dc tu jlacitc. Cs pkr cllk, pkr lk
quc llcvhs lh prcscithjaúi y cstè llcvh uih scjucijah pkrquc t÷ vhs h scr cl quc
tci`h cl jkitrkl dc dajmh prcscithjaúi y pucdhs mhblhr dc lks tcohs quc aijluastc

ci tu prcscithjaúi, pkrquc sa ik lh llcvhs scrè cl jlacitc cl quc mh`h lhs prc`uiths

y tkoc cl jkitrkl y quazè tc prc`uitc hl`k quc ik scphs rcspkidcr. Tu prcscijah
cs aopkrthitc, y júok tc vci tc trhthi, sá quc mhy pcrskihs quc hjudci h jaths dc
ic`kjaks dc trhgc, k jki rkph ekrohl, lk juhl oc phrcjc hdcjuhdk phrh ui
prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak y tc rcjkoacidk quc hsï hjudhs h tus jaths6 sai cobhr`k,
ik tacic ihdh dc ohlk hjudar ci rkph spkrt, pcrk sa dcbcs rcvashr cl cstalk, pkrquc
huiquc cstás ci uih jaudhd jki plhyh, ik cs jkrrcjtk hjudar dc jmhijlhs y smkrt h
uih jath dc ic`kjaks. Trhth dc aivcrtar ci tu vcstaocith, mhy pcrskihs quc, sa
mhjci daecrcijah citrc jkitrhthrtc y ik pkr tu ekroh dc vcstar y dcsdc luc`k pkr
tu hphracijah, dcbcs hjudar laopak y hlaichdk.
Lh sc`uradhd jki lh quc mhblhs cs aopkrthitc, cs pkr cllk pkr lk quc dcbcs mhbcr
prhjtajhdk hitcs, aijlusk jkok sa eucrhs h hjtuhr ci jaic k tchtrk, prhjtajh tu
`uaúi, pacish jki quá vhs h aiajahr, aoh`ïihtc lh csjcih y vuclvc h prhjtajhr,
tkdks tcicoks cl pkdcr dc jkivcijaoacitk, súlk quc h vcjcs ik shbcoks júok
hplajhrlk. Zc vhlc jkok lks `rhidcs hjtkrcs prhjtajhr lh csjcih, mhzlk jki hl`uaci
oès k oarèidktc hl cspcgk, cstk lk rcjkoacidhi praijaphlocitc jhphjathdkrcs.

Ic`kjaks átajks

Iuijh mc vastk aiokbalahraks k pcrskihs cxatkshs jki uih ohlh rcputhjaúi, lh

publajadhd bucih shbcoks quc iks trhc rcjkopcishs y pkr jhdh buci ic`kjak
quc mhjcs, pucdcs kbtcicr hl`uih rcjkocidhjaúi y pkr cl jkitrhrak pkr jhdh
ic`kjak quc ik majastc dc ohicrh átajh, tcidrès ohlhs rcjkocidhjakics.
Dcbcoks citcidcr quc juhidk uih pcrskih sc hjcrjh h jkitrhthrtc phrh quc
vcidhs su jhsh k aioucblc, cstè dcpksathidk tkdh su jkieahizh, tc cstè pkiacidk
ci tus ohiks su phtraokiak, phrh tkdhs lhs pcrskihs uih jhsh k aioucblc cs uih
octh dc vadh, ui lk`rk dc vadh, cl phtraokiak dc su ehoalah, citkijcs gu`hr jki
cllh cs hl`k dclajhdk. Dcbcs sacoprc vcraeajhr quc tus jlacitcs schi pcrskihs
a`uhlocitc átajhs y quc schi pcrskihs dc baci, mky cs ouy scijallk vcraeajhrlks,
dcsdc busjhdkrcs dc aitcrict huiquc thobaái mhy coprcshs quc rchlazhi
aivcsta`hjakics y vhlc lh pcih quc rchlajcs hl`uihs aidh`htkrahs huiquc schi
ocikrcs y vcraeaqucs quc jki quaái vhs h mhjcr ic`kjaks, llèocsc jkoprhdkr k
vcidcdkr, aiqualaik k hrrcidhdkr, vcraeajh quc schi quacics dajci scr,
rcjkrdcoks quc mky cstè dc okdh lh suplhithjaúi dc pcrskih pkr cgcoplk, k
thobaái pucdci scr dclaijucitcs k pucdc scr quc cl daicrk jki cl quc vhyhi h

ph`hr prkvci`h dc eucitc alïjaths y tkdks cstk pkic ci racs`k cl phtraokiak dc tu

jlacitc, pkr cllk dcbcs sacoprc aivcsta`hr y iuijh dcbcs hitcpkicr cl mcjmk k
prkbhbaladhd dc quc sc jacrrc cl ic`kjak y t÷ ci jkiscjucijah jkbrcs uih
jkoasaúi, sai hitcs vcraeajhr quc sc juoplci jki lks rcquasatks k quc vcraeaqucs
schi pcrskihs dc baci.
Cs ocgkr dcjar ik, y huiquc ik tc `hics lh jkoasaúi ci csc okocitk, yh vcidrè
ui jlacitc quc sï jkoprc, pcrk dcbcs juadhr hitc tkdk cl phtraokiak dc tus
jlacitcs, yh quc sa dcjadcs citrhrlc h ui ic`kjak quc shbïhs quc ik sc vcïh baci k
quc ik tciïhs tkdks lks clcocitks phrh dctcroaihr lh vahbaladhd, mhy uih `rhi
prkbhbaladhd dc quc sc jha`h y dc quc hdcoès tc ocths ci hl`÷i prkblcoh lc`hl.
Tc pkdrïh pkicr oujmks cgcoplk dc hsuitks quc mcoks tciadk ci cl dcsphjmk,
dc aiokbalahrahs quc ik aivcsta`hrki, sc cokjakihrki earohrki jkitrhtks dc
jkoprh vcith y rcsulth quc crh ui dcerhudhdkr, quc ohøkshocitc earoú cl
jkitrhtk y hdcoès lk mazk jki ui oïiaok dc hitajapk y rcsulth quc cl dïh dc lh
earoh dc lh csjraturh, lc llhoú hl vcidcdkr dajaáidklc quc csthbh dc vahgc y quc
pkr ehvkr earohrèi ci : dïhs, h pcshr dc quc cl plhzk quc csthbh plhsohdk ci cl
jkitrhtk pravhdk dc jkoprh vcith crh mhsth csc dïh, pcrk pkr lh jkieahizh cl
vcidcdkr hjcpth y cl aiokbalahrak jki thl dc jkbrhr su jkoasaúi thobaái hjcpth,
juhidk cl trhsekidk cs quc cl jkoprhdkr, sa hjudaú hl ikthrak y lc padaú dacrh ec
dc quc cl vcidcdkr ik euc y ci jkiscjucijah, aijuoplaú cl jkitrhtk pravhdk dc
jkoprh vcith, rcsulthidk quc hmkrh cl vcidcdkr dcbcrè ph`hrlc hl jkoprhdkr thl
k juhl pkrjcithgc k okitk pkr jkijcptk dc pcihlazhjaúi. Lk hitcrakr, cs ui
cgcoplk dc lks oujmks tapks dc erhudc quc sc dhi ci kpcrhjakics aiokbalahrahs
cs pkr cllk pkr lk quc dcbcs csthr htcitk y jkithr jki ui cquapk dc prkecsakihlcs
jkok hbk`hdks, easjhlasths, vhluhdkrcs, ikthraks, quc tc hyudci h vcraeajhr
dkjuocitks y hsï rchlajcs kpcrhjakics sc`urhs.
Jrácoc, ik vhlc lh pcih quc llcvcs h jhbk ui ic`kjak eucrh dcl ohrjk lc`hl pkr
`hihrtc uih jkoasaúi, dcbcs shbcr quc ci ástc y ci juhlquacr ic`kjak lk quc oès
vhlc y vcidc cs cl prcsta`ak cl juhl ik sc jkoprh, ia sc lk`rh kbtcicr dc ui dïh
phrh ktrk, cl prcsta`ak sc `hih jki cl trhisjursk dcl tacopk y dcokstrhidk quc
crcs ui prkecsakihl ci tkdh lh cxtcisaúi dc lh phlhbrh, pkr lk juhl ik vhlc lh pcih
pcrdcr cl prcsta`ak pkr uih kpcrhjaúi k jkoasaúi pkr ouy bucih quc csth
phrczjh, oès vhlc hprcidcr h dcjar ik.
Ci cl hobacitc aiokbalahrak sc dh cl jhsk dc quc lks hscskrcs mh`hi kpcrhjakics
pkr eucrh dc lh aiokbalahrah jki lh quc trhbhghi y dcsdc luc`k cstk ik cs ihdh

átajk, hl`uihs hskjahjakics dc aiokbalahraks tacici lasths ic`rhs jki cstks

hscskrcs k jkoatás quc dctcroaihi jkok pcrskihs ik `rhths h quacics sc
jkidujci dc csth ekroh k coatci rcjkocidhjakics dc ik trhbhghr k mhjcr
ic`kjaks jki cllks, dc ohicrh quc tc rcjkoacidk quc sacoprc mh`hs ic`kjaks
átajks y dcitrk dc lh coprcsh phrh quc lh trhbhghs, pkrquc ik sc vhlc braijhr tus
prkpaks vhlkrcs, quá scitarïhs quc tus jlacitcs tc braiquci. ^krquc csk thobaái cs
jko÷i, quc tc braiquci, pkr cllk mhy rcjkocidhjakics quc dcbcs sc`uar jkok
ik prcscithr hl jhidadhtk h jkoprhdkr hl prkpacthrak k vcidcdkr, yh quc sa lks
uiths hitcs dc tcicr uih kecrth pkdrïhi trhthr dc braijhrtc y mhjcr cl ic`kjak
citrc cllks. Iucvhocitc vacic lh prc`uith7 quá scitarïhs sa tc braijhi k oès quc
scitar, tc phrcjc quc scrïh gustk. Lk oasok lc sujcdc hl darcjtkr k brúfcr dc lh
aiokbalahrah ci lh quc jklhbkrhs, hsï quc ik mh`hs lk quc ik tc `usthrïh quc tc
majacrhi.
Mhblhidk dc braijhr, thobaái dcbcs tcicr juadhdk ci lks prkvccdkrcs h lks quc
jkitrhths, yh quc hl`uihs coprcshs quc prkvcci scrvajaks h aiokbalahrahs
(jrádatks mapktcjhraks, púlazhs dc hrrcidhoacitk, hbk`hdks, easjhlasths,
vhluhdkrcs), thobaái trhthi dc braijhrtc y cstk ik cs átajk, dcbcs busjhr
prkvccdkrcs quc euighi jkok tus skjaks jkocrjahlcs6 cs dcjar, quc sc
jkoprkocthi jkita`k y jki tus jlacitcs pcrk citcidacidk quc lks jlacitcs ski
tuyks, hprkvcjmk phrh pkicrtc cl cgcoplk dc lh coprcsh quc mky tci`k cl mkikr
dc dara`ar, Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai` Z.J., ci iucstrh coprcsh busjhoks scr
skjaks jkocrjahlcs dc lhs aiokbalahrahs, ik busjhoks scr sus prkvccdkrcs y
earohoks ui jkivciak dc jklhbkrhjaúi jki lhs aiokbalahrahs ci cstc scitadk, y
dcitrk dc lks scrvajaks quc prcsthoks sc pucdc dhr cl mcjmk dc quc ui jlacitc
pucdh braijhr h uih aiokbalahrah, cstk sc dh oès ci iucstrk scrvajak dc
“prktcjjaúi gurïdajh phrh hrrcidhoacitk‟ jkikjadk jkok “púlazhs dc prcsthjaúi
dc scrvajaks gurïdajks dc hrrcidhoacitk‟, yh quc iksktrks aivcsta`hoks hl
aiqualaik y eahdkr, ctj.
Hdcoès, clhbkrhoks jkitrhtks y dcpcidc cl tapk dc jkitrhtk prktc`coks hl
prkpacthrak dc ui aioucblc quc sc vh h pkicr ci rcith, yh quc rcjupcrhrcoks cl
ph`k dc lhs rciths, scrvajaks, dhøks quc pudacrhi qucdhrlc h dcbcr, hsï jkok lh
citrc`h y rcjupcrhjaúi dcl aioucblc, iucstrk jkitrhtk dc prcsthjaúi dc scrvajaks
prkecsakihlcs jki cl prkpacthrak dcl aioucblc, durh cl oasok pcrïkdk quc cl
jkitrhtk dc hrrcidhoacitk, rc`ulhrocitc ui høk. ^kr lk quc oujmhs vcjcs
juhidk tcroaih dajmk høk y cl prkpacthrak c aiqualaik quacrci rcikvhr, hjudci h
iucstrh coprcsh phrh rcikvhr su púlazh k jkitrhtk, trhthidk dc braijhr h lh

 
 aiokbalahrah, sai cobhr`k lh pklïtajh dc Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai` cs ik rcikvhr cl
jkitrhtk sa ik cs pkr jkidujtk dc lh aiokbalahrah quc iks sklajatú dajmk jkitrhtk
k iks rcjkocidú hl jlacitc eaihl, yh quc citcidcoks quc phrh cl prkpacthrak dcl
aioucblc cs ouy eèjal qucrcr rcikvhr y braijhrsc h lh aiokbalahrah, pcrk ik cs
ustk quc lk mh`hi pkrquc ci vcrdhd cl trhbhgk quc rchlazhi lks aiokbalahraks
phrh jkisc`uar h ui aiqualaik sc`urk, cs jkoplajhdk y gustk quc cs sa dcschi
rcikvhr lk mh`hi pkr jkidujtk dc lh aiokbalahrah, lk oasok sujcdc ci lhs dcoès
èrchs ci lhs quc sc iks cspcjahlazhoks ci Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai` ZJ, jkok ci
lh clhbkrhjaúi dc jèljulk dc lks aopucstks aiokbalahraks jhushdks pkr
cihgcihjaúi k vcith, jkok cl AZR jhushdk pkr cihgcihjaúi y hscskrïh ci cl jkbrk
jkrrcjtk dc dajmk aopucstk, jrádatks mapktcjhraks, ctj.
Ci Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai` ZJ skoks átajks y pkr csh rhzúi prcecraoks ik
rcikvhr, huiquc csk sa`iaeaquc ik jkbrhr, hitcs dc trhajakihr lh jkieahizh dc lhs
aiokbalahrahs jki lhs quc trhbhghoks.
Q hsï pucdc sujcdcr ci tkdks lks scrvajaks quc busjhs, y icjcsaths ci tu
kpcrhjaúi aiokbalahrah, pkr lk quc dcbcs busjhr h prkvccdkrcs átajks quc ik tc
braiquci.

»XSÁ LC KERCJCZ H TS JLACITC;

Qh dagaoks quc lk praocrk cs kpjakihl y phrh cllk icjcsathoks jaths. Hmkrh,

juhidk yh cstès ci lh jath, »quá lc kercjcs h tu jlacitc;
Jkok yh jkocithoks, rc`ulhrocitc lks aiokbalahraks kercjci ui dcikoaihdk
“cstudak dc ocrjhdk‟ k “hièlasas dc ocrjhdk jkophrhtavk‟ k “hvhl÷k
jkocrjahl‟, ctj. Cl ikobrc cs ouy vhrahdk pcrk hl eaihl cs sklhocitc uih
“kpaiaúi dc vhlkr‟ quc vhs h clhbkrhr phrh trhthr dc dctcroaihr juèl cs cl vhlkr
dcl aioucblc quc tu jlacitc quacrc vcidcr. H oï oc phrcjc quc lk jkrrcjtk cs quc
lc kerczjhs h tu jlacitc ui “hièlasas dc ocrjhdk jkophrhtavk‟ quc, sa baci sc
csjujmh ui thitk prkecsakihl, oujmhs pcrskihs tc prc`uithrèi quc cs csk, y hquï
pucdc dcjarlcs quc cs uih cspcjac dc hvhl÷k jkocrjahl, ci cl quc sc jkophrhrèi
lks vhlkrcs dc lks aioucblcs dc lh zkih phrh dctcroaihr cl vhlkr dcl aioucblc
quc prctcidci vcidcr.
Cstk cs ouy aopkrthitc pkrquc mhy pcrskihs quc ik tacici ia adch dc juèitk
vhlc su jhsh k aioucblc, mhy quacics jrcci quc vhlci oujmks ociks dc lk quc
rchlocitc jucsthi y ktrks quc jrcci quc vhlc oujmk oès.
Lh ohykrïh dc lks aiokbalahraks súlk kercjci cl  Hièlasas  dc ocrjhdk
jkophrhtavk, hquï dcbcs busjhr ui daecrcijahdkr phrh quc cl jlacitc prceacrh
dhrtc h tï cl aioucblc phrh lh vcith.
Hquï copczhoks jki hl`uiks taps lc`hlcs y easjhlcs. ^raocrk, trhthrcoks dcl
jèljulk dcl aopucstk dc lh rcith.

