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JR. INTERMEDIATE
MATHEMATICS
BRIDGE COURSE MATERIAL
Department of Mathematics

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MATHS BRIDGE COURSE MATERIAL

INDEX
S.NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO. S
TRACK – 1
1 AP & GP 1-3
2 MATRICES 4-8
3 INEQUATIONS 9 – 10
4 FUNCTIONS 11 – 15
TRACK – 2
5 LOGARITHAMS 16 – 17
6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 18 – 22
7 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM 23 – 26
8 STRAIGHT LINES 27 – 29

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1. AP & GP Formulae:
 nth term (or) general term of an A.P. Whose
Definition (Sequence): A succession of numbers 1st term is ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is
t1, t 2 ,......... t n …… having some definite rule is t n = a + (n − 1) d
called a sequence or progression.
 Common difference d = t n − t n−1
If the number of elements in a sequence is finite,
the sequence is called finite sequence; while if the  Sum of first n terms of an A.P,
number of elements is unending, the sequence is n
sn = [2a + (n − 1)d]
infinite. 2
n
Definition (Series): An expression of the form = (a + l)
2
t1 + t 2 + ... + t n +........... which is the sum of the Where ‘l’ is the last term (or) nth term
elements of the sequence {tn} is called a series. If
the series contains a finite number of elements, it  Sum to first ‘n’ natural numbers is
is called a finite series, otherwise called an infinite n(n + 1)
 n = 1 + 2 + 3......... + n =
series 2
Note:  Sum of the squares of the first ‘n’ natural
numbers
1. For any progression we have Sn -Sn-1= tn  n 2 = 12 + 2 2 + 3 2......... + n 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2. If Sn = an2+bn then tn = 2an+(b-a) =
. 6
Definition (Arithmetic Progression): An  Sum of the cubes of 1st n natural numbers
arrangement of numbers such that every number n 2 (n + 1)2
excluding the first number is obtained by adding a  n3 = = ( n)2
constant number to the preceding number is 4
called an arithmetic progression (A.P).  Sum of first n even natural numbers
i.e., A progression t1, t2, t3 …….. tn is said to be an = n (n+1)
A.P. If t2 - t1 = t3 - t2 = …….. = tn – tn-1 2
 Sum of 1st n odd natural numbers = n
 The constant difference is called the common
difference and is denoted by ‘d’. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.): If a, x, b are in A.P. then
‘x’ is called the A.M. or single A.M between a and
 If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common a+b
difference of an A.P then the standard form of b and it is given by x =
2
an A.P is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ……
a+b
Note 1: A.M of a and b is
Ex: 2
Note 2: If a,b,c are in A.P then 2b = a+c i.e.,
1. 2, 5, 8, 11, …………….. where d = 3 2 (middle term) = sum of extremes.
2. 15, 13, 11, 9,……………….. where d = -2 Geometric Progression: A sequence in which
3. x + y, x –y, x-3y, ……….. where d = -2y every term excluding the first term bears a non-
zero constant ratio to its preceding term is called
1 3 a Geometric progression.
4. -1, , ,......... . ………… where d = 5/4
4 2  A progression t1, t2, t3……tn is said to be GP
t t t
1 1 1 if 2 = 3 = ........ = n
5. , , ,......... .......... .... where d = 1/6 t1 t 2 t n−1
6 3 2
 The constant ratio is called the common ratio
6. 2a-b, 4a - 3b, 6a - 5b,….where d=2a-2b denoted by r.
Any term t
r= = n
Pr eceeding term t n−1

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Ex: 6. If 6 times of 6th term of an A.P. is equal to 15
1. 5, 15, 45, 135,……… where r = 3 times the 15th term, then find its 21st term.
7. Find the sum of the series 9, 5, 1, …… to 100
2. -2, 6, -18, 54,………… where r = -3 terms.
1 1 1
3. 1, , , ............ where r = 1/2 8. Find the Sum of the series
2 4 8,
1 1
4. 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005,….. where r = 1/10 3 + 7 + 10 + 14 + ...... up to 17 terms.
2 2
 If ‘a’ is the 1st term and ‘r’ is the common ratio
9. Find the sum of n terms of the series 2 + 6 +
of a G.P. then its general form is
10 + …….
a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 ,............

