Chapter – 7

1. A levelling staff is held vertical at distances of 100 m and 300 m from the axis of a tacheometer and the staff
intercept for horizontal sights are 0.99 m and 3.00 m, respectively. Find the constants of the instrument. The
instrument is set up at station A and the staff is held vertical at a point B. With the telescope inclined at an angle of
depression of 10° to the horizontal, the readings on the staff are 2.670, 1.835, 1.000 m. Calculate the R.L of B and
its horizontal distance from A. The H.I is 1.42 m and R.L is 450.5 m.
2. Determine the gradient from a point P to another point Q from the following observations made with a
lacheometer filled with an anallactic lens. The constant of the instrument was 100 and the staff was held vertical.

Instrument Station Staff Station Bearing Vertical Angle Staff Readings (m)
R P 130° + 10°32’ 1.255, 1.810, 2.365
Q 220° + 5°06’ 1.300, 2.120, 2.940
3. To determine the elevation of station P in a tacheometer survey, the following observations were made with the
staff held vertical. The instrument was fitted with an anallactic lens and its multiplying constant was 100.

Instrument Station H.I (m) Staff Station Vertical Angle Staff Readings (m)
O 1.45 B.M. -6°00’ 1.335, 1.895, 2.460
O 1.45 C.P. +8°30’ 0.780, 1.265, 1.745
P 1.40 C.P. -6°30’ 1.155, 1.615, 2.075
If R.L. of B.M. is 250 m, calculate R.L. of P.
4. Following observations were recorded with a tacheometer fitted with an anallactic lens (K = 100; C = 0). Calculate
the reduced level of change point at station T. The staff was held vertical during the observations and the reduced
level of B.M. was 500.0 m.

Instrument Station H.I (m) Staff Station Vertical Angle Staff Readings (m)
O 1.500 B.M. -4°30’ 1.250, 1.400, 1.550
O 1.500 C.P. +6°12’ 1.550, 1.750, 1.950
T 1.350 C.P. -7°45’ 1.390, 1.550, 1.710
5. A tacheometer is placed at a station A and readings on a staff held vertical upon a B.M. of R.L. = 100.00 m and at a
station B are 0.640, 2.200, 3.760 and 0.010, 2.120, 4.230 m, respectively. The angle of depression of the telescope
in the first case is 6°19’ and in the second case is 07°42’. Find the horizontal distance from A to B and the R.L. of
station B, if the instrument has constants 100 and 0.5.
6. Determine the gradient from a point P to another point Q and the distance PQ. Observations were made with a
tacheometer and the staff was held vertical at each of the stations. The instrument was fitted with an anallactic
lens.

Instrument Station Staff Station Bearing Vertical Angle Staff Readings (m)
P 134° + 10°32’ 1.365, 1.920, 2.475
O Q 224° + 5°6’ 1.065, 1.885, 2.705
7. Two sets of tacheometric readings were taken from an instrument station A (R.L. = 100.00 m) to a staff station B as
shown below.

Instruments P Q
Multiplying constant 100 95
Additive constant 0.30 0.45
Height of instrument 1.40 m 1.45 m
Staff held Vertical Normal

Instrument Instrument Station Staff Station Vertical Angle Stadia Readings

P A B 5°44’ 1.090, 1.440, 1.795
Q A B 5°44’ ?
Determine (i) The distance between instrument station and staff station.
(ii) The R.L of staff station B.
(iii)Stadia readings with instrument Q.
 8. The ruins of an old fort exist on a hill. It was required to determine the distance of the fort from the road and the
height of its roof above the plinth with a tacheometer. Observations were made on a 4 m staff held vertical on the
entrance gate of the fort and on the roof from the road. Constants of the instrument were 100 and 0.