JÈLJSLK DCL AO^SCZTK ZKBRC LH RCITH

JHSZHDK ^KR CIHGCIHJAÚI K UCITH DC
AIOSCBLCZ

Lk oès aopkrthitc cs citcidcr quc cl jèljulk  dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith sc

rchlazh ci dks okocitks ouy aopkrthitcs, cl praocrk dcsdc quc jhpths cl
aioucblc. Lk quc yk prkpki`k cs quc  utalajc cl jèljulk dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh
Rcith jkok uih mcrrhoacith quc tc pcroath kpjakihr y tc hyudc h trhcr ic`kjak,
cs dcjar6 hsï jkok lc kercjcs hl jlacitc ui Hièlasas Jkophrhtavk dc Ocrjhdk k ui
hvhl÷k phrh quc dctcroaic juèitk vhlc su prkpacdhd lc vhs h kercjcr k dcjar lk
sa`uacitc7 “…Zhbc ustcd quc cxastci rc ekrohs easjhlcs quc sc aoplcocithrki h
phrtar dc 2>84 y ci cllhs sc csthblcjc quc cstè tkphdh lh cxcijaúi, pkrquc mhsth cl
:8 dc dajacobrc dc 2>8: juhlquacr jhsh mhbathjaúi pkdïh cxcithr cl ph`k dc
Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith jhushdk pkr cihgcihjaúi, sacoprc quc cl vcidcdkr
dcokstrhrh quc crh su jhsh mhbathjaúi. Hmkrh, csth cxcijaúi csth tkphdh y súlk
sc pucdc cxcithr sa cl vhlkr dcl aioucblc cs ocikr hl cquavhlcitc h 0>>,>>>
SDAZ (Siadhdcs dc Aivcrsaúi, h ikvacobrc dc 2>85, lhs 0>>,>>> SDAZ
cquavhlcitc hl jacrrc dc lh cdajaúi cs dc $4‑>45,>>>.>> >>/8>> O.I. Ik kbsthi
tc, cl vhlkr dc lh SDA jhobah tkdks lks dïhs, pkr lk quc tc padk quc rcvascs dajmk
vhlkr sacoprc, hitcs dc dhr hl`uih aiekrohjaúi). Dcravhdk dc cllk, yk, jkok
prkecsakihl, lc vky h trhcr, hdcoès dcl hvhl÷k u kpaiaúi dc vhlkr k cl hièlasas
jkophrhtavk dc ocrjhdk, hdcoès dcl jèljulk dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith phrh
dctcroaihr sa ustcd pudacrh jhushr cstc `rhvhoci pkr cihgcihjaúi k vcith dc
aioucblcs yh quc, jkok lc dcjïh, h phrtar dc 2>84 mhy rcekrohs easjhlcs quc
tkjhi lh cxcijaúi. Mky, sklhocitc sc pucdc cxcithr ui aioucblc quc jucstc
mhsth sctcjaciths oal SDAZ k juyk vhlkr dc vcith sch dc mhsth sctcjaciths oal
SDAZ‟ .

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Qh tcicoks iucstrk jèljulk dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith y hmkrh vhoks h

hprcidcr y h rcphshr quá iks dajc lh Lcy hjcrjh dc júok cxcithr. Dcbcoks
rcjkrdhr juèlcs ski lhs rc`lhs dc lh cxcijaúi, pcrk skbrc tkdk dcbcoks rcjkrdhr
quc lh cxcijaúi sklhocitc hplajh phrh jhshs mhbathjaúi, dc ohicrh quc lks
tcrrciks, bkdc`hs, lkjhlcs jkocrjahlcs, keajaihs, ctjátcrh, cs dcjar, juhlquacr ktrk
aioucblc quc ik sch jhsh mhbathjaúi, tacic quc ph`hr Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith
pkr cihgcihjaúi. Rcjkrdcoks quc dajmk aopucstk `rhvh lh utaladhd, dc ohicrh
quc dcbcoks rcvashr sa cl jlacitc tuvk utaladhd k ik y tc rcjkoacidk quc h pcshr
dc quc, jkok prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak, pucdhs kbtcicr ui vhlkr hprkxaohdk “h
kgk dc buci jubcrk‟, jkok lc llhohi hl`uiks, sacoprc cs ocgkr hjudar jki cl
ikthrak k jki ui easjhlasth h quc tc rchlajc cl jèljulk dc dajmks aopucstks, pkrquc
h vcjcs, huiquc phrcjacrh quc sa mhy utaladhd jcrk y h pcshr dc quc lh prkpacdhd
jucstc ui oallúi y mky sc vhyh h vcidcr ci trcs oallkics, pucdc scr quc ik tci`h
utaladhd yh quc, hjuárdhtc, quc mhjcr cl jèljulk sa`iaeajh trhcr h vhlkr prcscitc
csc oallúi dc pcsks h lk ocgkr dcl høk 2>>> y pucdc scr quc mky 2>85 sa`iaeaquc
quc tci`h ui vhlkr prcscitc dc trcs oallkics c aijlusk ui pkjk oès trcs oallkics
y ocdak, pkr cgcoplk, cstk iks trhcrè jkok rcsulthdk uih párdadh, citkijcs, ik
mh`hoks jèljulks sai mhbcrlk jkisulthdk jki ui prkecsakihl k sai mhbcr mcjmk cl
jèljulk jkok dcbc dc scr. Rcjkrdcoks quc cl vhlkr ci cl jkstk dc hdquasajaúi (cl
prcjak y ecjmh juhidk sc hdquaraú cl aioucblc), sc dcbc dc trhcr h vhlkr prcscitc
y sc lc huocith lh aielhjaúi dc jhdh høk, hdcoès quc cl tcrrcik sc hprcjah jhdh
høk y, pkr cl jkitrhrak, lh jkistrujjaúi sc dcprcjah jhdh høk dc hjucrdk h lh lcy.
Dc csth ohicrh, hl mhjcr cl cgcrjajak csc oallúi pucdc jksthr mky trcs oallkics.
Oa rcjkocidhjaúi cs quc ik mh`hs supksajakics, ocgkr cspcrh h vcraeajhr juèl
euc cl jèljulk rchl phrh dctcroaihr sa tuvk utaladhd y sa ph`hrh aopucstks k ik.
Tc pki`k ui cgcoplk. »Júok lc rcjkocidhrïhs h ui jlacitc quc ph`hrè cl
Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith sa cstá tacic trcs prkpacdhdcs y dc cshs trcs prkpacdhdcs
uih vhlc $3,>>>,>>>.>> ktrh vhlc $3>>,>>>.>> y ktrh vhlc $:,>>>,>>>.>>; »Ci
juèl dc csths trcs prkpacdhdcs lc rcjkocidhrïhs quc majacrh cl usk dc lh cxcijaúi
y ci juèlcs quc ph`hrh cl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith jhushdk pkr cihgcihjaúi;
Lh Lcy dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith csthblcjc quc juhlquacr pcrskih pucdc mhjcr
usk dc lh cxcijaúi uih vcz jhdh : høks. Ci cl cgcoplk, hl vcidcdkr lc ur`c
vcidcr tkdhs cstc høk, citkijcs ci juèl dc lhs trcs prkpacdhdcs lc su`crarïhs quc
ph`hrè cl usk dc lh cxcijaúi;
Za`uacidk lh rc`lh dc quc dcbcoks praocrk mhjcr cl jèljulk dc lhs trcs

prkpacdhdcs, pkrquc ik shbcoks ci juèl ph`hrïh oès k ociks, lk lú`ajk quazè

sch quc ph`uc ociks aopucstks ci lh dc $3>>,>>>.>> y/k ci lh dc $:,>>>,>>>.>>
y quc mh`h usk dc lh cxcijaúi ci lh dc $3,>>>,>>>.>> pcrk yk tc rcjkoacidk quc
cspcrcoks h rcvashr cl jèljulk dc lhs : prkpacdhdcs phrh vcr ci juèl jkivacic
ph`hr cl aopucstk y ci juèl jkivacic mhjcr usk dc lh cxcijaúi, dc ohicrh quc ik
mhy quc mhjcr jkigcturhs y cs ocgkr mhjcr lks jèljulks.
Uhoks h rcphshr juèlcs ski lks rcquasatks phrh lh cxcijaúi quc iks dh cl hrtïjulk
8:> dcl rc`lhocitk dc lh lcy dcl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith y cs ouy scijallk,
rchlocitc ik jhobah oujmk, lk ÷iajk quc jhobaú cs, pkr supucstk, lh ekroh dc
lks jkoprkbhitcs pkrquc hitcs dc lh Rcekroh Easjhl sc pkdïh cxcithr sklhocitc
jki rcjabks saoplcs dc tclcekiïh eagh, scrvajak dc suoaiastrk dc cicr`ïh clájtrajh,
rcjabks dc csthdks dc jucith bhijhraks dc hmkrrk, rcjabks dc csthdks dc jucith dc
thrgcths dc jrádatk dc tacidhs dcphrthocithlcs (ik bhijhrahs), sklk sc pkdïh
cxcithr jki csks rcjabks saoplcs.
Mky, cl iucvk rc`lhocitk daspkic quc dcbcrèi scr ehjturhs k jkoprkbhitcs
JEDA (Jkoprkbhitc Easjhl Da`athl), quacrc dcjar quc mky cl rcjabk saoplc ik
iks sarvc. »Juèl cs lh daecrcijah citrc cl rcjabk saoplc y lh ehjturh; Zaoplcocitc
lk cs cl rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs, pcrk skbrc tkdk lh mkokjlhvc (quc
ski lks ÷ltaoks trcs dï`atks quc sc plhsohi ci cl REJ y cstks iks lks dh cl ZHT).
Mky, phrh quc uih pcrskih jko÷i y jkrracitc quc iuijh mh csthdk dhdh dc hlth
ci cl Zastcoh dc Hdoaiastrhjaúi Trabuthrah (ZHT), lh ÷iajh ohicrh quc tacic dc
hprkvcjmhr cl dcrcjmk h lh cxcijaúi cs gusthocitc dèidksc dc hlth.
Mky cs ouy scijallk mky dhrsc dc hlth ci cl ZHT jkok pcrskih eïsajh sai
hjtavadhd. Citrhoks hl pkrthl www. sht.jko.ox y sc pucdc dhr dc hlth ci dkidc
dajc hlths vhi h hphrcjcr oujmhs pcsthøhs dc hlth jkok pcrskih okrhl, jkok
pcrskih eïsajh, jkok hrrcidhoacitk, sucldks y shlhraks, mkikrhraks hsaoalhdks,
ctjátcrh, pcrk tcicoks quc busjhr lh kpjaúi quc dajc “Dhr dc hlth jkok pcrskih
eïsajh sai hjtavadhd‟ y hmï lc dhoks jlajf kbvahocitc tc padc hl`uiks dhtks jkok
cl tcláekik, JSR^, dkoajalak ktrks bèsajks.
Jhbc dcsthjhr phrh trhiqualadhd dc tu jlacitc, quc dhrsc dc hlth ci cl Zastcoh dc
Hdoaiastrhjaúi Trabuthrah (ZHT), ci cl rubrk7 “^crskih eïsajh sai hjtavadhd‟, ik
lc aoplajh iai`uih kbla`hjaúi jki Mhjacidh, ia thopkjk lc aoplajh tcicr quc
prcscithr dcjlhrhjakics easjhlcs, ia llcvhr jkithbaladhd, yh quc ik tacic hjtavadhd,
cl kbgctavk dc tcicr REJ, cs sklhocitc phrh pkdcr cxcithr pkr lh vcith dc su
jhsh.

Juhidk dhs dc hlth h tu jlacitc ci csth pè`aih, dcbcs dhr cstc scrvajak jkok ui
^lus, quc sch thobaái ui ehjtkr daecrcijahdkr dcl scrvajak jhladhd quc lc dhs h tus
jlacitcs y thobaái dcbcs prcsuoïrsclk h tu jlacitc, dcbcs “jhjhrhquchrlk‟,
pkrquc sa llc`h jki cl ikthrak prctcidacidk cxcithr jki rcjabks ci lu`hr dc lhs
ehjturhs, dcsdc luc`k ik sc lhs vhi h hjcpthr, pkrquc cl jlacitc ik juoplc jki cl
rcquasatk hjtuhl7 lh ehjturh k Jkoprkbhitc Easjhl Da`athl (JEDA). Mhy quc
prcsuoarlc hl jlacitc quc lks csths hyudhidk y quc `rhjahs h tu aitcrvcijaúi y
jkikjaoacitks cl pkdrè juoplar jki lks rcquasatks phrh cxcithr cl Aopucstk
Zkbrc lh Rcith jhushdk pkr Cihgcihjaúi dc Aioucblcs.
»Ci quá okocitk dcbcs dhr dc hlth h tu jlacitc ci cl ZHT phrh quc pucdh
cxcithr;, dcsdc quc cl jlacitc tc cstè dhidk cl aioucblc ci hutkrazhjaúi k
cxjlusavh phrh quc lk vcidhs h su ikobrc, pkrquc sa baci cl trèoatc cs aiocdahtk
y rèpadk, cl prkblcoh rhdajh ci quc uih vcz quc lk dastc dc hlth ci cl ZHT, hmkrh
lhs jkophøïhs jkok lhs JEC k dc tclcekiïh eagh rcquacrci gusthocitc dcl REJ y
lcs padhs hmkrh h csths jkophøïhs quc ci lu`hr dcl rcjabk tc ohidci ehjturh k
JEDA.
»Xuc tc vhi h pcdar; cs ouy scijallk, mky bhsth jki llhohr pkr tcláekik h
jkophøïhs jkok JEC k Tclocx y pkr tcláekik, lcs sklajaths quc tc civïci
ehjturhs ci lu`hr dc rcjabks, lcs dhs cl REJ jki mkokjlhvc dc tu jlacitc, quc cs
lk quc tc dacrki ci cl ZHT juhidk tc dastc dc hlth, y ci dks phsks tacics yh lh
sklajatud rchlazhdh. Mhbrè quc cspcrhr 8 k 2 ocscs h quc lc llc`uc h tu jlacitc lh
praocr ehjturh ci lu`hr dc rcjabk pkr jkbrk dc lks scrvajaks dc luz k tclcekiïh
eagh. Cs aopkrthitc quc lk mh`hs hl praijapak dcsdc quc csths cxjlusavhidk y ik
cspcrcs hl ÷ltaok dïh, yh quc vhs jki cl ikthrak, pkrquc sc vh h htrhshr tu
kpcrhjaúi k lc vhi h tcicr quc rctcicr cl Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith jhushdk pkr
cihgcihjaúi, h tu jlacitc.
Ktrh kpjaúi quc tcicoks phrh quc tu jlacitc cxcitc cs lh jrcdcijahl phrh vkthr
cxpcdadh pkr cl Aistatutk Ihjakihl Clcjtkrhl (AIC) y hl`uihs pcrskihs quc tci`hi
lh jrcdcijahl hitcrakr cxpcdadh pkr cl Aistatutk Ecdcrhl Clcjtkrhl (AEC) thobaái
pkdrèi cxcithr sacoprc quc cstá va`citc, yh quc cs tkthlocitc vèladh sacoprc
quc prcscitc cl dkoajalak dcl aioucblc quc cstè vcidacidk tu jlacitc. Jhbc
dcsthjhr quc lhs iucvhs jrcdcijahlcs phrh vkthr sc cxpadci jki k sai dkoajalak,
pkr lk quc cs aidaspcishblc vcraeajhr quc tci`h aoprcsh lh darcjjaúi jkaijadcitc
jki cl aioucblc ci vcith.
Jhbc scøhlhr quc ci cl ocdak shbcoks quc sc`÷i cl jratcrak dcl ikthrak iks

pucdci pcdar jkoprkbhitcs k rcjabks dc lks ÷ltaoks 3, 2 ui høk y mhsth 5 ocscs,

jki cl hr`uocitk dc quc tcicoks quc dcokstrhr csh tcopkrhladhd phrh pkdcr
cxcithr.
Xuacrk dcjartc quc ci iai`uih phrtc dc lh lcy easjhl iks mhblh dc tcopkrhladhd
pkr lk quc dajmh “gustaeajhjaúi‟ dc hl`uiks phrh pcdar jaijk høks k dks høks ik
tacic euidhocitk. ^kr cllk, juhidk ui ikthrak tc padh tkdks cstks høks dc rcjabks
phrh pkdcr hplajhr lh cxcijaúi dcbcs dcjarlc y, jki gustajah, quc lh lcy easjhl ik
mhblh dc tcopkrhladhd y quc tkdk jhsk sc pucdc hplajhr dc ohicrh suplctkrah cl
júda`k javal, yh quc csthblcjc quc phrh hjrcdathr ui dkoajalak sc dcbc dcokstrhr
quc mc vavadk ci cl lks ÷ltaoks 5 ocscs ci dajmh darcjjaúi, pkr lk quc, sa
hplajhoks dc ohicrh suplctkrah cl júda`k javal, pkdrïhoks dcjar quc ci tkdk
jhsk ski scas ocscs cl tacopk quc dcbcoks jkoprkbhr y citkijcs citrc`hr
rcjabks k ehjturhs JEDA pkr lks ÷ltaoks 5 ocscs, phrh quc sc pucdh mhjcr usk dc
lh cxcijaúi.