 General term (or) nth term t n = a.r n−1 10. Find the sum of the series 2+7+12+………+
297.
 Sum of n terms
 a (r n − 1) 11. Find the sum of all two digit odd numbers.
 r −1 if r  1
 12. In an A.P. if Sn = 3n2 − n and its common
 a (1 − r n )
sn =  if r  1 difference is ‘6’ then find first term.
 1− r
 13. The sum of n terms of an A.P is 3n2 + 5n and

 na if r = 1 the mth term is 164 then find the value of ‘m’.

14. Find the value of x such that 8x + 4, 6x - 2, 2x

+ 7 will form an AP.
 If r  1 then sum of infinite terms is S =
15. If a,b,c are in AP then find the value of a
a - b + c.
,
1− r
16. If a, -3, b, 5, c are in A.P then find the value of
 Geometric Mean (GM): If three positive terms c.
a, x, b are in G.P, then x is called the
Geometric mean or single G.M between a and 17. Find the arithmetic mean between 4 & 10.
b and is given by x = ab (# Practice Q.No. S: 28, 29)
 G.M. between a and b is ab
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Note: If a,b,c are in G.P then b2=ac
18. Find the common difference of progression
i.e. Square of the middle term = product of
extremes. 16, 13, 10 .......... 25 terms
19. Find the 10th term of an A.P with first term as
EXERCISE – 1.1 4 and common difference being 2
20. Find the 7th term of the A.P. 8, 5, 2, -1, -4.
PROBLEMS ON AP 21. Find the 19th term of the progression 5,9,13
1. Find the 20th term of the progression 1,
…….
4, 7, 10…………
22. Find the 13th term of series 93, 90, 87 ……….
2. Find the 9th term of the A.P 2,5 2, 9 2......
23. Find the 20th term of the A.P. 1, 3, 5, 7, …..
(# Practice Q.No. S: 18 to 23)
3. Find the nth element of the sequence 1, 24. Find the nth term of the sequence 2, 4,
3, 5, 7, …… 6, 8 ..…
4. Find the nth term of the series 25. Find nth term of 4, 9, 14,……….
1.3+3.5+5.7………
(# Practice Q.No. S: 24 to 27 ) 26. Find the last term of A.P, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8,…… to
5. Seventh term of an A.P is 5 times its 1st term 13 terms.
and Common Difference is ‘2’ then find the 1st
term.

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27. Find the last term of the series 5, 7, 9, ……..to
21 terms.
EXERCISE – 1.3
1 1 1 n
28. Find the arithmetic mean between 46. If + + + ....... upto n terms = , for
33 & 77. 1.4 4.7 7.10 3n + 1
29. Find the Arithmetic mean between all nN. Find the nth term.
5 & 13.
EXERCISE – 1.2 47. If 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + .......... upto

PROBLEMS ON GP n n 2 + 6n + 11

n terms =
 
for all nN Find
3
the nth term.
30. Find t 7 of the series 6, 12, 24,…….
48. If 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ..... upto
31. Find the 4th term of the series 0.04, 0.2, 1, …
(# Practice Q.No. S: 37 to 42 ) n terms = n(n +1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 4 , for all nN.
Find the nth term.
32. Find the nth element of the sequence -1, 2, -
49. If a + ar + ar 2 + ....... upto n terms = a(r − 1) , r  1 ,
n
4, 8….
(# Practice Q.No. S: 43 to 45 ) (r − 1)
33. In a G.P. the 6th term is 729 and the common for all nN. Find the nth term.
ratio is 3 then find the 1st term.
50. If a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... upto n terms
34. The sum of first and 3rd terms of a G.P. is 15
= 2a + (n − 1)d , for all nN. Find the nth
n
and that of 5th and 7th terms is 240, determine
2
second terms of the series.
term.
2
35. Find the value of x so that − , x ,−
7
are three 51. If 2 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ...... + upto n terms = n. 2n , for all
7 2 nN. Find the nth term.
consecutive terms of a G.P

36. If a, b, c are in G.P, then find the value of b2.

( )( )(
52. If 12 + 12 + 22 + 12 + 22 + 32 + .... )
2
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
, for all nN.
PRACTICE EXERCISE upto n terms =
12
Find the nth term.
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
37. Find the common ratio of the series 3, -
6, 12, - 24, 48 ……… 53. If + + + ..... upto n terms
38. Find the common ratio of the G.P 2, -6, 18, - 1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5
54. n  2
= 2n + 9n + 13  , for all nN.
39. Find t8 of the series 6, 12, 24,… 24  
th
Find the n term.
40. Find the 8th term of the series 4,8,16….