Instrument Station Height of Instrument Staff Station Vertical Angle Stadia Readings (m)
Road 1.45 m Plinth +10°30’ 2.150, 2.720, 3.290
Roof +16°24’ 1.850, 2.400, 3.040
Chapter – 11
1. A circular curve has a 200 m radius and 65° deflection angle. What is its degree (a) by arc definition and (b) by
chord definition. Also calculate: (i) length of curve, (ii) tangent length, (iii) length of long chord, (iv) apex distance,
and (v) mid-ordinate.
2. Two straight lines T1l and T2l intersect at chainage (375+12), the angle of deflection being 110°. Calculate the
chainage of the tangent points of a right-handed circular curve of 400 m radius.
3. Two straights AB and BC intersect at a chainage of 4242.0 m. The angle of intersection is 140 °. It is required to set
out a 5° simple circular curve to connect the straights. Calculate all the data necessary to set out the curve by the
method of offsets from the chord produced with an interval of 30 m.
4. Two straights AI and BI meet at a chainage of 3450 m. A right-handed simple circular curve of 250 m radius joins
them. The deflection angle between the two straights is 50°. Tabulate the necessary data to layout the curve by
Rankine’s method of deflection angles. Take the chord interval as 20 m.
5. A circular curve of 800 m radius has been set out connecting two straights with a deflection angle of 42 °. It is
decided, for construction reasons, that the midpoint of the curve must be moved 4 m towards the centre,i.e., away
from the intersection point. The alignment of the straights is to remain unaltered. Calculate the (a) radius of the
new curve (b) distances from the intersection point to the new tangent points (c) deflection angles required for
setting out 30-m chords of the new curve (d) length of the final sub-chord.
6. Two straights AI and BI intersect at an inaccessible point I. Two points P and Q are selected on lines AI and BI,
respectively. Length of PQ = 180 m, angle APQ = 110° and angle PQB = 130°, as shown in Fig. The two straights are
to be joined by a curve of 500 m radius. Chainage of point P is 2500.0 m. Calculate the necessary data for setting
the curve.

7. Two tangents PQ and RQ to a railway curve meet at an angle of 140 °. A circular curve of radius 300 m is to be
introduced in between them. Calculate the (i) degree of curve, (ii) length of curve, (iii) tangent length, (iv) length of
long chord, (v) apex distance, (vi) mid ordinate.

Chapter – 12
1. Determine the area in hectares between the line AB and a meandering stream for offsets taken at a regular interval
of 20 m along the line AB (fig). Use both the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule.

Point A B
Distance (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Offset length (m) 23 40 42 30 32 60 10 14 22
 2. The following perpendicular offsets were taken from a chain line to a irregular boundary:

Chainage (m) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Offset lengths (m) 0 2.65 3.80 3.75 4.65 3.60 5.00 5.80
Calculate the area between the chain line and the irregualr boundary by (i) average ordinate rule, (ii) mid-ordinate
rule, (iii) trapezoidal rule, and (iv) Simpson’s rule.
3. The following table gives the corrected latitudes and departures (in meter) of the sides of a closed travese PQRS.

Side Latitude Departure

N S F W
PQ 128 9
QR 15 258
RS 143 9
SP 0 276
Compute its area by (i) D.M.D. method, and (ii) M.D. method.
4. In Fig. the coordinates are given is metres with the first number in parentheses being the north coordinate and the
second, the east coordinate. Compute the area of the figure using (i) coordinate method, and (ii) trapezoidal rule.

5. In order to obtain the area of a plot, a series of perpendicular offsets 2.2 m, 3 m, 1.65 m, 2.46 m, 2.00 m, 2.25 m
and 1.68 m were laid from a survey line to an irregular boundary at regular intervals of 5 m. Find the desired area
using: (a) Trapezoidal rule, (b) Simpson’s rule.
6. The following offsets were taken from a chain line to a hedge at regular intervals of 5.0 m:
Offsets (m): 2.72, 3.46, 5.23, 6.80, 4.86, 3.35, 3.00, 2.50, 1.60.
Determine the area included between the chian line and the hedge by: (a) Mid-ordinate rule, (b) Average ordinate
rule, and (c) Trapezoidal rule.
7. A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from survey line to a curved boundary. Determine the area using
Simpson’s rule.

Distance (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Offset (m) 2.2 2.6 0.85 1.24 2.05 1.66 1.00 0.84
8. The data of a closed traverse survey is shown below. Determine the area.