Dcdujablcs pcroatadks

Hmkrh baci, sa tu jlacitc vh h ph`hr AZR jhushdk pkr cihgcihjaúi, tacic dcrcjmk h
dcdujar hl`uihs jkshs, lks dcdujablcs pcroatadks phrh hokrtazhr cl Aopucstk
Zkbrc lh Rcith jhushdk pkr cihgcihjaúi pucdci scr juhlquacr jkoprkbhitc dc
ocgkrh hl aioucblc, cs dcjar juhlquacr rcokdclhjaúi. Za cs ui tcrrcik, juhlquacr
ocgkrh rchlazhdh hl tcrrcik jkok hplhihdk k iavclhjaúi, k lcvhithoacitks
tkpk`rèeajks, rcphrhjakics, ctjátcrh.
Kbvahocitc phrh quc csths rcphrhjakics k ocgkrcs schi vèladhs jkok dcdujablc,
sc dcbcrè tcicr lh ehjturh jki lh quc sc dcoucstrc quc sc majacrki csths
rcphrhjakics y csth ehjturh dcbc dc jkitcicr tkdks lks rcquasatks easjhlcs, citrc
cllks, cl ikobrc dcl prkpacthrak dcl aioucblc y lh darcjjaúi dcl aioucblc quc
cstè ci vcith.
Cs ouy aopkrthitc quc tus jlacitcs scphi cstk pkrquc oujmhs vcjcs mhjcoks
rcphrhjakics h iucstrks aioucblcs, pcrk iuijh sc padaú quc ci lh ehjturh sc
pusacrh cl dkoajalak dcl aioucblc ia cl ikobrc, k baci sc mhjci rcokdclhjakics
jkoplcths, pcrk iuijh sc padc uih ehjturh, k sc padc, pcrk sai lks rcquasatks
jkocithdks y, sa ik sc juoplc jki lks rcquasatks, ik scrè dcdujablc.
Lh ehjturh quc coatcs jkok prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak pkr tus mkikrhraks thobaái

cs dcdujablc, citkijcs vhlc lh pcih quc sc lk mh`hs shbcr h tu jlacitc pkrquc csk
thobaái tc hyudh h quc h ta tc ph`uci tu ehjturh jki cl Aopucstk hl Uhlkr
H`rc`hdk (AUH), yh quc csh ehjturh vh hyudhr h quc tu jlacitc ph`uc ociks
Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith y thobaái lh ehjturh dc lks mkikrhraks dcl ikthrak cs
dcdujablc.
Jkok tkdk lk hitcrakr, cstks jkikjaoacitks tc sarvci phrh htrhcr oès
prkpacdhdcs h tu ic`kjak, pkr lk quc dcbcs dcsthjhrlks h tu jlacitc, pcrk ik lc dcs
lks taps hitcs dc quc tc earoc, súlk jkoáithlc quc t÷ lc hyudhrès h quc cxcitc y
ci tkdk jhsk h quc ph`uc ociks aopucstks dcitrk dcl ohrjk lc`hl, sa cs quc
juoplc jki lks rcquasatks y sa cs quc tacic phrtadhs dcdujablcs.
 

HUAZK DC ^RAUHJADHD

»^hrh quc tc sarvc cl hvask dc pravhjadhd;

Hdcoès dc phrh dhr juoplaoacitk h lh Lcy Ecdcrhl dc ^rktcjjaúi dc Dhtks ci

pkscsaúi dc phrtajulhrcs, cs ouy aopkrthitc quc pucdhs utalazhr cstc hvask dc
pravhjadhd jkok ekroh phrh dcokstrhrlc h tu jhidadhtk y jlacitc quc t÷ y tu
coprcsh `uhrdhi lh jkieadcijahladhd dc lh aiekrohjaúi. Aoh`aih quá vh h pcishr
tu jlacitc juhidk ci lh praocr jath llcvcs aoprcsk cl hvask dc pravhjadhd jkrtk y
lc da`hs quc t÷ juoplcs jki dajmh Lcy, oacitrhs lc citrc`hs cl hvask dc
pravhjadhd y lc padcs quc tc earoc uih jkpah dc rcjabadk.
Cstk, sai dudh, lc dhrè oujmh jcrtaduobrc y trhiqualadhd dc mhjcr ic`kjaks
jkita`k. Dcbcs dcjarlc7 “Zcøkrh Lúpcz6 ci iucstrh coprcsh skoks rcspctuksks
dc lh jkieadcijahladhd dc lh aiekrohjaúi, pkr lk quc ci cstc hjtk lc citrc`k uih
jkpah dc iucstrk hvask dc pravhjadhd y lc aiekrok quc, h phrtar dc cstc okocitk,
tkdh lh aiekrohjaúi quc ustcd oc citrc`uc scrè hbskluthocitc jkieadcijahl‟.
Tc hsc`urk quc lh scøkrh Lúpcz, tcidrè ouy bucih aoprcsaúi dc tu
prkecsakihlasok y, sc`urhocitc, pcishrè ik sklk ci dhrtc aiekrohjaúi, saik ci
mhjcr ic`kjaks jkita`k.

»Jkok clhbkrhr cl hvask dc pravhjadhd;

Rchlocitc cs ouy sciallk clhbkrhr ui hvask dc pravhjadhd, huiquc ik cstè dc

oès jkisulthr h ui cxpcrtk, pcrk darïh yk quc bhsth jki citrhr h lh pè`aih wcb
dcl AEHA (Aistatutk Ihjakihl dc Trhisphrcijah, Hjjcsk h lh aiekrohjaúi y

^rktcjjaúi dc Dhtks ^crskihlcs), ci su pkrthl cijkitrhrès uih `uïh y mhsth ui

tutkrahl ci vadck phrh quc pucdhs clhbkrhr tu hvask dc pravhjadhd.
Ik kbsthitc, tc jkocitk quc cxastci dks hvasks dc pravhjadhd quc dcbcs tcicr ci
tu coprcsh. ^kdcoks adcitaeajhrlks jkok uik jkrtk y uik lhr`k, cl jkrtk pucdc
scr dc uih juhrtallh y cl quc lc citrc`hrhs h tu jlacitc juhidk cstás ci uih jath.
Dcitrk dc cstc hvask jkrtk aivaths hl jlacitc h quc rcvasc cl hvask oès lhr`k k
jkoplctk quc dcbc csthr ci tu pè`aih wcb, phrh quc tc dcs uih adch cisc`uadh tc
dcgk ui cgcoplk dc hvask dc jhdh uik7
 

HUAZK DC ^RAUHJADHD
Dc hjucrdk h lk ^rcvastk ci lh “Lcy Ecdcrhl dc ^rktcjjaúi dc Dhtks ^crskihlcs‟,
dcjlhrh[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ , Z.H. dc J.U., scr uih coprcsh lc`hlocitc jkistatuadh
dc jkiekroadhd jki lhs lcycs ocxajhihs, jki dkoajalak
ci6[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ y jkok rcspkishblc dcl trhthoacitk dc sus dhtks
pcrskihlcs, mhjc dc su jkikjaoacitk quc lh aiekrohjaúi dc iucstrks jlacitcs cs
trhthdh dc ekroh cstrajthocitc jkieadcijahl pkr lk quc hl prkpkrjakihr sus dhtks
pcrskihlcs, thlcs jkok7
8. Ikobrc y/k rhzúi skjahl
2. Darcjjaúi.
:. Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs.
4. Tcláekiks dc keajaih y oúvalcs.
3. Jkrrck clcjtrúiajk.
Cstks scrèi utalazhdks ÷iajh y cxjlusavhocitc phrh lks sa`uacitcs eaics7
8. Jhophøhs dc ^ublajadhd.
2. Jhophøhs dc Eadcladhd.
:. Aiekrohjaúi y ^rcsthjaúi dc Zcrvajaks.
4. Hjtuhlazhjaúi dc lh Bhsc dc Dhtks.
3. Juhlquacr eaihladhd hièlk`h k jkophtablc jki lhs hitcrakrcs.

^hrh prcvciar cl hjjcsk ik hutkrazhdk h sus dhtks pcrskihlcs y jki cl eai dc

hsc`urhr quc lh aiekrohjaúi sch utalazhdh phrh lks eaics csthblcjadks ci cstc hvask
dc pravhjadhd, mcoks csthblcjadk davcrsks prkjcdaoacitks jki lh eaihladhd dc
cvathr cl usk k davul`hjaúi ik hutkrazhdks dc sus dhtks, pcroataáidkiks trhthrlks
dcbadhocitc. Hsaoasok, lc aiekrohoks quc sus dhtks pcrskihlcs pucdci scr
Trhisoatadks phrh scr trhthdks pkr pcrskihs dastaiths h csth coprcsh. Tkdks sus
dhtks pcrskihlcs ski trhthdks dc hjucrdk jki lh lc`aslhjaúi hplajhblc y va`citc ci
cl phïs, pkr cllk lc aiekrohoks quc ustcd tacic ci tkdk okocitk lks dcrcjmks
(HRJK) dc hjjcdcr, rcjtaeajhr, jhijclhr u kpkicrsc hl trhthoacitk quc lc dhoks h
sus dhtks pcrskihlcs6 dcrcjmk quc pkdrè mhjcr vhlcr h trhvás dcl Èrch dc
^ravhjadhd cijhr`hdh dc lh sc`uradhd dc dhtks pcrskihlcs.
H trhvás dc cstks jhihlcs ustcd pkdrè hjtuhlazhr sus dhtks y cspcjaeajhr cl ocdak
pkr cl juhl dcsch rcjabar aiekrohjaúi, yh quc, ci jhsk dc ik jkithr jki csth
cspcjaeajhjaúi dc su phrtc, [[[[[[[[[[[[[[Z.H. dc J.U., csthblcjcrè labrcocitc
cl jhihl quc jkisadcrc pcrtaicitc phrh civahrlc aiekrohjaúi. Cstc hvask dc
pravhjadhd pkdrè scr okdaeajhdk pkr,[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Z.H. dc J.U., dajmhs
okdaeajhjakics scrèi kpkrtuihocitc aiekrohdhs h trhvás dc jkrrck clcjtrúiajk,
tcláekik, pè`aih wcb k juhlquacr ktrk ocdak dc jkouiajhjaúi
quc[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Z.H. dc J.U., dctcroaic phrh thl cecjtk.
HTCITHOCITC

HUAZK DC ^RAUHJADHD 2
 

Ci lks tároaiks dc lh Lcy Ecdcrhl dc ^rktcjjaúi dc Dhtks ^crskihlcs ci

^kscsaúi dc lh coprcsh[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ pkr cl phrtajulhr,
LAJ.[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ jki dkoajalak ci [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ cs rcspkishblc dcl
trhthoacitk dc sus dhtks pcrskihlcs quc tacic rc`astrhdks, jki oktavk dc su
aiekrohjaúi prkpkrjakihdh phrh lh rcsklujaúi dc lks hsuitks gurïdajks
sklajathdks, lks juhlcs sc utalazhrèi jki lh eaihladhd dc kercjcrlc iucstrks
scrvajaks.
Sstcd pkr cl mcjmk dc civahr aiekrohjaúi pkr ocdak dc csth darcjjaúi dc jkrrck
clcjtrúiajk, hutkrazh h lh  coprcsh,[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ hdoaiastrhr sus dhtks y h
trhisecrar lks oasoks h tcrjcrks juhidk sch cstrajthocitc icjcshrak phrh
ktkr`hrlc iucstrks scrvajaks.
Za ustcd dcsch okdaeajhr, rcikvhr k hjlhrhr sus dhtks h`rhdcjcrïhoks iks lk mh`h
shbcr pkr cstc oasok ocdak7 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[jki htcijaúi hl LAJ
 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Zc citcidcrè quc cl tatulhr jkisacitc tèjathocitc cl trhthoacitk
dc sus dhtks, juhidk mhbaáidksc pucstk h su daspksajaúi cl prcscitc hvask dc
pravhjadhd, ik ohiaeacstc su kpksajaúi.
Juhlquacr okdaeajhjaúi hl prcscitc hvask dc pravhjadhd, sc ohitcidrè sacoprc
pkr cstc ocdak phrh su jkisulth.
^hrh jkisulthr cl Hvask dc ^ravhjadhd dc ohicrh jkoplcth  pkr ehvkr hjudar h lh
pè`aih , ci lh scjjaúi dc Hvask dc ^ravhjadhd.