41. Find the 7th term of the series 6, 12, 24,…

1
THE END
42. Find the eleventh term of the G.P ,1,2,22 ,
2
……
43. Find the nth term of the progression -3, 6, -
12, 24, - 48, ......
44. Find the last term of the series 1, -3,9,
-27 ---up to 7 terms.
45. Find the last term of the series 1,2, 4,…to 10
terms.

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2.MATRICES 3 
 
Ex: 2
 1
DEFINITION OF MATRIX: An ordered 31

rectangular array of real or complex numbers (or

real or complex valued functions) is called a 4. NULL MATRIX: If each element of a matrix is
Matrix. zero, then it is called a Null matrix or zero matrix.
It is denoted Om n or simply by O.
Matrices are generally enclosed by brackets. We
denote matrices by capital letters A, B, C.… 0 0 0 0 0
Ex: O =   , O= 
1 2 4  1 2 0 0 0 0 0
Eg: A =   , B= .
3 0 − 6 4 − 3 PRINCIPAL DIAGONAL: If A = ai j  is a square
Horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute matrix of order n, the elements a11, a22 , ...... an n are
the rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of said to constitute its principal diagonal or simply the
elements are said to constitute columns of the
matrix. diagonal. Hence ai j is an element of the diagonal
or non-diagonal according as i = j or i  j .
ORDER OF MATRIX: A matrix having ‘m’ rows
and ’n’ columns is said to be of ‘m x n’, ordered Ex:
matrix read as m cross n (or) m by n ordered matrix.
i.e.,The order of the matrix = Number of rows in the
matrix X Number of Columns in the matrix

1 2 3 Row -1
Ex: 1. A =  2 3 4

Row -2 From the above matrix A the principal

3 4 5 diagonal elements are 2, -1, 9.
 3 3 Row -3
5. DIAGONAL MATRIX: If each non-diagonal
element of a square matrix is equal to zero,
Columns -1 2 3 then the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.
2 0 0
3 9 0  2 0   
Ex 2. B=   2X 3
Ex: A =   , B = 0 − 1 0
1 8 − 2 0 0  0 0 1

TYPES OF MATRICES:  
Note: If A = a i j nn is a diagonal matrix, then
1. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number it is also denoted as diagonal
of rows is equal to the number of columns, is [a11, a22, …….ann]
called a square matrix. (m = n)
6. SCALAR MATRIX: If each non-diagonal
 2 3
Ex: 1) A =   element of a square matrix is zero and all the
− 1 5 2  2 diagonal elements are equal to each other,
1 2 3  then it is called a scalar matrix.
2) B = 2 3 4  − 1 0 0
  2 0  0 0
3 4 5 3  3 Ex: A =   ,B =  0 −1 0 , C =  
0 2   0 0
 0 0 − 1
2. ROW MATRIX: A matrix which has only one
row (m = 1) is called a row matrix. 7. UNIT MATRIX (IDENTITY MATRIX): If each
Ex: A = 3 2 1 1  3 non-diagonal element of a square matrix is
equal to zero and each diagonal element is
3. COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix which has only equal to 1, then that matrix is called a unit
one column (n=1) is called a column matrix. matrix or identity matrix denoted by In or
simply by I.

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1 0 0 3 2 − 1 15 10 − 5 
1 0 Eg: A =   then 5A = 
Ex: I1 =  1 , I 2 =  , I3 =  0 1 0  . .
 0 1  0 0 1 1 2 5  5 10 25 
 

TRACE OF A MATRIX:
EXERCISE- 2.1
1. Write [2 1 3] + [0 0 0] as a single matrix.
The sum of the elements in the principle diagonal
of a square matrix is called the Trace of the Matrix. 3 9 0  4 0 2
2. Write  + 4 
as a
The Trace of the Matrix A is denoted by Trace (A). 1 8 − 2 7 1
2 − 4 0 single matrix.