Line Latitude (m) Departure (m)

AB - 300 + 450
BC + 640 + 110
CD + 100 - 380
DA - 440 - 180
9. Following are the corrected latitudes (m) and departures (m) for a closed traverse. Obtain its area.

Side Latitude Departure

N S E W
AB 108 4
BC 15 249
CD 123 4
DA 0 257
10. Following are the corrected latitudes and departures of the lines of a closed traverse. Calculate the area of the
traverse by the D.M.D. method.

Line Latitude (m) Departure (m)

 AB - 116.1 - 44.4
BC + 6.8 + 58.2
CD + 80.5 + 17.2
DA + 28.8 - 31.0

Chapter – 13
1. Find the volume of an underground tank which is excavated from level ground to a depth of 4.0 m. The top, which
is rectangular in shape; has an area of 24 m x 8 m while the bottom is 10 m x 1 m.

2. Calculate the volume of earthwork in an embankment for which the cross-sectional areas of 20 m interval are as
follows:

Distance (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Cross-sectional area 42 64 72 16 18 26 11
(m2)
3. A railway embankment is 12 m wide. The ground is level in a direction transverse to the centre line. Calculate the
volume contained in a 100 m length by trapezoidal rule and prismoidal rule, if the side slope is 1.5:1. The centre
heights at 20 m interval are 3.7 m, 2.6 m, 4.0 m, 3.4 m, 2.8 m, 3.0 m, 2.2 m.
4. A road embankment is 8 m wide and 200 m in length, at the formation level, with a side slope of 1.5:1. The
embankment has a rising gradient of 1 in 100 m. The ground levels at every 50 m along the centre line arc as
follows:

Distance (m) 0 50 100 150 200

R.L. (m) 164.5 165.2 166.8 167 167.2
The formation level of zero chainage is 166 m. Calculate the volume of earthwork.
5. A road at the formation level is 6 m wide and has a side slope of 2:1. The road is to have a constant R.L. of 200 m.
The ground is level across the centre line of the road. The following observations were made:

Chainage (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Surface levels along c/l of 204.6 203.0 200.8 201.6 202.0 200.2
road
Estimate the volume of earthwork.
6. For a 10 m wide formation level and 100 m long railway cutting, the side slope is 1:1. The surface of the ground has
a uniform side slope of 7:1. Find the voulme of earthwork from the following notes:

Chainage (m) 0 50 100

Depth of cutting, h(m) 2.0 3.0 4.0
7. A 30 m length of earthwork volume for a proposed road has a constant cross section of cut and fill, in which the cut
area equals the fill area. The level formation is 10 m wide. The transverse ground slope is 20° and the side slope in
cut is 0.5 horizontal to 1 vertical. Calculate the volume of excavation in 30 m length.
8. An embankment is made on a ground having a transverse slope of 1 in 10. The width of the bank at the formation
level is 10 m. The side slope of the embankment is 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. The heights of the bank at the centre
of the formation level are 3 m, 3.5 m and 4 m at three consecutive sections spaced 15 m apart. Find:
(i) The side widths,
(ii) The cross-sectional areas,
(iii) The volume of earthwork assuming c/l to be straight,
(iv) The volume of earthwork if the c/l is a circle of 150 m radius.
9. From the contour map of a reservoir, the following contour areas were planimetered:

Contours (m) 200 195 190 185 180

Area (m2) 3850 3450 2600 800 450
The top water level is 200 m and the lowest point in the reservoir is 180 m. Find the quantity of water intake.
10. A 100 m long earthwork volume for a proposed highway has a constant cross section of cut and fill in which the cut
area equals the fill area. The formation width is 8 m and the transverse ground slope is 18 °. Side slopes in cut and
fill are 1.5:1 and 1:1, respectively. Calcuate the volume of excavation.
11. For a proposed new road, the cross-sectional areas at different sections are as follows:

Chainage (m) 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120

 Area (m2) 18.4 29.6 38.4 37.6 25.5 15.0 9.7
Calculate the volume enclosed between chainage 1000 m and 1120 m by the prismoidal and end area formulae.

Chapter – 9
1. Some of the engineering uses of contours
2. Contour
3. Contour Interval
4. Horizontal Equivalent
5. Characteristics of Contour Lines