LCQ ECDCRHL ^HRH LH ^RCUCIJAÚI

ADCITAEAJHJAÚI DC K^CRHJAKICZ JKI
RCJSRZKZ DC ^RKJCDCIJAH ALÏJATH

Csth Lcy citrú ci va`kr ci gulak dc 2>8: y tacic pkr kbgctk aophjthr ci cl
Lhvhdk dc Daicrk, phrh cl scjtkr aiokbalahrak cs ouy rclcvhitc yh quc
prcjashocitc lh “Aitcrocdahjaúi aiokbalahrah‟ cstè jhthlk`hdh phrh cecjtk dc
csth Lcy jkok “Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc‟, cs dcjar, quacics sc dcdaquci h csth
hjtavadhd dcbcrèi coatar rcpkrtcs h lh Siadhd dc Aitcla`cijah Eaihijacrh (SAE),
jhdh vcz quc llcvci h jhbk aitcrocdahjaúi ci lh jkoprh vcith dc uih prkpacdhd
k aioucblc, quc tci`h ui vhlkr a`uhl k supcrakr h =,>23 dïhs dc Zhlhrak Oïiaok
Ua`citc ci lh Jaudhd dc Oáxajk.
Cstk quacrc dcjar quc lks aitcrocdahraks aiokbalahraks, jhdh vcz quc vcidhi uih
jhsh jki vhlkr supcrakr h dajmk okitk, tacici quc prcscithr uih cspcjac dc
dcjlhrhjaúi  hitc cl ZHT, ci lh quc aiekroci, bèsajhocitc, quacics eucrki lhs
phrtcs quc aitcrvaiacrki ci lh kpcrhjaúi dc jkoprh vcith, cl okitk, lh ekroh dc
ph`k, citrc ktrhs jkshs.
Hdcoès dc lk hitcrakr, csth Lcy kbla`h hl prkecsakihl Aiokbalahrak h llcvhr h jhbk
lh Adcitaeajhjaúi dc lhs phrtcs quc aitcrvacici ci uih kpcrhjaúi aiokbalahrah, cs
dcjar, dcbci hrohr ui cxpcdacitc quc jkitci`h jacrtks dhtks dc jhdh uih dc lhs
phrtcs. H jkitaiuhjaúi dcgk lks rcquasatks quc sc dcbci sklajathr y `uhrdhr, phrh
luc`k coatar cl rcpkrtc7

RCXSAZATKZ ^HRH
 
EKROHR C]^CDACITC
 
^HRH DHR 
 
JSO^LAOACITK
 
H LH LCQ

HIC]K 8  DCL HJSCRDK >2/2>8: ^KR CL XSC ZC COATCI LHZ

RC@LHZ DC JHRÈJTCR @CICRHL H XSC ZC RCEACRC LH LCQ
ECDCRHL ^HRH LH ^RCUCIJAÚI C ADCITAEAJHJAÚI DC
K^CRHJAKICZ JKI RCJSRZKZ DC ^RKJCDCIJAH ALÏJATH DHTKZ
DC ADCITAEAJHJAÚI ^HRH CL RC@AZTRK Q HLTH DC XSACICZ
RCHLAJCI HJTA UADHDCZ USLICRHBLCZ, JSHIDK ZC TRHTC DC
^CRZK IHZ EÏZAJHZ.
h) Dhtks dc Adcitadhd dc lh pcrskih quc rchlazh lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s), sai hbrcvahturhs, k ikobrc jkoplctk y
hpclladks quc jkrrcspkidhi trhtèidksc dc pcrskihs dc ihjakihladhd cxtrhigcrh6
aa) Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk6
aaa) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd6
av) ^hïs dc ihjaoacitk, y
v) Jlhvc ×iajh dc Rc`astrk dc ^kblhjaúi, juhidk jucitc jki cllh6
b) Dhtks dc jkithjtk dc quaci rchlazh lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) I÷ocrks dc tcláekik ci dkidc sc pucdh lkjhlazhr, aijluadh su jlhvc dc lhr`h dasthijah y, ci su
jhsk, cxtcisaúi6

aa) Jkrrck clcjtrúiajk dcsa`ihdk phrh rcjabar lhs iktaeajhjakics, aiekrocs, sklajatudcs k
jkouiajhjakics h quc sc rceacrci cl Rc`lhocitk y lhs prcscitcs Rc`lhs, sai pcrguajak dcl
ocjhiasok dc rcjcpjaúi dc iktaeajhjakics scøhlhdk ci cl hrtïjulk 3 dc csths Rc`lhs, y
aaa) I÷ocrks dc tclcekiïh oúval, ci su jhsk6
j) Dhtks rclhjakihdks jki lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Lh Hjtavadhd k Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc rchlajc k prctcidh rchlazhr6
aa) Lh ecjmh ci lh quc sc rchlazú k prctcidc rchlazhr cl praocr hjtk u kpcrhjaúi kbgctk dc Hvask, y
aaa) Dhtks dcl rc`astrk, hutkrazhjaúi, phtcitc, jcrtaeajhdk k juhlquacr ktrk tapk dc dkjuocitk
cxpcdadk pkr hutkradhd jkopctcitc hl hophrk dcl juhl, ci su jhsk, lh pcrskih eïsajh rchlazh lh
Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7 tapk dc dkjuocitk, hutkradhd quc lk coatc, i÷ocrk k eklak
dc adcitaeajhjaúi y pcrakdk quc hophrh cl rcecradk dkjuocitk6
d) Dhtks dcl dkoajalak praijaphl ci tcrratkrak ihjakihl, dcl lu`hr ci dkidc llcvc h jhbk lh ohykrïh dc
sus scrvajaks k dcshrrkllc sus hjtavadhdcs mhbatuhlocitc rclhjakihdhs jki lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc,
jkopucstk dc lks sa`uacitcs dhtks7 ikobrc dc lh jhllc, hvciadh k vïh dc quc sc trhtc, dcbadhocitc
cspcjaeajhdh6 i÷ocrk cxtcrakr y, ci su jhsk, aitcrakr6 jklkiah k urbhiazhjaúi6 dcohrjhjaúi tcrratkrahl,
ouiajapak k dcohrjhjaúi pklïtajh saoalhr quc jkrrcspkidh, ci su jhsk6 jaudhd k pkblhjaúi, citadhd
ecdcrhtavh, csthdk, prkvaijah, dcphrthocitk k dcohrjhjaúi pklïtajh saoalhr quc jkrrcspkidh, ci su jhsk, y
júda`k pksthl, hsï jkok lh k lhs Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc rchlazh ci cl rcecradk dkoajalak6
c) Dhtks dcl dkoajalak ci tcrratkrak ihjakihl, dcl lu`hr ci dkidc sc cijucitrci ubajhdhs, ci su jhsk, sus
csthblcjaoacitks, keajaihs, sujurshlcs, h`cijahs y ealahlcs, ci dkidc prcstc sus scrvajaks k dcshrrkllc sus
hjtavadhdcs mhbatuhlocitc, jkopucstk dc lks clcocitks scøhlhdks ci cl aijask hitcrakr, hsï jkok lh k lhs
Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc rchlazhi ci lks rcecradks dkoajalaks6
e) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr pcrskih eïsajh, ci su jhsk, jkisastcitcs
ci7
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s), sai hbrcvahturhs, k ikobrc
jkoplctk y hpclladks quc jkrrcspkidhi trhtèidksc dc pcrskihs dc ihjakihladhd
cxtrhigcrh6 Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk, jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs, k
Jlhvc ×iajh dc Rc`astrk dc ^kblhjaúi6
aa) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd6 ^hïs dc ihjaoacitk, y Hjtavadhd cjkiúoajh u kjuphjaúi6
`) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr pcrskih okrhl, ci su jhsk,
jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl6
aa) Ecjmh dc jkistatujaúi6
aaa) Jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs6
av) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd, y
v) Hjtavadhd cjkiúoajh, `ark ocrjhital u kbgctk skjahl6
m) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr eadcajkoask, ci su jhsk, jkisastcitcs
ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl dc eadujahrak, y
aa) Jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs dcl
Eadcajkoask6
a) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl dkoajalak dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr, ci su jhsk, jkopucstk pkr lks
clcocitks scøhlhdks ci cl aijask d) hitcrakr, y

PUBLICIDAD

 g) Lks dcoès dhtks quc sc sklajatci ci cl ekrohtk keajahl quc hl cecjtk dctcroaic y cxpadh lh SAE,
ocdahitc publajhjaúi ci cl Dahrak Keajahl dc lh Ecdcrhjaúi ci rhzúi dcl `ark jkocrjahl, prkecsaúi u
kjuphjaúi dc quc sc trhtc.
 

8. ^hrh pcrskih eïsajh7 Ekrohtk quc rcjkocidhoks llcic

tu jlacitc h ohik y earoc
 

HIC]K 2  DCL HJSCRDK >2/2>8: ^KR CL XSC ZC COA TCI LHZ

RC@LHZ DC JHRÈJTCR @CICRHL H XSC ZC RCEACRC LH LCQ
ECDCRHL ^HRH LH ^RCUCIJAÚI C ADCITAEAJHJAÚI DC
K^CRHJAKICZ JKI RCJSRZKZ DC ^RKJCDCIJAH ALÏJATH DHTKZ
DC ADCITAEAJHJAÚI ^HRH CL RC@AZTRK Q HLTH DC XSACICZ
RCHLAJCI HJTAUADHDCZ USLICRHBLCZ, JSHIDK ZC TRHTC DC
^CRZKIHZ OKRHLCZ.
h) Dhtks dc Adcitadhd dc lh pcrskih quc rchlazh lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl6 aa) Ecjmh dc jkistatujaúi, y aaa)
^hïs dc ihjakihladhd6
b) Dhtks dc jkithjtk dc quaci rchlazh lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) I÷ocrks dc tcláekik ci dkidc sc pucdh lkjhlazhr, aijluadh su jlhvc dc lhr`h
dasthijah y, ci su jhsk, cxtcisaúi6
 
aa) Jkrrck clcjtrúiajk dcsa`ihdk phrh rcjabar lhs iktaeajhjakics, aiekrocs, sklajatudcs k
jkouiajhjakics h quc sc rceacrci cl Rc`lhocitk y lhs prcscitcs Rc`lhs, sai pcrguajak dcl
ocjhiasok dc rcjcpjaúi dc iktaeajhjakics scøhlhdk ci cl hrtïju lk 3 dc csths Rc`lhs, y

 
aaa) I÷ocrks dc tclcekiïh oúval, ci su jhsk6
j) Dhtks rclhjakihdks jki lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Lh Hjtavadhd k Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc rchla jc k prctcidh rchlazhr6
 
aa) Lh ecjmh ci lh quc sc rchlazú k prctcidc rchlazhr cl praocr hjtk u kpcrhjaúi kbgctk
dc Hvask, y
 
aaa) Dhtks dcl rc`astrk, hutkrazhjaúi, phtcitc, jcrtaeajhdk k juhlquacr ktrk tapk dc
dkjuocitk cxpc dadk pkr hutkradhd jkopctcitc hl hophrk dcl juhl, ci su jhsk, lh pcrskih
okrhl rchlazh lh Hjtavadhd Uulicrhblc, jkisastcitcs ci7 tapk dc dkju ocitk, hutkradhd quc
lk coatc, i÷ocrk k eklak dc adcitaeajhjaúi y pcrakdk quc hophrh cl rcecradk dkjuocitk6
d) Dhtks dcl dkoajalak praijaphl ci tcrratkrak ihjakihl, dcl lu`hr ci dkidc llcvc h jhbk lh
ohykrïh dc sus scrvajaks k dcshrrkllc sus hjtavadhdcs mhbatuhlocitc rclhjakihdhs jki lh Hjtavadhd
Uulicrhblc, jkopucstk dc lks sa`uacitcs dhtks7 ikobrc dc lh jhllc, hvciadh k vïh dc quc sc trhtc,
dcbadhocitc cspcjaeajhdh6 i÷ocrk cxtcrakr y, ci su jhsk, aitcrakr6 jklkiah k urbhiazhjaúi6
dcohrjhjaúi tcrratkrahl, ouiajapak k dcohrjhjaúi pklïtajh saoalhr quc jkrrcspkidh, ci su jhsk6
jaudhd k pkblhjaúi, citadhd ecdcrhtavh, csthdk, prkvaijah, dcphrthocitk k dcohrjhjaúi pklïtajh
saoalhr quc jkrrcspkidh, ci su jhsk, y júda`k pksthl, hsï jkok lh k lhs Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc
rchlazh ci cl rcecradk dkoajalak6 Dhtks dcl dkoajalak ci tcrratkrak ihjakihl, dcl lu`hr ci dkidc sc
cijucitrci ubajhdhs, ci su jhsk, sus csthblcjaoacitks, keajaihs, sujurshlcs, h`cijahs y ealahlcs, ci
dkidc prcstc sus scrvajaks k dcshrrkllc sus hjtavadhdcs mhbatuhlocitc, jkopucstk dc lks clcocitks
scøhlhdks ci cl aijask hitcrakr, hsï jkok lh k lhs Hjtavadhdcs Uulicrhblcs quc rchlazhi ci lks
rcecradks dkoajalaks6
c) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl hdoaiastrhdkr ÷iajk, oacobrks dcl jkiscgk dc hdoaiastrhjaúi u
úr`hik cquavhlcitc, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s) sai hbrcvahturhs6
aa) Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk, jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs k Jlhvc ×iajh dc Rc`astrk
dc ^kblhjaúi, y
aaa) ^hïs dc Ihjakihladhd6 Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dc lks skjaks k hjjakiasths pcrskihs eïsajhs,
jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s) sai hbrcvahturhs6
aa) Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk, jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs k Jlhvc ×iajh dc Rc`astrk
dc ^kblhjaúi6
aaa) ^hïs dc Ihjakihladhd, y
av) ^krjcithgc dc su phrtajaphjaúi6
m) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dc lks skjaks k hjjakiasths pcrskihs okrhlcs, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl6
aa) Ecjmh dc jkistatujaúi k jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs6
aaa) ^hïs dc Ihjakihladhd, y
av) ^krjcithgc dc su phrtajaphjaúi6
a) Dhtks dcl rcprcscithitc h quc sc rceacrc cl hrtïjulk 2> dc lh Lcy, jkisastcitcs ci7

 
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s),
sai hbrcvahturhs6
aa) Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk6
aaa) Jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs6
av) Jlhvc ×iajh dcl Rc`astrk dc ^kblhjaúi, ci jhsk dc jkithr jki ásth6
v) Kjuphjaúi, prkecsaúi, hjtavadhd k `ark dcl ic`kjak hl quc sc dcdaquc6
va) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd6
vaa) ^hïs dc ihjaoacitk6
vaaa)Ecjmh h phrtar dc lh juhl hjcpth lh dcsa`ihjaúi,
ci su jhsk6
 g) Dhtks dc jkithjtk dcl rcprcscithitc h quc sc rceacrc cl aijask hitcrakr, jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) I÷ocrks dc tcláekik ci dkidc sc pucdh lkjhlazhr, aijluadh su jlhvc dc lhr`h dasthijah6
aa) Jkrrck clcjtrúiajk dcsa`ihdk phrh rcjabar lhs iktaeajhjakics, aiekrocs k jkouiajhjakics h quc
sc rceacrci cl Rc`lhocitk y lhs prcscitcs Rc`lhs, y
aaa) I÷ocrks dc tclcekiïh oúval, ci su jhsk6
f) Dhtks dcl dkoajalak dcl rcprcscithitc h quc sc rceacrc cl hrtïjulk 2> dc lh Lcy, jkopucstk
pkr lks clcocitks scøhlhdks ci cl aijask d) hitcrakr6
l) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr pcrskih eïsajh, ci su jhsk, jkisastcitcs
ci7
 
a) Hpclladk phtcrik, hpclladk ohtcrik y ikobrc(s), sai hbrcvahturhs, k ikobrc jkoplctk y hpclladks
quc jkrrcspkidhi trhtèidksc dc pcrskihs dc ihjakihladhd cxtrhigcrh6
aa) Ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk, jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs, k Jlhvc ×iajh dc Rc`astrk
dc ^kblhjaúi6
aaa) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd6
av) ^hïs dc ihjaoacitk, y
v) Hjtavadhd cjkiúoajh u kjuphjaúi6
o) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr quc sch pcrskih okrhl, ci su jhsk,
jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl6
aa) Ecjmh dc jkistatujaúi6
aaa) Jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs6
av) ^hïs dc ihjakihladhd, y
v) Hjtavadhd cjkiúoajh, `ark ocrjhital u kbgctk skjahl6
i) Dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr quc sch eadcajkoask, ci su jhsk,
jkisastcitcs ci7
 
a) Dcikoaihjaúi k rhzúi skjahl dc eadujahrak, y
aa) Jlhvc dcl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs dcl Eadcajkoask6
k) Dhtks dcl dkoajalak dcl Bciceajahrak Jkitrklhdkr, ci su jhsk, jkopucstk pkr lks clcocitks

scøhlhdks ci cl aijask d) hitcrakr, y

p) Lks dcoès dhtks quc sc sklajatci ci cl ekrohtk keajahl quc hl cecjtk dctcroaic y cxpadh lh
SAE, ocdahitc publajhjaúi ci cl Dahrak Keajahl dc lh Ecdcrhjaúi ci rhzúi dcl `ark jkocrjahl,
prkecsaúi u kjuphjaúi dc quc sc trhtc.
Ci jhsk dc quc lhs hjjakics rcprcscithtavhs dc su jhpathl skjahl k tïtulks quc rcprcscitci dajmhs hjjakics
jktajci ci bklsh, ik scrè icjcshrak quc civïci lks dhtks dc adcitaeajhjaúi ocijakihdks ci lks aijasks `) y m)
hitcrakrcs rcspcjtk dc sus hjjakiasths.

2. ^hrh pcrskih okrhl7 Ekrohtk quc rcjkocidhoks llcic

tu jlacitc h ohik y earoc

 
Csjèick cl júda`k XR y dcsjhr`h lks ekrohtks ci ^DE phrh quc
lks pucdhs ushr ci thohøk rchl y hlth rcsklujaúi.