Ex: A = 0  (# Practice Q.No. s: 12, 13)
3 − 2
5 2 1  3. Construct a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements are
1
Trace (A) = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 defined by ai j = i − 3j
2
EQUALITY OF MATRICES: (# Practice Q.No. s: 14)
Two matrices of same order are said to be equal 1 3 − 5
if the corresponding elements of the two matrices 4. Find the trace of 2 − 1 5  .
are the same.  
2 0 1 
2 3 2 3
Ex: A =   B=  1
− 5 2 x 2
There fore
4 − 5 2 x 2 4  1 2 −
2
5. Find the trace of A, if A =  0 −1 2 .
A =B  
− 1
2 1
ADDITION OF MATRICES:  2 

Let A and B are two matrices of same order then the 0 1 2  − 1 2 3 

sum of the two matrices is the matrix of the same 6. If A = 2 3 4  and B =  0 1 0  find B
 
order in which elements is the sum of the 4 5 − 6  0 0 − 1
corresponding elements of A and B.
– A and 4A – 5B.
If A = [a i j ] m  n and B = [b i j ] m  n then
A + B = [c i j ]m x n where c i j = a i j + b i j  1 2 3 8
7. If A =   , B=  and 2X + A = B
3 4 7 2
3 2 − 1 1 − 2 7 then find X.
Eg: A =   , B=  then
4 − 3 1  3 2 − 1
2x −1 3  1 3 
3 + 1 2 − 2 − 1+ 7 4 0 6 8. If A =   B=  and A=B
A +B =  =   2 − 5  2 x − 6
4 + 3 − 3 + 2 1−1 7 − 1 0
Then find x
NOTE: (i) Matrix addition is commutative (# Practice Q.No. s: 15 to 19)
i.e. A + B = B + A
(ii) Matrix addition is Associative x − 1 2 y − 5 1− x 2 − y 
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) 9.  z 0
 
2 = 2 0

2  then find
 1 − 1 1+ a   1 − 1 1 
SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX: the values of x, y, z and a.

If K is a scalar and A is any matrix then the scalar  x − 3 2y − 8  5 2 

10. If  =  then find the
multiple KA is the matrix obtained by multiplying
z + 2 6  − 2 a − 4

each element of A by K.
values of x, y, z and a.

Note: If A = [ai j ] m n then KA = [K a i j ] m n

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− 1 3 2 1   x1 x2  3 2 − 1 − 3 − 1 0
11. If A =   , X = x 
 4 2
,B= 
3 − 5  3 x4  20. If A = 2 − 2 0 , B =  2
 
1

3 and X =
and A + B = X then find the values of 1 3 1   4 − 1 2
x1 , x 2 , x3 and x 4 A + B then find the matrix X.
(# Practice Q.No. s: 20, 21)
 x − 1 2 5 − y   1 2 3
PRACTICE EXERCISE 21. If  0 z −1 7  = 0 4 7 then find
 0 − 1  1 0 a − 5 1 0 0
12. Write  1 +  1  as a single matrix the values of x. y, z and a.
− 1  0  MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES:

Two matrices A and B are compatible for

− 1 2   0 1 multiplication if the number of columns of A is
13. Write  1 − 2 +  − 1 0 as a single equal to the number of rows of B.
 3 − 1 − 2 1
Let A= ai k   mp and  
B= b k j pn be two
matrix.
matrices, then the matrix C = ci j   mn where
14. Construct a 3 x 3 matrix whose elements are p
1
defined by ai j = i − 3j
2
ci j = a
k =1
i k bkj is called the product of

A and B denoted by AB.

2 3 − 1 1 0 1
15. If A =   and B =    1 3 2
7 8 5  2 − 4 − 1 2 3 1  
Eg: A =   B =  − 1 5 4
then find A + B 0 − 1 5 2  3  
 3 0 1 3  3
− 1 − 2 3  1 −2 5 Then
16. If A = 1 2 4 , B =  0 − 2 2 
  2  1 + 3  − 1 + 1 3 2  3 + 3  5 + 1 0 2  2 + 3  4 + 1 1
    AB =  
 2 − 1 3  1 2 − 3 0  1 + − 1 − 1 + 5  3 0  3 + − 1 5 + 5  0 0  2 + − 1 4 + 5  1
2 − 3 + 3 6 + 15 + 0 4 + 12 + 1
− 2 1 2 = 
 
and C =  1 1 2 then find A + B + C. 0 + 1+ 15 0 − 5 + 0 0 − 4 + 5
 2 0 1 2 21 17 
= 
16 − 5 1 
1 2 3 3 2 1
17. If A =   and B =   find 3B - NOTE:
3 2 1 1 2 3
2A 1. Multiplication of matrices is not commutative
0 1 2   1 − 2 0 i.e. A B  BA
    2. Multiplication of matrices is associative i.e.
18. If A = 2 3 4 and B =  0 1 − 1 then
    A (BC) = (AB ) C
4 5 6 − 1 0 3 3. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over
find A – B and 4B – 3A. addition i.e. A (B + C) = AB + AC
2 3 1 1 2 − 1 (A + B) C = AC + BC
19. If A =   and B =   then
6 − 1 5 0 − 1 3 4. If I is an identity matrix of order n and A is a
find the matrix X such that A + B –X = 0. square matrix of order n then IA = AI = A.
What is the order of the matrix X?

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EXERCISE- 2.2 PRACTICE EXERCISE
3 − 2 4 − 1 30. Verify whether the matrices are conformable
21. Find     products wherever for multiplication?
1 6  2 5
2 3  0 4
possible. A=  and B =  
1 1 2 − 1 2
2 1 4  
22. Find   2 products wherever 5
6 − 2 3 1 31. Find − 1 4 2 1 products wherever
   
possible. 3
possible.
3 4 9 
13 − 2 0 2 2 1 − 2 − 3 4 
23. Find 0 − 1 5    products 32. Find 1 0 2  2 2 − 3 products
2 6 12 
0 4 1
  
2 1 2   1 2 − 2 
wherever possible.
wherever possible.
 0 c − b a 2 ab ac   1
    2 1 4
24. Find − c 0 a  ab b 2 bc  products 33. Find − 2   products wherever
 b − a 0  ac bc c 2  6 − 2 3
   1 
wherever possible. possible.
(# Practice Q.No. s: 30 to 34)  1 − 1 1 1
 4 2 34. Find    products wherever
25. Find A 2 , where A =   − 1 1 1 1
− 1 1 possible.
 2 4 2
26. If A =   and A = 0 , then find the
 − 1 k   i 0 2
35. If A =   , find A .
value of k.  0 i 
(# Practice Q.No. s: 35, 36) i 0
36. If A =  2
 then show that A = -I
2 3 0 − i
 1 −2 3
27. If A =  and B = 4 5 , do AB
− 4 2 5   2 1 3 2 0
2 1 37. If A =   and B =   , find AB.
and BA exist? If they exist, find them. Do A  1 3 1 0 4 
and B commute with respect to Find BA, if it exists.
multiplication? 0 1 2   1 − 2
(# Practice Q.No. s: 37, 38)  
38. If A = 1 2 3  and B = − 1 0  then find
 i 0 0 − 1 0 i  2 3 4
28. If A =  , B =  and C =   and 2 − 1 
0 - i 1 0   i 0 AB and BA.
I is the unit matrix of order 2, then show that
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX:
(i) A 2 = B 2 = C 2 = − I
(ii) AB = − BA = − C If A = [a i j ] is an m x n matrix, then the matrix

1 2 2 obtained by interchanging the rows and columns

29. If A = 2 1 2 then show that
of A is called the transpose of A. It is denoted by

2 2 1 AI or A T . If A = [ai j ] mn then A I = [a j i ] n  m

where a j i = a j i .
A2–4A–5I=0.
2 1
2 3 1  
Ex: A =   then A = 3 2
I

1 2 5  1 5

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NOTE: If A and B are two matrices of suitable  cos α sin α 
order then 43. If A =   , show that
 − sin α cos α
( )
I
(i) A I = A (ii) (KA) I =K .AI A A' = A ' A = I .
(iii) (A + B) I = A I + B I (iv) (A B) I =B I A I (# Practice Q. No. s: 47 to 50)
− 1 2 3 
SYMMETRIC MATRIX: 44. If A =  2 5 6 is a symmetric matrix, then
 
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if  3 x 7
A =A .
I
find x.
1 2 0 (# Practice Q. No. 51)
 1 2    0 2 1
Ex: A =   , B = 2 − 3 − 1
2 3  0 − 1 4  45. If A = − 2 0 − 2 is a skew symmetric
 
NOTE: If A is a square matrix then A + A I and KA
−1 x 0 
matrix, then find x.
are also symmetric matrices (K  0) . (# Practice Q. No. 52)
46. For any square matrix A, show that A A ' is
SKEW – SYMMETRIC MATRIX:
symmetric.
A square matrix is said to be a skew– symmetric
matrix if A I = − A PRACTICE EXERCISE
 0 1 − 2  1 4 7 − 3 4 0 
0 − 1   47. If A =  and B =  verify
A=  , B = − 1 0 4 
2 5 8   4 − 2 − 1
 1 0   2 − 4 0 
that (i) (A + B ) ' = A ' + B ' .
NOTE: (ii) (A')' = A (iii) (5B)' = 5 (B)'