Zklajathdk lk hitcrakr y hrohdk cl cxpcdacitc, dcbcs hmkrh prcscithr cl

dcikoaihdk hvask, hitc cl ZHT, phrh cl juhl dcsdc luc`k dcbcs csthr
prcvahocitc dhdk dc hlth yh sch jkok pcrskih eïsajh k jkok pcrskih okrhl. Lks
plhzks phrh prcscithr lks hvasks ski h oès thrdhr cl dïh 80 dcl ocs aiocdahtk
sa`uacitc h ci cl quc sc llcvú h jhbk lh kpcrhjaúi. Ci cl jhsk dc quc ci ui ocs
ik mubacrhs aitcrvciadk ci lh aitcrocdahjaúi dc uih jkoprhvcith aiokbalahrah,
dc juhlquacr ekroh dcbcrès prcscithr ui hvask ci jcrks, iktaeajhidk hl ZHT
quaci h su vcz iktaeajh h lh SAE quc csc ocs ik aitcrvaiastc ci iai`uih kpcrhjaúi
dc jkoprh vcith aiokbalahrah.
Rcspcjtk hl cxpcdacitc quc dcbcs `uhrdhr guitk jki lks rcquasatks y dhtks hitcs
dcsjratks dc jhdh uik dc lks usuhraks k pcrskihs quc aitcrvaiacrki ci lh
kpcrhjaúi dc jkoprh vcith, sc dcbc `uhrdhr pkr ui plhzk dc jaijk høks y dcbc
hrjmavhrsc dc ohicrh eïsajh y da`athl, hsï quc pkr ehvkr `uhrdh cstks cxpcdacitc y
dcsdc luc`k lhs prucbhs dc quc sï prcscithstc lks hvasks, yh quc cl ZHT k lh SAE,
ci juhlquacr okocitk pkdrèi rcqucrartc quc prcscitcs dajmks cxpcdacitcs,
durhitc cl plhzk dc jaijk høks.
Hquï lk dcsthjhblc, phrh vcidársclk h tu jlacitc cs prcjashocitc jkocithrlc7
“»Zhbïh ustcd quc dcsdc cl 2>8: cxastc uih Lcy Hita lhvhdk; Q cs aopkrthitc
quc ustcd ik jha`h ci hl`uik dc lks supucstks dc Lhvhdk dc Daicrk, yh quc
dcbcoks dc juoplar jki csth Lcy y dcbcoks vcraeajhr quc lh pcrskih quc lc vh h
jkoprhr su jhsh ph`uc cl aioucblc jki rcjursks dc prkjcdcijah lïjath‟. Ci csth
phrtc ik lc csthrès oaitacidk hl jlacitc, yh quc cecjtavhocitc cs aidaspcishblc
quc ci cl jkitrhtk pravhdk dc jkoprh vcith, pki`hs uih jlèusulh quc da`h quc cl
jkoprhdkr ohiaeacsth bhgk prktcsth dc dcjar vcrdhd quc cl daicrk jki cl quc
ph`hrè cl aioucblc ohtcrah dc lh jkoprhvcith, prkvacic dc eucitcs lïjaths.
Jki lk hitcrakr, tu jlacitc qucdh jubacrtk rcspcjtk h hl`uih jkoplajadhd quc
pudacrh aoputhrlc jki cl jkoprhdkr pkr Lhvhdk dc Daicrk. ^hrcjc arrclcvhitc,
pcrk ci rchladhd jkikjcr cstk, mhjc quc prktcghs h tu jlacitc y quc ci cecjtk
juoplh jki csth Lcy, skbrc tkdk pkrquc cl hrtïjulk :2 dc dajmh Lcy csthblcjc
quc cl usk dc daicrk ci cecjtavk cstè prkmabadk k tkphdk juhidk sc llcvc h jhbk
lh jkoprh vcith dc aioucblcs, mhsth cl cquavhlcitc h =,>23 dïhs dc Zhlhrak
Oïiaok Ua`citc phrh lh jaudhd dc Oáxajk, cstk quacrc dcjar quc ik sc pucdc
ph`hr ci cecjtavk ci uih kpcrhjaúi dc jkoprh vcith oès dc $542,:28.>> (scas
jacitks juhrcith y dks oal trcsjacitks vcaita÷i pcsks >>/8>> okicdh ihjakihl),

yh quc hl jacrrc dc csth cdajaúi cl shlhrak oïiaok va`citc cs dc $=>.>4 (kjmcith

pcsks >4/8>> okicdh ihjakihl). Citkijcs sa tu jlacitc rcjabacrh oès dc csh
 jhitadhd pkdrïh aivklujrhrsc ci prkblcohs lc`hlcs, cs pkr cllk quc cl vhlkr dc
csth aiekrohjaúi ci cecjtk prktc`c h tu jlacitc dc ik octcrsc ci lïks dc Lhvhdk
dc Daicrk, hsï quc cstk thobaái mhy quc “jhjhrhquchrlk‟, jkocitèidklc h tu
jlacitc7 “Zrh. Lúpcz yk ci oa aiokbalahrah dky juoplaoacitk h lh Lcy Ecdcrhl
phrh lh ^rcvcijaúi c Adcitaeajhjaúi dc Kpcrhjakics jki Rcjursks dc ^rkjcdcijah
Alïjath (Lcy Hita lhvhdk), hsaoasok lh prktc`criks h ustcd phrh quc ik vaklcitc
dajmh Lcy.‟

JKIJLSQCIDK

Jki lks taps hitcrakrcs, jrck quc sai prkblcoh, sa lks hplajhs pkdrïhs tcicr
oujmk oès aivcithrak, pkrquc rcjucrdh quc juhidk uih pcrskih cstè busjhidk
vcidcr su jhsh, jkisulth h vhrahs ai okbalahrahs y cl mcjmk dc quc t÷ lc mhblcs dc
quc lh hyudhrès h jkikjcr cl Uhlkr dc su jhshs, quc lc hyudhrès h jhljulhr sus
aopucstks y hdcoès h quc cxcitc y juoplh jki lks rcquasatks phrh mhjcrlk,
juciths jki hvask dc pravhjadhd y ohicghrès su aiekrohjaúi jkok jkieadcijahl,
dhs juoplaoacitk h lh Lcy Hita lhvhdk (LE^AKRA), mhrè quc tu jlacitc (lh scøkrh
Lúpcz), iktc tu prkecsakihlasok y prceacrh quc schs t÷ quaci lc vci dh su jhsh,
hdcoès dc quc jki cllk gustaeajhs cl pkrquá jkbrhs oès pkrjcithgc dc jkoasaúi
quc lh jkopctcijah. Cstk dcsdc luc`k dcbcs hplajhrlk y luc`k prcscithrlk h tus
euturks jlacitcs. Hu`urk quc, sa lk mhjcs, ikthrès lh daecrcijah.

LH JKO^RHUCITH

Dcsdc luc`k, lh ocgkr phrtc dcspuás dc mhbcr  trhbhghdk pkr tcicr ui aivcithrak
cs llcvhr h jhbk lh jkoprh vcith y jkbrhr tu jkoasaúi, pcrk hquï dcbcs scr ouy
juadhdksk, praocrk dcbcs copczhr pkr prktc`crtc, yh quc lks jlacitcs quc tc
mhblhi ouy baci y phrcjci jkieahblcs oacitrhs ik lcs vcidcs lh prkpacdhd sc
pucdci vklvcr dcsjkikjadks juhidk sc trhth dc quc tc ph`uci tu jkoasaúi.
^kr csk rcjucrdh quc mhy ui rcerèi pkpulhr quc dajc7 “phpclatk mhblh‟, quc
jkaijadc jki ui praijapak `cicrhl dcl dcrcjmk quc dajc “cl quc hearoh cstè
kbla`hdk h prkbhr‟ y cs quc, ci oa cxpcracijah prkecsakihl jkok hbk`hdk, mc
dcecidadk vhrahs vcjcs h prkecsakihlcs aiokbalahraks quc tacici quc dcohidhr cl
ph`k dc sus mkikrhraks, huiquc hl`uihs vcjcs ik mh sadk pksablc mhjcrlk y cstk
cs pkrquc rcsulth quc cl prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak qucdú jki cl jlacitc dc
vcidcrlc su jhsh “dc ba`ktc‟6 cs dcjar ik earohrki iai`÷i jkitrhtk. ¡Aoh`ïihtc!
H jkitaiuhjaúi tc vky h dcghr ui cgcoplk dc jkitrhtk dc prcsthjaúi dc scrvajaks
prkecsakihlcs quc dcbcs earohr jki tus jlacitcs jhdh vcz quc lcs vhyhs h vcidcr
uih prkpacdhd, sai cobhr`k cstc jkitrhtk k sus jlèusulhs sc pucdci k dcbci
okdaeajhr dc hjucrdk h lhs icjcsadhdcs dc jhdh ic`kjahjaúi, sai cobhr`k lk
dcschblc cs quc `uhrdci su cscijah gurïdajh y quc dc prcecrcijah ik sc jhobaci.

JKITRHTK DC ^RCZTHJAÚI DC ZCRUAJAKZ ^RKECZAKIHLCZ

 

Jkitrhtk dc ^rcsthjaúi dc Zcrvajaks ^rkecsakihlcs quc jclcbrhi, pkr uih phrtc ,

Zkjacdhd Javal, h lh quc ci lk sujcsavk sc lc dcikoaihrh “Cl Jlacitc‟,
dcbadhocitc rcprcscithdk pkr cl scøkr [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[y pkr ktrh
phrtc [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ h quaci ci lk sujcsavk sc lc dc ikoaihrh
jkok “ Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟, jkiekroc hl tcikr dc lhs sa`uacitcs dcjlhrhjakics y
jlèusulhs7
DCJLHRHJAKICZ
 
A. Dcjlhrh “Cl Jlacitc‟7
 
h. Zcr uih skjacdhd ocxajhih dcbadhocitc jkistatuadh jkiekroc h lhs lcycs ocxajhihs y bhgk lh dcikoa
ihjaúi dc , Z.J., lk juhl hjrcdath
jki su csjraturh jkistatutavh i÷ocrk
dc ecjmh ktkr`hdh hitc lh ec dcl
scøkr Lajcijahdk , Ikthrak
^÷blajk I.· dcl , y jki
 
rc`astrk dc aisjrapjaúi ci cl Rc`astrk ^÷blajk dc lh
 
^rkpacdhd y dcl Jkocrjak I.· .
b. Xuc jucith jki lh jlhvc dc Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc
 
Jkitrabuycitcs .
j. Xuc hjrcdath lh pcrskihladhd jki lh csjraturh p÷blajh
 
i÷ocrk dc ecjmh ktkr`hdh hitc
lh ec dcl scøkr Lajcijahdk ,
Ikthrak ^÷blajk I.· dcl ,
 
lh juhl ik lc mh sadk okdaeajhdh, ia rcvkjhdh ci ekroh hl`uih h lh ecjmh dc earoh dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk.
d. Xuc phrh lks cecjtks dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk scøhlh jkok dkoajalak skjahl cl ubajhdk ci[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
c. Xuc rcquacrc phrh lh rchlazhjaúi dc su kbgctk skjahl dc lks scrvajaks dc “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟ phrh llcvhr h
jhbk lhs hjjakics ohtcrah dc cstc jkitrhtk, jkisas tcitcs ci lh iúoaih y jkithbaladhd ci `cicrhl.
AA. Dcjlhrh “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟7
h. Zcr pcrskih eïsajh, dc ihjakihladhd y quc kstcith cl tïtulk dc
lk juhl lk hjrcdath jki lh jádulh prkecsakihl i÷ocrk
, y dc lh juhl hicxh jkpah dc lh oasoh.
 

 
b. Xuc jucith jki lks jkikjaoacitks prkecsakihlcs, tájiajks y lh cxpcracijah icjcshrah phrh rchlazhr
lhs lhbkrcs jkitciadhs ci cstc jkitrhtk.
j. Jkithr jki cl Rc`astrk Ecdcrhl dc Jkitrabuycitcs,
bhgk lh jlhvc cxmabacidk cl kra`aihl dc su jádulh dc adcitaeajhjaúi easjhl y hicxhidk jkpah dc lh oasoh
jkok hicxk dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk.
d. Xuc scøhlh jkok dkoajalak cl ubajhdk ci.

Cxpucstk lk hitcrakr, lhs phrtcs sugcthi sus jkoprkoasks h lks tároaiks y jkidajakics aiscrtks ci lhs
sa`uacitcs7

 
JLHSZSLHZ
 
^RAOCRH.- “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟ sc kbla`h h prcsthr h “Cl Jlacitc‟, sus scrvajaks prkecsakihlcs jki cl kbgctk
dc rchlazhr lhs hjtavadhdcs jkisastcitcs ci
sc`÷i sc cxprcsh h jkitaiuhjaúi7
 
8.

2.

:.

4.

3.

[email protected] “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟ sc kbla`h h dcshrrkllhr lhs hjtavadhdcs ocijakihdhs ci lh jlèusulh praocrh
jki tkdh dala`cijah h cecjtk dc dcghr plcihocitc shtasec jmk h “Cl Jlacitc‟, kbla`èidksc h hpkrthr tkdh su
cxpc racijah y jhphjadhd, dcdajhidk tkdk cl tacopk quc sch icjcshrak phrh dhr juoplaoacitk hl prcscitc
jkitrhtk.
TCRJCRH.- “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟, sc kbla`h h aiekrohr h “Cl Jlacitc‟ dcl csthdk quc `uhrdc su lhbkr, juhiths
vcjcs sch rcqucradk phrh cllk, hsï jkok h rcidar ui aiekroc ocisuhl y `cicrhl hl tároaik dcl jkitrhtk, y ik
jcdcr lks dcrcjmks y kbla`hjakics dcravhdks dc cstc jkitrhtk sai jkiscitaoacitk cxprcsk y pkr csjratk dc “Cl
Jlacitc‟
JSHRTH.- Cl prcscitc jkitrhtk csthrè va`citc dcl
 
dïh dcl ocs dc dc hl
dïh dcl ocs dc dcl .
 

XSAITH.- “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟ rcjabarè pkr jkijcptk

 
dc mkikrhraks, lh suoh dc $ (
^CZKZ >>/8>> O.I.),
dastrabuadks ci pcrjcpjakics ocisuhlcs dc
( ^CZKZ >>/8>> O.I.).
 
ZC]TH.- “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟ jkivacic ci quc lhs rcouicrhjakics quc pcrjabh pkr lh rchlazhjaúi dc lks scr
vajaks ohtcrah dc cstc jkitrhtk scrèi ÷iajhs.
ZÁ^TAOH.- “Cl Jlacitc‟ sc kbla`h h ph`hr lks mkikrhraks dc “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟, prcvah citrc`h dc lks
rcjabks k jkoprkbhitcs rcspcjtavks, lks juhlcs dcbcrèi rcuiar lks rcquasatks easjhlcs quc ohrjh lh
lc`aslhjaúi va`citc ci lh ohtcrah.
KJTHUH.- Jkijluadh lh va`cijah dcl prcscitc jkitrh tk, ik pkdrè mhbcr prúrrk`h hutkoètajh pkr cl saoplc
trhisjursk dcl tacopk y tcroaihrè sai icjcsadhd dc dhrsc hvask citrc lhs phrtcs.
IKUCIH.- ^hrh cl jhsk dc quc «Cl Jlacitc¶, tuvacrh icjcsadhd dc jkithr iucvhocitc jki lks scrvajaks dc

«Cl ^rkecsakiasth¶, sc rcqucrarè lh jclcbrhjaúi dc ui iucvk jkitrhtk.

DÁJAOH.- Xucdh cxprcshocitc jkivciadk quc juhidk «Cl ^rkecsakiasth¶, sc hpkyc ci pcrskihl huxa lahr
ci cl cgcrjajak dc sus hjtavadhdcs, htcidacidk cl trhbhgk quc sc lc cijkoacidh, dajmk pcrskihl dc pcidcrè
cxjlusavhocitc dc ál, sai quc sc csthblczjh iai`÷i vïijulk lhbkrhl citrc «Cl Jlacitc¶ y cl coplch dk,
qucdhidk h jhr`k dc «Cl ^rkecsakiasth¶, tkdhs lhs rcspkishbaladhdcs javalcs, lhbkrhlcs, easjhlcs, pcihlcs y dc
juhlquacr ktrh ïidklc quc sc pudacrh dcravhr dc lh rclhjaúi lhbkrhl prkvciacitc dc lh utalazhjaúi dc lks
scrvajaks dcl pcrskihl quc lc hpkyc, y quc ik sc jkisadcrhrèi coplchdks dc «Cl Jlacitc¶.
DÁJAOH ^RAOCRH.- Cl prcscitc jkitrhtk pkdrè dhrsc pkr tcroaihdk hitajaphdhocitc h vkluithd dc
juhlquacrh dc lks jkitrhthitcs, prcvak hvask quc dá
hl ktrk jki dïhs mèbalcs dc hitajaphjaúi, jki cl prkpúsatk dc quc durhitc csc lhpsk mhyh pksabaladhd dc
jkijluar lks trhbhgks y ph`ks pcidacitcs citrc hobks y dc quc, ci tkdk jhsk “Cl Jlacitc‟ tci`h kpkrtuiadhd
dc jcrjakrhrsc dc lh citrc`h y hutcitajadhd dc lh dkjuocithjaúi quc kbrc ci pkdcr dc “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟.
DÁJAOH [email protected] Xucdh cxprcshocitc jkivc iadk quc lh ehlth dc juoplaoacitk h juhlquacrh dc lhs
kbla`hjakics quc hquï sc jkitrhci, y hqucllhs ktrhs quc daohihi dcl Júda`k Javal va`citc phrh cl Csthdk dc ,
scrè oktavk dc rcsjasaúi dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk, y `cicrhrè cl ph`k dc lks dhøks y pcrguajaks quc cl ai
juoplaoacitk jhusc h lh jkitrhphrtc juopladh.
DÁJAOH TCRJCRH.- Lhs phrtcs ohiaeacsthi quc h lh earoh dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk ik mh mhbadk crrkr, dklk,
vaklcijah, ohlh ec k juhlquacr ktrk vajak dcl jkiscitaoacitk quc lk pudacrh aivhladhr.
DÁJAOH JSHRTH.- ^hrh lh aitcrprcthjaúi y juoplaoacitk dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk, lhs phrtcs sc skoctci h
lh gurasdajjaúi y jkopctcijah dc lks trabuihlcs
ecdcrhlcs dc lh , hsï jkok lhs daspksajakics jkitciadhs ci cl Júda`k Javal va`citc
phrh cl Csthdk dc , rciuijahidk cxprcshocitc hl eucrk quc pudacrh jkrrcspkidcrlcs dcbadk h su dkoajalak
hjtuhl k euturk.
 
Lcïdk quc euc cl prcscitc jkitrhtk y citcrhdhs lhs phrtcs dcl jkitciadk y hljhijcs dc tkdhs y jhdh
uih dc lhs jlèusulhs quc ci cl oasok sc prcjashi, lk earohi pkr duplajhdk y jki hsastcijah dc sus
tcsta`ks, ci lh
 
Jaudhd dc ci ecjmh .
 

“Cl Jlacitc‟ “Cl ^rkecsakiasth‟

 

Tcsta`k Tcsta`k

Jkok pkdrès ikthr cl jkitrhtk tacic vhrahs pè`aihs y hl eaihl dc ástc vacici lhs
lïichs k csphjaks phrh quc cl jlacitc y cl prkecsakihl earoci, lk juhl cs ouy
jkrrcjtk. Zai cobhr`k, phrh quc cl jkitrhtk y tkdhs sus jlèusulhs tci`hi vhladcz,
dcbci earohr hl ohr`ci y ci tkdh lhs mkghs, tkdhs lhs phrtcs, yh quc sa iks
laoathoks h súlk earohr ci cl eaihl, lhs pè`aihs hitcrakrcs ik tcidrèi vhladcz
hl`uih, cstk cs ouy aopkrthitc pkrquc jrácoc ci oa cxpcracijah mc vastk quc lks
prkecsakihlcs aiokbalahraks sc prckjuphi oujmk pkr mhjcr ui jkitrhtk dc
jkoprh vcith k dc hrrcidhoacitk pcrecjtk y vcraeajhi quc lh phrtcs earoci ci
tkdhs lhs pè`aihs, padci adcitaeajhjakics y ektkjkpahs dc csths lk juhl cstè ouy
baci, pcrk juhidk sc trhth dc tu jkitrhtk dc prcsthjaúi dc scrvajaks prkecsakihlcs
ik ski thi juadhdksks. Citkijcs, pkr ehvkr, `uhrdh tkdk ui cxpcdacitc dc tu
jlacitc phrh cvathr prkblcohs pkdrïhs icjcsathrlk.
^kr cgcoplk, juhidk mcoks aiajahdk guajaks jkitrh jlacitcs quc ik lc quacrci
ph`hr h ui prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak, lk praocrk quc hlc`h cl jlacitc cs quc cl
prkecsakihl aiokbalahrak ik mazk ihdh y ci jki scjucijah ik dcbc ph`hrlc ihdh.
Dajci quc ik sc mazk publajadhd, pkr cgcoplk, y rcsulth quc, juhi dk csthoks ci
cl guajak, cecjtavhocitc lks hiuijaks quc pusastc yh ik cstèi va`citcs. Cs pkr cllk
quc dcbcs `uhrdhr ui cxpcdacitc jki tkdhs csths prucbhs dc trhbhgk rchlazhdk, h
cecjtk dc quc sa sc dacrh cl jhsk tci`hs prucbhs, dcbcs aopraoar phi thllhs dc lks
hiuijaks quc pusastc pkr aitcrict, ektk`rheïhs dc tus rútulks y lk quc thobaái
sarvc ouy baci ski lks rc`astrks dc llhohdhs tclceúiajhs y lks rc`astrks k rcpkrtcs
quc lc citrc`hs h tu jlacitc k quc dcbcs citrc`hrlc h tu jlacitc jhdh jacrtk tacopk,
pkr cgcoplk, dcbcs citrc`hrlc ui rcpkrtc ocisuhl quc tc hyudhrè h quc pkr ui
lhdk scph júok vhi lhs llhohdhs y vasths su jhsh y phrh quc juhidk quacrh
quathrtc cl jkitrhtk h ta y dèrsclk h ktrh aiokbalahrah, gustaeaqucs quc sï csths
trhbhghidk ci su jhsh y pkr ktrk lhdk sa ui dïh ik tc quacrc ph`hr lh jkoasaúi,
pkdrès gustaeajhr tu trhbhgk, pkr cllk cs aopkrthitc quc dajmk rcpkrtc quc lc
citrc`ucs sch dc ohicrh pcrskihl, phrh quc lc sklajatcs tc earoc uih jkpah jkok
“hjusc dc rcjabk‟ phrh cllks bhsth quc pki`h jki su puøk y lctrh lh phlhbrh
“rcjabadk‟ y luc`k pki`h su earoh y lh ecjmh.
Mhy ktrk tapk dc jkitrhtk oès scijallk quc lc llhohoks “hutkrazhjaúi‟ y lh
rchladhd cs quc cs oujmk oès saoplc y csh saoplajadhd mhjc quc gurïdajhocitc
lks hbk`hdks ik tci`hoks oujmks clcocitks phrh jkbrhr tu jkoasaúi ci jhsk dc
quc ik tc quacrhi ph`hr, sai cobhr`k sa crcs krdcihdk y tacics cxpcdacitc y
 

prucbhs dc trhbhgk rchlazhdk sa pkdrïh mhjcrsc hl`k. Ik rcjkoacidk oujmk csths

hutkrazhjakics, pcrk mc ikthdk quc ci cl ouidk aiokbalahrak sc earohi jhsa ci cl
oasok pkrjcithgc quc lks jki trhtks, h jkitaiuhjaúi tc dcgk ui cgcoplk7

 
Tlhlicphitlh dc Bhz, Csthdk dc Oáxajk, h [[[ dc [[[[[[[[[[ dc 2>80.
 
HT‑I [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
 
Cstaohdh Zr. [[[[[[[[[[[[[[7
 
^kr cstc ocdak hutkrazk[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, h prkokvcr lh UCITH ci ekroh dc oa prkpacdhd,
ubajhdh [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, # [[[[[[, Ait.[[[[[[ 
Jkl.[[[[[[[[[[ 
 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, J^[[[[[[[[[[ Dclc`hjaúi/
Ouiajapak[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
 
Cl prcjak ci quc dcsck quc prkoucvhi oa prkpacdhd phrh su Ucith cs dc $ [[[[[[[[.>>
([[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
 [[[[[[ Okicdh[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[) quc scrè cl prcjak phrh pkdcr csjujmhr kecrths y ic`kjahr. Lh
citrc`h eïsajh dcl aioucblc pkdrè jkoprkoctcrsc h lh earoh dcl jkitrhtk.
 
Jkok jkitrhprcsthjaúi pkr cstc scrvajak dc aitcrocdahjaúi jkocrjahl, cstky dc hjucrdk ci ph`hr ci
jkijcptk dc mkikrhraks cl [[[[% dc lh jkoasaúi.
 
Csth hutkrazhjaúi tacic uih va`cijah dc 82> dïhs ihturhlcs y sc rcikvhrè hutkoètajhocitc pkr pcrakdks
subscjucitcs dc :> dïhs ihturhlcs, sacoprc y juhidk ik sc dc hvask dc jhijclhjaúi pkr csjratk pkr phrtc dcl
prkpacthrak, hl eaihl dcl plhzk ocijakihdk.
 
Tkdh okdaeajhjaúi h lhs jkidajakics jkitciadhs ci csth hutkrazhjaúi, aijluycidk cl prcjak sc mhrè dc jko÷i
hjucrdk y pkr csjratk y cstès prkjcdcrèi ci jhsk dc quc cxasth uih kecrth ci earoc pkr phrtc dc su jlacitc
skbrc lh bhsc dc lhs jkidajakics kra`aihlcs.
 

HTCITHOCITC
 
 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
 
Ikobrc y earoh dcl prkpacthrak Ikobrc y earoh dcl hscskr rcspkishblc

LH KECRTH

Hitcs dcl jkitrhtk dc jkoprh vcith, sacoprc  vacic uih kecrth, hquï cs
aidaspcishblc quc ik tc cokjakics y llhocs dc aiocdahtk hl  jlacitc k lc ohidcs
ui jkrrck aiekroèidklc, lh kecrth, rcjucrdh quc “phpclatk mhblh‟.
Thobaái mc kbscrvhdk quc, h vcjcs, mhy jlacitcs quc rcsulth quc súlk csthbhi
aitcithidk vcidcr su jhsh “phrh vcr sa sc vcidïh‟, pcrk yh quc vci lh rchladhd, cs
dcjar, yh quc lcs phshs lh kecrth rchjjakihi y citkijcs dajci “sacoprc ik vcidk‟,
pkr lh rhzúi quc sch (huiquc rc`ulhrocitc ski oktavks scitaocithlcs). Cl jhsk
cs quc juhidk lcs hiuijahs pkr tcláekik k pkr jkrrck lh kecrth ik tacics lh prucbh
dc quc sï majastc tu trhbhgk y lcs phshstc lh kecrth. Citkijcs sa cl jlacitc sc
hrrcpacitc ik pkdrès jkbrhr tu jkoasaúi k cxa`arlc quc juoplh jki cl jkitrhtk.
^kr lk hitcrakr, lk adchl cs quc lc llhocs pkr tcláekik y lc padhs uih jath
jkocitèidklc quc icjcsaths mhblhr jki ál hjcrjh dc su jhsh. Ci lh jath lc
aiekrohrès dc lh kecrth y, jlhrk, cl kbgctavk praijaphl dc lh kecrth cs quc tc earoc
cl ekrohtk dc hjcpthjaúi dc lh oasoh, sai cobhr`k, oujmhs vcjcs cl jlacitc dajc7
“Ik sá, dágcoc pcishrlk‟, “Tci`k quc vcrlk jki oa cspksk k jki oas
ehoalahrcs‟, ctj. ^kr csk dcbcs hjudar prcvciadk y llcvhr uih jkpah saoplc dc lh
kecrth y sa ik quask earohr lh hjcpthjaúi, citkijcs lc dajcs quc pkr ehvkr tc earoc
lh kecrth hjusèidklh dc rcjabadk. Ik lc jkoprkoctc h ihdh, ik cstè dajacidk sï k
ik h lh kecrth, saoplcocitc cstè hjushidk dc rcjabadk. Dcbc plhsohr jki su puøk
y lctrh lh phlhbrh “rcjabadk‟ oès su earoh y lh ecjmh. Jki csk yh csths prktc`adk.

JKITRHTK DC JKO^RH UCITH

Dcsdc luc`k, cl phsk sa`uacitc cs lh earoh dcl jkitrhtk dc jkoprh vcith. Oès
hdclhitc tc jkophrtk cl ekrohtk dc jkitrhtk dc jkoprh vcith6 cs ui jkitrhtk
`cicrhl, jhdh jhsk jkijrctk dcbc hdcjuhrsc y skbrc tkdk kbscrvhr lh vkluithd dc
lhs phrtcs.
Thobaái cxastc lh dasjusaúi hjcrjh dc quc sa sc dcbc mhjcr ui jkitrhtk dc
jkoprh vcith k ui jkitrhtk dc  prkocsh dc jkoprh vcith. Lh rchladhd cs quc
dcpcidc cl ciekquc yh quc cxastc gurasprudcijah coatadh pkr lh Zuprcoh Jkrtc
quc dajc quc ski lk oasok huiquc, dcsdc luc`k, gurasths y Gucjcs dajci lk
jkitrhrak pkr lk quc ik quasacrh citrhr ci cl dcbhtc. Lk jacrtk cs quc ci
juhlquacrh dc lks dks jhsks, sa cl jkitrhtk juoplc jki rcquasatks jkok phjthr cl
prcjak dcl aioucblc, cl plhzk  y lh ekroh dc ph`k y jkitacic lh phlhbrh jkoprh
vcith, h `rhidcs rhs`ks, cs y scrè uih jkoprhvcith.
Rcecrïh quc cs ui thitk psajklú`ajk pkrquc, pkr cgcoplk, sa dcjaoks prkocsh, cl
jkoprhdkr citacidc quc h÷i ik cstè ohtcrahlazhdh lh jkoprhvcith y pkr cllks,
pkdrïh mhbcr lu`hr phrh cjmhrsc htrès. Cs pkr cllk pkr lk quc tu dcjadarès quc
ekrohtk utalazhr. Qk tc rcjkoacidk cl dc jkoprh vcith, eaihlocitc ásc cs cl
kbgctavk dc lhs phrtcs7 jkoprhr pkr ui lhdk y vcidcr pkr cl ktrk, huiquc dcbc
cxastar thobaái uih pcihlazhjaúi phrh cl jhsk dc quc hl`uih aijuoplh. Ci cstc
jhsk, lh ohykrïh dc lks jkitrhtks dc jkoprh vcith aiokbalahrah ohicghi ui dacz
pkr jacitk k ui vcaitc pkr jacitk dcl prcjak dc lh jkoprhvcith pkr jkijcptk dc
pcihlazhjaúi.
Jkijluyk cstc jhpïtulk jkocitèidktc quc thopkjk cs bucih adch pkspkicr

oujmks dïhs lh earoh dcl jkitrhtk dc jkoprh vcith, yh quc lhs phrtcs pucdci
jhobahr dc adch jki cl phshr dc lks dïhs, yh sch pkrquc lhs jarjuisthijahs ci su
citkrik jhobahrki, k baci, pkrquc saoplcocitc vacrki uih ocgkr jhsh. Trhth dc
quc sc earoc lk hitcs pksablc phrh hohrrhr cl trhtk, jlhrk, sacoprc quc tkdk cstc
krdci gurïdajhocitc phrh thl cecjtk.
H jkitaiuhjaúi tc dcgk cl ekrohtk dc jkitrhtk dc jkoprh vcith7

JKITRHTK DC JKO^RHUCITH AIOKBALAHRAH

 
JKITRHTK DC JKO^RHUCITH AIOKBALAHRAH XSC JCLCBRHI ^KR SIH
^HRTC[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 
 
H XSACI CI LK ZSJCZAUK ZC LC DCIKOAIHRH JKOK “LKZ UCIDCDKRCZ‟, Q
^KR LH KTRH ^HRTC[[[[[[[[[, H XSACI CI LK ZSJCZAUK ZC LC DCIKOAIHRH JKOK
“CL JKO^RHDKR‟, RCZ^CJTK DCL AIOSCBLC SBAJHDK CI6[[[[[[[[[[[[[CI LK
ZSJCZAUK “CL AIOSCBLC‟, ZSGCTH IDKZC H LKZ ZA@SACITCZ HITCJCDCITCZ,
         ̈

DCJLHRHJAKICZ Q JLHSZSLHZ7
DCJLHRHJAKICZ
A. “LKZ UCIDCDKRCZ‟ dcjlhrhi7
H. [[[[[[[[[scr dc ihjakihladhd ocxajhih, ,jki ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk [[[[[[[[[[[[, y jki
dkoajalak cl ubajhdk ci[[[[[[[[[, y cijkitrhrsc ci jhphjadhd lc`hl phrh kbla`hrsc ci lks tároaiks y
jkidajakics hquï phjthdhs.
         ̈

B. [[[[[[[[[scr dc ihjakihladhd ocxajhih, jki ecjmh dc ihjaoacitk , y jki dkoajalak cl

ubajhdk ci [[[[[[[[[[, y cijkitrhrsc ci jhphjadhd lc`hl phrh kbla`hrsc ci lks tároaiks y
jkidajakics hquï phjthdhs.
         ̈

B. Xuc cs lc`ïtaok prkpacthrak dc “CL AIOSCBLC‟ y tcicr plcih jhphjadhd gurïdajh phrh cihgcihrlk,
hjrcdatèidklk ocdahitc Jkitrhtk ^ravhdk dc Jkoprhvcith earohdk ci ecjmh[[[[[[, jki lh quc sc
hjrcdath lh pkscsaúi dcl aioucblc kbgctk dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk dc jkoprhvcith, oasoh quc euc
jclcbrhdk jki,[[[[[[[[[[, quc ci cl okocitk eui`aú  jkok vcidcdkr, rcprcscithdk lc`hlocitc pkr
         ̈

 [[[[[[[[[[[[[[.
Juyhs supcreajacs cs dc jacitk sctcith octrks juhdrhdks, juyhs sa`uacitcs laidcrks y ocdadhs sc
dcsjrabci7
 
HL IKRTC.- .
HL ^KIACITC.- .
HL KRACITC.- .
HL
ZSR.- .
 