1. If A is a square matrix, then A − AI and  1 2

− 2 1 0   
KA are also Skew – Symmetric Matrices 48. If A =   and B =  4 3 then
(K  0)  3 4 − 5
− 1 5
EXERCISE – 2.3 find A + B ' .
− 2 1 2 0 1  − 1 1 0 
− 2 1 49. If A =   and B =   then find
39. If A =  5 0  and B = 
3
then − 1 1 5 0 1 − 2
   4 0 2
−1 4 (AB ) .
1 1

find 2A + B ' and 3 B ' − A .  7 − 2 − 2 − 1

 2 − 4 50. If A = − 1 2  and B =  4 
2  then find
40. If A =  then find A + A ' & A A ' .
− 5 3   5 3   − 1 0 
1 5 3 2 − 1 0 A B ' and B A '
41. If A = 2 4  and  
0 B = 0 − 2 5 then 0 1 4
3 − 1 − 5 1 2 0 51. Is − 1 0 7  symmetric or skew

find 3A – 4 B '
 
− 4 − 7 0 
 1 - 2 symmetric?
2 − 1 2   
42. If A =   and B = − 3 0  then 0 4 − 2
 1 3 − 4 
 5 4 
52. If A = − 4 0 
8  is a skew symmetric
verify that (AB ) ' = B ' A ' .  2 − 8 x 
matrix, find the value of x
THE END
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3.INEQUATIONS EXERCISE – 3.1

Find the values of x satisfying the following
Introduction: Inequalities are statements where inequations
two quantities are unequal but a relationship 1. 2x < 3
exists between them. These types of inequalities 2. 3x  5
occur in business whenever there is a limit on 3x
supply or demand and sales etc. 3. − 2
5
(# Practice Q.No. s: 17, 18)
Linear inequality in one variable:
4. 3x + 2 1
Let ‘a’ be an nonzero real number, ‘b’ be a real
number and ‘x’ be a variable. Then inequation of 5. 3x − 5  7
the form ax+b<0 or ax+b≤0 or ax+b>0 or ax+b≥0 6. 2x − 1 5
is known as a linear inequation in one variable x
(# Practice Q. No. : 19)
Eg: 9x – 7 > 0. 5x-4≥0, 3x+2<0 and 2x-3≤0 5x + 2
7. 8
3
The set of values of the variable which satisfy the 3x − 1
given inequality is called the solution set (or) 8. 4
6
Solution space and is abbreviated as S.S.
5 − 2x
9. 1
Eg: The solution set of x>0 is (0, ∞) 3
x>0 7x + 2
10. 2
3
1 − 7x
11.  10
2
(# Practice Q. No.: 20 to 26)
Eg: The solution set of x ≤ 0 is ( - ∞, 0] 2 − 3x 1− 2x
12. + 1
5 2
x≤0
2x + 1 1− 5x
13. + 1
3 2
x +1 x − 2
14. − 1
3 5
Rules for solving a linear inequality in one 5x + 2 3x − 1
15. − 4
variable: 3 2
i) If same number is added or subtracted on
3 − 2x x + 1
both sides then the inequality does not 16. − 1
5 2
changes.
(# Practice Q. No. 27 to 30)
ii) Multiply or divide on both sides of an PRACTICE EXERCISE
inequality by a positive number then the Find the values of x satisfying the following
inequality does not change inequations
17. x > 5
iii) Multiply or divide on both sides of an x 2
inequality by a negative number then the 18.  −
7 5
inequality will change. 19. 5 x + 3  2
5x − 1
iv) By taking reciprocals of two positive terms 20. 3
2
then also the inequality will change.
x −1
21. 7
3