J.- Hsaoasok ohiaeacsth quc dajmk aioucblc sc cijucitrh hl jkrracitc ci cl ph`k dc aopucstks pkr
jkijcptk dc ^RCDAK (Ik. dc jucith ),
H@SH (Ik. dc jucith ), citrc`hidk lks
 
rcjabks quc hophrhi su ph`k h lh earoh dcl prcscitc aistruocitk.
 
D.- Xuc pucdc daspkicr labrcocitc dc “CL AIOSCBLC‟ pkr ik cijkitrhrsc hrrcidhdk y quc h su jksth
scrè citrc`hdk hl jkoprhdkr labrc dc tkdk `rhvhoci k laoathjaúi dc dkoaiak.
 
“CL JKO^RHDKR‟ dcjlhrh7
 
C.- Dcjlhrhi scr dc ihjakihladhd ocxajhih, jhshdh,
 
bhgk cl Rá`aoci dc , jki dkoajalak ci

  dc csth Jaudhd, jki ecjmh dc

ihjaoacitk , y tcicr lh jhphjadhd
 
lc`hl phrh jkitrhthr y kbla`hrsc ci lks tároaiks y jkidajakics rcspcjtk dcl jlhusulhdk dcl prcscitc
aistruocitk.
 
E.- Xuc dcschi hdquarar cl aioucblc dcsjratk ci lh dcjlhrhjaúi sc`uidh jkrrcspkidacitc h lhs dc lh phr tc
vcidcdkrh y sugctèidksc phrh cllk ci lks tároaiks y jkidajakics quc oès hdclhitc sc cspcjaeajhi.
 
HOBHZ ^HRTCZ DCJLHRHI7
 
@.- Xuc jkikjacidk cl jkitciadk dc lhs dcjlhrhjakics vcrtadhs jki hitcrakradhd, lhs juhlcs rhtaeajhi pkr
jkitcicr lh vcrdhd, y sai cxastar crrkr, dklk, vaklcijah, ohlh ec k vajak hl`uik ci cl jkiscitaoacitk quc
pudacrc aivhladhr hl oasok, cs quc jkivacici ci sugcthrsc h lhs sa`uacitcs7
 
JLHSZSLHZ
 
^RAOCRH.- ^kr ocdak dc cstc aistruocitk, lh phrtc UCIDCDKRH, vcidc h lh phrtc JKO^RHDKRH,
quaci hdquacrc labrc dc tkdk `rhvhoci, “CL AIOSCBLC‟ ubajhdk ci7 [[[[[[[[[[. Q quc qucdk  dcthllhdk
         ̈

ci lh dcjlhrhjaúi Zc`uidh dcl UCIDCDKR. Lh prcscitc kpcrhjaúi sc rchlazh Hd Jkrpus, pkr lk quc
juhlquacr daecrcijah ci lks octrks juhdrhdks, ik scrè  kbgctk dc hgustc ci cl prcjak dc vcith.
         ̈

 
[email protected] Hobhs phrtcs jkivacici quc cl prcjak dc lh prcscitc kpcrhjaúi scrè  dc $ [[[[[[[, oasoh
         ̈

jhitadhd quc qucdhrh  laquadhdh dc lh sa`uacitc ohicrh7

         ̈

H.- Lh jhitadhd dc $ quc rcjabc ci cecj-

tavk y quc scrvarè jkok `hrhitïh phrh lh kpcrhjaúi dc jkoprhvcith, ktkr`hidk cl rcjabk pkr scphrhdk.
 
B.- Cl rcstk, cstk cs lh suoh dc $ h lh earoh dc lh Csjraturh Dceaiatavh hitc Ikthrak ^÷blajk.
 
TCRJCRH.- Hobhs phrtcs jkivacici quc, ci jhsk dc eucrzh ohykr rcspcjtk hl aijrcocitk dcl[[[[[[ cl
prcjak phjthdk pkr lh vcith sc rchlazhrh ui rchgustc, sa cl jkoprhdkr ik sc cijucitrh dc hjucrdk h cstc
rchgustc, sc tcidrè jkok rcsjaidadk cl prcscitc jki trhtk, kbla`èidksc cl vcidcdkr h rchlazhr lh dcvklujaúi
dc lh jhitadhd citrc`hdh jkok hitajapk, qucdhidk labcrhdh lhs phrtcs ci ph`hr hl`uih pcih jkivcijakihl
quc dc cllk sc dcravc.
 
JSHRTH.- Lhs phrtcs cstèi dc hjucrdk quc lh JKO^RHDKRH scrè quaci dcsa`ihrè hl Ikthrak ^÷blajk
phrh quc llcvc h jhbk lh csjraturhjaúi dcl aioucblc ci jucstaúi, kbla`èidksc lhs phrtcs h prcscithrsc hitc cl
ecdhthrak cl dïh quc ástc dcsa`ic phrh lh earoh dc lh csjraturh jkrrcspkidacitc dc jkoprhvcith.
 
XSAITH.- Lh phrtc UCIDCDKRH, sc jkoprkoctc h citrc`hr “CL AIOSCBLC‟, ohtcrah dc lh prcscitc
kpcrhjaúi, h lh earoh dc lh csjraturh dceaiatavh, citcidaáidksc quc dajmh citrc`h sc mhrè sai `rhvhoci
hl`uik, sacoprc y juhidk mhyh rcjabadk cl prcjak tkthl dc kpcrhjaúi.
 
ZC]TH.- Lhs phrtcs jkivacici quc tkdks lks `hstks dc csjraturhjaúi, citrc lks quc sc aijluyci ci ekroh
ciuijahtavh y ik laoathtavh, mkikrhraks y `hstks ikthrahlcs (hvhl÷ks, jcrtaeajhdks dc ik `rhvhoci, jcrtaeajhdk
dc ik hdcudk, ctj.), hsï jkok ph`k dc aopucstks trhslhtavks dc dkoaiak, scrèi pkr cxjlusavh jucith y h

jhr`k dc lh phrtc JKO^RHDKRH, lks quc sc kbla`h h jubrar ci lh ecjmh quc lks rcquacrh cl Ikthrak ^÷blajk
quc prktkjklazhrè lh csjraturh dceaiatavh.
 
ZÁ^TAOH.- ^kr lk quc rcspcjth hl ph`k dc lks Aopucstk Zkbrc lh Rcith, scrèi pkr cxjlusavh jucith y h
jhr`k dc lh phrtc UCIDCDKRH, lks quc sc kbla`h h jubrar ci su jhsk y hl Ikthrak ^÷blajk quc
prktkjklazhrè lh Csjraturh Dceaiatavh.
 
KJTHUH.- Lhs phrtcs hjucrdhi quc cl prkjcsk dc csjraturhjaúi scrè dcitrk dc lks praocrks dïhs ihturhlcs,
dcspuás dc lh earoh dcl prcscitc jkitrhtk, ci jhsk dc cxastar hl`÷i rctrhsk ci cl prkjcsk dc csjraturhjaúi pkr
hjucrdk dc lhs phrtcs y pkr csjratk, sc pkdrè cxtcidcr cl plhzk hitcs ocijakihdk.
 
IKUCIH.- Lhs phrtcs scøhlhi jkok dkoajalak phrh cl juoplaoacitk dc sus kbla`hjakics, lhs quc
prcvahocitc qucdhrki scøhlhdhs ci cl jhpïtulk dc dcjlhrh jakics dc cstc jkitrhtk.
 
DÁJAOH.- Ci jhsk dc aijuoplaoacitk h lhs jlèusulhs dc cstc aistruocitk, lhs phrtcs cstèi dc hjucrdk ci
csthblcjcr jkok pcih jkivcijakihl lh jhitadhd dc $ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[, suoh quc citrc`hrè cl
aierhjtkr h su jkitrhphrtc, cllk aidcpcidacitcocitc dc lh hjjaúi quc sc pudacrh cgcrjathr, yh sch cl
juoplaoacitk k lh rcsjasaúi dcl jkitrhtk ci jucstaúi.
 
Za cl aijuoplaoacitk eucrh aoputhblc h “CL UCIDCDKR‟, hdcoès dc ph`hr lh pcih jkivcijakihl,
dcvklvcrè lh suoh quc lc mh citrc`hdk “CL JKO^RHDKR‟ jkok praocr ph`k.
 
Za cl aijuoplaoacitk eucrh aoputhblc h “CL JKO^RHDKR‟, hutkrazh dcsdc cstc okocitk h quc “CL
UCIDCDKR‟ lc dcsjucitc dcl praocr ph`k cl okitk dc lh pcih jkivcijakihl y h dcvklvcrlc ÷iajhocitc cl
rcohicitc sa lks mubacrc.
 
Lh pcih csthblcjadh, k cl rcohicitc ci su jhsk, dcbcrè scr ph`hdh pkr lh phrtc quc aijuoplh h lh ktrh, dcitrk
dc lks jaijk dïhs ihturhlcs sa`uacitcs h lh ecjmh phjthdh phrh lh Csjraturh dc Jkoprhvcith. Cl ph`k dc lh
pcih k dcl rcohicitc ci su jhsk, dcbcrè ph`hrsc ci cl dkoajalak quc lh jkitrhphrtc mhyh scøhlhdk ci cl
prcscitc Jkitrhtk.
  
Za lh jhitadhd csthblcjadh jkok pcih, k cl rcohitc dc lh `hrhitïh ci su jhsk, ik sc ph`h hl tároaik dc lks
jaijk dïhs scøhlhdks hitcrakrocitc, copczhrè h jhushr aitcrcscs h uih thsh ocisuhl dcl [[[[[[[% (jaijk
pkr jacitk) y pkr tkdk cl tacopk quc durc lh okrh, tciaáidksc pkr shtasecjmk cl hdcudk ÷iajh ocitc
ocdahitc cl ph`k saoultèick dcl praijaphl c aitcrcscs.
 
DÁJAOH ^RAOCRH.- Lh phrtc UCIDCDKRH sc kbla`h h citrc`hr tkdh lh dkjuocithjaúi icjcshrah phrh
lh clhbkrhjaúi dc lh csjraturh dceaiatavh jkrrcspkidacitc hl Ikthrak ^÷blajk, dcitrk dc lks [[[[[ dïhs ci quc
sc mhyh dcsa`ihdk, quc ci ekroh ciuijahtavh y ik laoathtavh ski7 Csjraturh ^÷blajh, Trhslhdk dc Dkoaiak,
Bklcths dc Aopucstk ^rcdahl, H`uh, Cicr`ïh Clájtrajh ctj., hsï jkok thobaái sc jkoprkoctc h citrc`hr tkdh
lh dkjuocithjaúi quc lc rcquacrh cl Ikthrak ^÷blajk phrh llcvhr h jhbk lh csjraturhjaúi dcl aioucblc ci
jucstaúi
 

DÁJAOH [email protected] ^hrh tkdk lk rclhtavk h lh aitcrprcthjaúi y juoplaoacitk dcl prcscitc aistruocitk,
lhs phrtcs sc skoctci h lhs Lcycs y Trabuihlcs dcl Csthdk dc Oáxajk, rciuijahidk hl eucrk quc lc pudacrc
jkrrcspkidcr, pkr rhzúi dc su dkoajalak, thitk prcscitc jkok euturk.
Earohdk pkr lhs phrtcs ci scøhl dc jkiekroadhd ci trcs thitks ci cl Ouiajapak dc Ihujhlphi, Csthdk dc
Oáxajk, cl dïh [[[[[[dc [[[[[dcl 2>8 [[[[[.

 “LKZ UCIDCDKRCZ‟ “CL JKO^RHDKR‟

 

HRRCIDHOACITK

Ci cl hrrcidhoacitk lk quc oès lc prckjuph h lks jlacitcs cs quc lks aiqualaiks

ph`uci lh rcith, quc ik lc ohl trhtci lh jhsh, quc lc ph`uci lks scrvajaks y
thobaái lc dcbc prckjuphr quc pucdh rcithrlc h ui dclaijucitc6 pkr cllk cs
aidaspcishblc jkikjcr lh Lcy Ecdcrhl dc Cxtaijaúi dc Dkoaiak, lh juhl csthblcjc
quc juhidk ui aioucblc sc utalajc jkok vcmïjulk phrh lh jkoasaúi dc dclatks
pkdrè scr, praocrk, hsc`urhdk y, luc`k, lc pkdrè scr hplajhdh csth Lcy quc tacic
pkr kbgctavk quathrlc lh jhsh hl prkpacthrak juhidk ásth sc mhyh utalazhdk phrh
jkoctcr hjtks alïjatks, citrc cllks7 scjucstrk, dclatks jkitrh lh shlud, rkbk dc
vcmïjulks, rkbk dc hutkphrtcs y trhth dc pcrskihs. Jkok sacoprc da`k7 “jhrhs
vcoks, aiqualaiks ik shbcoks‟.
Kbvahocitc lks dclaijucitcs, pkr oujmk quc sc mh`h uih aivcsta`hjaúi, ik ski
quacics earohi lks jkitrhtks phrh rcithr uih jhsh, lkjhl k dcphrthocitk,
sc`urhocitc ushi prcsthikobrcs, hl`uaci quc ik tci`h hitcjcdcitcs pcihlcs.
^kr cllk cs icjcshrak mhjcr uih aivcsta`hjaúi y tcicr jlèusulhs ci cl jkitrhtk quc
tc jubrhi jkitrh lks cecjtks dc csth Lcy, pcrk ik sa`iaeajh quc ik pucdh scr
hplajhdh. Tus jlacitcs dcbci shbcr quc cstèi sugctks h csth Lcy y rcsphldhrsc, pkr
lk oc iks, jki ui jkitrhtk dc prcsthjaúi dc scrvajaks prkecsakihlcs jki uih
coprcsh jkok Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai`.
Jhbc dcsthjhr quc lhs prktcjjakics dc hrrcidhoacitk quc kercjcoks ci Lc`hl
@lkbhl Jkisultai` sc pucdci ekrthlcjcr jkitrh lh Lcy dc Cxtaijaúi dc Dkoaiak
quc aijluyc, pkr supucstk, lks mkikrhraks dc hbk`hdks y lh aitcrvcijaúi dc ástks
juhidk sc dá cl supucstk hquï jkocithdk.
Hdcoès dc lh dcikoaihdh Cxtaijaúi dc Dkoaiak, h lks prkpacthraks lcs prckjuph

quc ik lcs ph`uci lh rcith, cs pkr csk quc sacoprc dcbci mhjcr ui jkitrhtk, hquï
cs dc `rhi hyudh jkithr jki uih ^rktcjjaúi Gurïdajh dc Hrrcidhoacitk yh quc ui
hbk`hdk hsastc h lh earoh y cl prkpacthrak cs quaci jkbrh sacoprc lh rcith, pcrk
phrh cl cvcitk dc quc cl aiqualaik dcgc dc ph`hr, aitcrvacic cl dcsphjmk quc
jkitrhthstc phrh mhjcr cecjtavk cstc scrvajak.
Cs aopkrthitc quc hdcoès dc lh prktcjjaúi gurïdajh sc mh`h uih aivcsta`hjaúi ci
lh quc, sa jkitrhths h Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai`, sc aijluyhi, dcpcidacidk dcl tapk
dc prktcjjaúi, lhs aijadcijahs lc`hlcs ci tkdks lks trabuihlcs dcl phïs c aijlusk ci
dcpcidcijahs aitcrihjakihlcs jkok lh Hdoaiastrhjaúi phrh cl Jkitrkl dc Drk`hs
(DCH, pkr sus sa`lhs ci ai`lás) k cl Burú Ecdcrhl dc Aivcsta`hjakics (EBA) dc
Csthdks Siadks. Dc hjucrdk hl tapk dc prktcjjaúi sklajathdh, ci cl Rc`astrk
^÷blajk dc lh ^rkpacdhd y cl Jkocrjak sc rcvash quc cl aioucblc dcl eahdkr, sa cs
quc mubacrh, cstá labrc dc `rhvhoci, hdcoès dc rchlazhr uih aivcsta`hjaúi ci cl
Burú dc Jrádatk.
Csths thrchs braidhi ohykr sc`uradhd hl prkpacthrak quc tc jkitrhtú phrh rcithr
ui aioucblc yh quc dc csh ohicrh tcidrè lh prktcjjaúi y lh aitcrvcijaúi
`hrhitazhdh dc lks hbk`hdks dc Lc`hl @lk`hl Jkisultai`.
 

Ci `cicrhl, lks Jkitrhtks dc Hrrcidhoacitk ski ouy davcrsks, mc vastk oalcs

daecrcitcs. Lh rchladhd cs quc mhy hl`uiks jki oujmhs pè`aihs y ktrks jki ouy
pkjhs pè`aihs6 lk quc yk rcjkoacidk cs tcicr ui jkitrhtk aitcrocdak ci cl quc sc
prktcgh hl prkpacthrak y, pkr quá ik, thobaái hl aiqualaik.
H jkitaiuhjaúi tc dcgk ui Jkitrhtk dc Hrrcidhoacitk quc oc phrcjc bhsthitc
hdcjuhdk phrh pkdcr rcithr uih prkpacdhd. Jkitacic jlèusulhs quc prktc`ci hl
prkpacthrak, pkr cgcoplk, dc hl`÷i hjjadcitc quc suerh ui trhbhghdkr suyk k dc
lks aiqualaiks dcitrk dc lh jhsh6 thobaái lk blaidhi jkitrh lh Lcy dc Cxtaijaúi dc
Dkoaiak huiquc, rcatcrk, ski jlèusulhs quc htci÷hi lh hplajhjaúi dc csth Lcy
pcrk ik cxaoci hl prkpacthrak -dcsdc luc`k cs ocgkr jkithr jki csths jlèusulhs
quc jhrcjcr dc lhs oasohs-. Cspcrk quc cstc jkitrhtk tc pucdh scr ÷tal.
Jhbc hjlhrhr hl`uihs kbla`hjakics dcl hrrcidhdkr y dcl hrrcidhthrak.
Cl hrrcidhdkr cstè kbla`hdk h tcicr lh jhsh ci csthdk dc usk k ci csthdk dc scrvar,
hsï lk dajc lh lcy. Cs dcjar, sa lh jhsh tacic `ktcrhs, cl prkpacthrak dcbc hrrc`lhrlhs

y dhr ohitciaoacitk hl aioucblc, huiquc rc`ulhrocitc sc phjth quc cstc scrvajak

dc uih hskjahjaúi, pkr cgcoplk, lk ph`h cl aiqualaik, yh sch ci cl prcjak dc lh
rcith k ph`h lh rcith oès cl ohitciaoacitk.
Rcspcjtk hl hrrcidhthrak, lhs kbla`hjakics ski jkiscrvhr cl aioucblc ci lhs
jkidajakics ci quc sc lk citrc`hrki. Cs dcjar, sa mhy `ktcrhs ik lc jkrrcspkidci
hl aiqualaik rcphrhr cstc dhøk, h ociks quc ál mubacrh `klpchdk cl tcjmk6 pcrk
thobaái cs su kbla`hjaúi aiekrohr hl prkpacthrak, pkr csjratk, jhdh vcz quc mhyh
uih icjcsadhd dc ohitciaoacitk dcl aioucblc, jkok cl jhsk dc lhs `ktcrhs.
Ci rchladhd cl tcoh sc lhs rciths sc jubrc pcrecjthocitc jki cl jkitrhtk, pcrk cl
rubrk dc lks dhøks cs jkoplajhdk pkrquc ik sc pucdc dctcroaihr eèjalocitc
quaái dcbc mhjcrsc rcspkishblc dc lh rcphrhjaúi. ^kr jathr ui cgcoplk, sa uih
jkjaih aitc`rhl euc ohltrhthdh pkr cl aiqualaik y yh ik hbrci ia jacrrhi lhs
pucrths, ál dcbc mhjcrsc jhr`k dc lh rcphrhjaúi, pcrk sa cl ehllk euc prkvkjhdk pkr
cl usk ikrohl dc lh oasoh jkjaih ci cl trhisjursk dc tacopk, lc jkrrcspkidc hl
prkpacthrak6 dc thl sucrtc quc cl tcoh dc lks dhøks sc vuclvc jkoplcgk. Dcbcs
rcjkocidhr h tus jlacitcs quc sa vhi h rcithr su jhsh lh rcitci jki ciscrcs k
oucblcs eagks dc lh jhsh quc schi durhdcrks phrh cvathr jkielajtks.
Qh dagaoks quc lh rcith y cl ph`k dc lks scrvajaks, jki ui jkitrhtk jkok cl quc tc
jkophrtk h jkitaiuhjaúi, pucdci scr jkbrhdks sai prkblcoh.
Rcspcjtk h lhs rciths sc cstalh csthblcjcr, hdcoès dc lh pcih jkivcijakihl, ui
ph`k dc aitcrcscs dcl dacz pkr jacitk ocisuhl phrh cl jhsk dc quc cl aiqualaik
dcgc dc ph`hr lh rcith k thobaái hplajh ui pkrjcithgc dahrak, cstk dcpcidc dc
jhdh uih dc lhs phrtcs y dc lh ic`kjahjaúi quc llcvci h jhbk, vhlc oujmk lh pcih
dcghrlk pkr csjratk.
Oa su`crcijah cs quc sacoprc sc dctcroaic uih pcihlazhjaúi y ui pkrjcithgc dc
aitcrcscs phrh prcsakihr hl aiqualaik juhidk ik jubrh lhs rciths kpkrtuihocitc.
Tc rcjkoacidk quc sacoprc aivcsta`ucs hl aiqualaik y jkitrhtcs uih prktcjjaúi
urïdajh dc hrrcidhoacitk dc Lc`hl @lkbhl Jkisultai`.

RCJKOCIDHJAÚI
 
EAIHL

Dc jkrhzúi cspcrk quc cstc labrk ik sch ui labrk oès, dcl quc súlk klvadhs cl
jkitciadk. Za llc`hstc mhsth hquï cs pkrquc cl jkitciadk tc rcsultú htrhjtavk, hmkrh
tc aivatk h quc shl`hs y cgcrzhs tu prkecsaúi hplajhidk lks taps  quc hquï jki
oujmk `ustk tc mc jkophrtadk.
 
Xuacrk dcspcdaroc eclajatèidktc pkr qucrcr jhphjathrtc lcycidk cstc labrk y,
skbrc tkdk, pkrquc tc cijucitrhs ci cl scjtkr aiokbalahrak, yh quc cs cl scjtkr
oès pughitc dc lh cjkikoïh ihjakihl. Cl scjtkr aiokbalahrak cs lh sc`uidh eucrzh
cjkiúoajh quc oès hpkrth cl ^rkdujtk Aitcrik Brutk (^AB), thi súlk dcspuás dcl
pctrúlck.
 
Lhs prcvasakics ski quc cl scjtkr sa`h jrcjacidk dc ohicrh jkitaiuh c
aiaitcrruopadh pkr lk ociks mhsth cl høk 2>3>. Lh rchladhd, mky, ci cstc 2>80, cs
quc h÷i cxastc ui dáeajat dc vavacidh pkr cgcoplk ci oujmhs jaudhdcs, cs pkr
cllk quc lks prkecsakihlcs aiokbalahraks ci jaudhdcs jkok lh Jaudhd dc Oáxajk,
vcidci k rcithi ui dcphrthocitk ci tacopks rájkrd (thi sklk ci dïhs), jhsa sc lk
pclchi, hjlhrk6 ci hl`uiks zkihs dc lh jaudhd, ci ktrhs ik cs thi rèpadk, pcrk ci
`cicrhl lks dcshrrkllhdkrcs sa`uci jrcjacidk y sc`uarèi jkistruycidk ci tkdk cl
phïs.
 
Ik sc dctuvacrki ia jki cl dcikoaihdk cecjtk Truop, ia jki cl hlzh dcl dúlhr
quc sc dak h aiajak dc 2>80, ia jki cl `hsklaihzk y ik lk majacrki pkrquc aisastk,
cl scjtkr dh phrh oujmk y jhsa juhlquacr prkycjtk baci plhichdk y jkok dagc
dcsdc cl aiajak juhlquacr prkycjtk “U‟ vcidablc, sai dudh scrè cxatksk ¡hsï quc

trhbhgh pkr prkycjtks cxatksks, tc dcsck cl ohykr dc lks áxatks!

 
Juhlquacr dudh k jkocithrak ik dudcs ci csjrabaroc h oas jkrrcks clcjtrúiajks
quc oès hbhgk pki`k h tu daspksajaúi y sï`ucoc pkr ehvkr ci oas rcdcs skjahlcs
dkidc tkdks lks dïhs publajk tapks y iktajahs dcl ouidk aiokbalahrak.
 
Mhblhidk dcl ouidk aiokbalahrak, ik tc pacrdhs oa prk`rhoh dc rhdak llhohdk
“Ouidk aiokbalahrak‟, quc sc trhisoatc tkdks lks Gucvcs h lhs 8> p.o. y lks
sèbhdks h lhs 2 p.o. pkr Aoh`ci Rhdak ci tkdk cl phïs k csjujmh lks pkdjhst  ci7
 
www.ouidkaiokbalahrak.tv
 

Thobaái tc aivatk h quc vasatcs lh pè`aih wcb dc  Lc`hl  @lkbhl Jkisultai` y h

quc jkikzjhs sus scrvajaks, sai  dudh pkdrcoks scr tu cquapk dc pkdcr phrh cl
jacrrc dc tus kpcrhjakics aiokbalahrahs, tcicoks 8> keajaihs ci tkdk cl phïs.
 

www.l`j.jko.ox
 
Jkrpkrhtavk
Jcrrk dc lhs Jhophihs #: ait. 5>5
Jkl. Zhi Hidrás Htcijk
Tlhlicphitlh dc Bhz, Cdk. Oáx.
Tcl7 >8 (33) 3:.5:.58.4>
>8 (33) 3:.1:.52.51
>8 (33) 3:.5>.5=.=2
>8 (33) 3:.5>.5=.=:
 
Keajaih PTJ Oáxajk
Pkrld Trhdc Jcitcr
Jd. dc Oáxajk
Okitcjatk :5 pask 2= Keajaih 82
Tcl7 >8 (33) 42.>1.4:.>4
 
Keajaih Jd. dc Oáxajk AA Uahdujtk Tlhlphi 204 Jkl. Zhi Lkrcizk Muapuljk
Dcl. Tlhlphi J^.84:0> Tcl7 >8 (33) 23.4=.>:.:8
 
Keajaih Wkih Csocrhldh
Uah Gkr`c Gaocicz Jhitu # 8, Jkl. Mhjacidh Dc Uhllc Csjkidadk, Htazhpèi Dc

Whrh`kzh, Csthdk dc Oáxajk Tcl7 >8 (33) 3:.>=.0:.0=

 
Keajaih Xucráthrk
Blvd. Bcrihrdk Xuaithih #20 B - 8=
^htmc, Zhitah`k dc Xucráthrk, Xucráthrk
Tcl.7 >8 (442) 5==.4>.83
>8 (442) 5==.21.=2
>8 (442) 850.>>.11
 
Keajaih @uhdhlhghrh
HU. AIDC^CIDCIJAH 248 JKL. RCZADCIJAHL
DCL ^HRXSC WH^K^HI GHLAZJK J.^. 43>:>
Tcl7 >8 (::) :8.28.:>.4:
Icxtcl7 85.58.84.5:
 
Keajaih Tuxtlh @utaárrcz
Jhllc Kjksai`k 823 Hjhlh y Zaokgkvcl, Tuxtlh @tcz.
Jmahphs
Tcl7 >8 (158) 582.>=.84
 
Keajaih Okitcrrcy
ZCRTKOH 2>: AIT. 8>5 JKL. DKJTKRCZ J.^.
5408>
Tcl7 >8 (=8) =84: 8254
>8 (=8) =84: 8203
>8 (=8) 4>>> >8:5
 
Keajaih ^ucblh
Lhtcrhl Zur dc lh Uah Htlaxjhyktl #:8>5 Lkjhl =, Jkl. Rcscrvh Tcrratkrahl
Htlaxjèyktl, Zhi Hidrcs Jmklulh, ^ucblh
 
Tcl7 >8 (222) 223.>5.12
 
Keajaih Octcpcj
Bciatk Guèrcz # 8>>8-4>0, Jkl. Zhi Erhijasjk Jkhuxusjk, Octcpcj, Csthdk dc
Oáxajk
Tcl7 >8 (022) 3>0.22.>5
 
Keajaih ^hjmujh

Hv Rcvklujaki 8>>5v - ^crakdastrhs, ^hjmujh dc Zktk,

Madhl`k
Tcl7 >8 (008) 2=3.:>.00
 
Tc aivatk h jhdh ocs oc lchs ci lh rcvasth ouidk aioa balahrak quc sc publajh
dcitrk dc lh rcvasth ouidk cgc jutavk, ik tc pacrdhs hmï tkdhs lhs iktajahs dcl
 scjtkr aiokbalahrak.
 
Iucvhocitc oujmhs `rhjahs pkr lccroc.
¡Áxatks!!
 
Luas Ecrihidk Rhoïrcz Rkghs
c-ohal7 darcjjaúiNl`j.jko.ox
Ehjcbkkf (ehi ph`c)7 Luas Rhoïrcz Ouidk Aiokbalahrak
Twattcr Nouidkaiokox

Jkkrdaihjaúi `cicrhl
 
^ublada`athl cdajakics
 

^raocrh cdajaúi, 2>80

 
D. R. ©2>80, Luas Rhoïrcz
 
D. R. © 2>85, ^ublada`athl, Cdajakics
 
Jhllc Tkrrc Lhtclacr Ecrihidk Cspaiksh @utaárrcz # 33, jkl. Lkohs dc Zhith Ec, dcl.
Èlvhrk Kbrc`úi, J. ^. >8:4>, Jaudhd dc Oáxajk
 
Rc`astrk Aidhutkr7 ci trhoatc
 
Zc prkmïbc lh rcprkdujjaúi tkthl k phrjahl dc csth kbrh, sch juhl eucrc cl ocdak, sai lh hiucijah pkr
csjratk dcl tatulhr dc lks dcrcjmks.
 
Cl jkitciadk dc csth kbrh cs ÷iajh y cxjlusavhocitc rcspkishbaladhd dcl hutkr.
 
Aoprcsk ci Oáxajk   ^raitcd ai Ocxajk
 

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