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1 − 2x 8 − 2x 4
22. 1 38. 
3 3 3
3 − 2x
23. 1 7x − 3 4
5 39. 
5 2
2x + 1
24. − 5 (# Practice Q. No. s: 49, 50)
3
1− 7x
25.  −2 40. (x+3)(x+7) > 0
3
5 − 3x 41. x2 – 5x + 6 ≥ 0
26. 1
2
42. (9 − 𝑥)(𝑥 + 7) < 0
x + 1 3 − 5x
27. + 1
2 4 43. 15x2 + 4x – 4 ≤ 0
x − 3 3 − 5x 𝑥−2
28. + 1 44.
𝑥+3
>0
2 5
x + 2 x −1 𝑥−𝑎
29. − 1 45. ≤ 0, (𝑎 < 𝑏)
𝑥−𝑏
3 5
2x + 1 5x − 2 (# Practice Q. No. s: 51, 52, 53)
30. − 5
3 2
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Note 1 :
i) The solution set of |𝑥| ≤ a is -a ≤ x ≤ a Find the values of x satisfying the following
or [-a, a] inequations
46. |2x| > 7
ii) The solution set of |𝑥| ≥ a is either x ≤ -a
(or) x ≥ a i.e., ( -∞, -a ] ∪ [a, ∞) 47. 3 x  5

5
Note 2: If 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ R, and 𝛼 < 𝛽 48. 7 − 2x 
3
i) (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) ≤ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ [𝛼, 𝛽] 3x − 5
ii) (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (𝛼, 𝛽) 49. 1
3
iii) (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞. 𝛼] ∪ [𝛽, ∞)
iv) (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞. 𝛼] ∪ [𝛽, ∞) 8 − 4x 5
50. 
EXERCISE-3.2 3 2

Find the values of x satisfying the following 51. 9x2 – 20x + 11>0
inequations
52. X2 – 10x + 21 < 0
31. x  2
53. X2 – 4x – 21 ≥0
3x
32. −5
2 THE END
(# Practice Q. No. s: 46, 47)
33. 3 x + 2  5
34. 5 − 2x  5
35. 5 − 2x  3
(# Practice Q. No. 48)
7x + 3
36. 3
2
5 − 3x 5
37. 
2 3

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4.FUNCTIONS CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:

CARTESIAN PRODUCT: Eg: 1
Let A and B be two sets. Then the set
(a, b) aA, bB  is called the Cartesian product
of A and B, and is denoted by A X B (to read as A
cross B).

Examples:
If A = {1, 2, 3} ; B = {x, y} then
A X B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)} This is not a function since the element c has no
B X A = {(x, 1), (x, 2), (x, 3), (y, 1), (y, 2), (y, 3)} f-image in B.

Note: If O (A) = m, O (B) = n then number of Eg: 2

elements in A X B is equal to m x n.

RELATION:
If A and B are non-empty sets, then any subset of A
X B is called a relation from A to B.

If A = {1, 2, 3} B = {x, y} then

This is not a function since the element d has two
A X B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x) (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)} f-images in B.
Some of the relations from A to B are Eg: 3

f1 = (1, x), (2, y), (3, y) 

f2 = (1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y)
f3 = (2, y), (3, y)

Note: If O (A )= m, O (B)= n then the number of

mn
relations from A to B = 2 . This is a function since each element of A has
one-and only one f-image in B.
FUNCTION:
DOMAIN: If f : A → B is a function then the set of
Let A and B be non-empty sets and f be a relation
all pre-images of the elements of B i.e., the set
from A to B. If for each element aA there exists
a  A / f (a) = b for some bB is called the
a unique bB such that (a, b) f , then f is called a
domain of f.
function (or mapping) from A to B (or A into B). It is
denoted by f : A → B . The set A is called the RANGE: If f : A → B is a function, then the set of
domain of f and B is called the co-domain of f. all f-images of the elements in A i.e.,
f (a) / a A  is called the range of f.
Note - 1: If (a, b)f then we can write this as
f (a)= b . In this case b is called the image of a and CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
a is called the pre-image of b.
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x, y, z}
Note-2: If O (A )= m , O (B)= n then the number of f = {(1, y), (2, x), (3, x)}
Domain of f = 1, 2, 3  ,
functions from A to B = nm.
Range = f = x, y

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2. Let f :N → N defined by f (n) = 2n Note - 2: If A is a finite set and O (A) = m and
Domain of f = N B has exactly 2 elements then the number of
Range f =  2n n  N  = set of all even surjections possible from A to B is equal to
natural numbers. 2m − 2
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
SOME OF THE IMPORTANT TYPES
Eg: 1
OF FUNCTIONS

1. Injection or one-one function:

A function f : A → B is called an injection or
one-one function if distinct elements of A have
distinct f-images in B.

Note-1: f : A → B is an injection  a1 , This is not a surjection since the element

a 2  A and f (a1 )= f (a2 ) implies that a1 = a2 zB has no pre-image in A.

Note-2: If A and B are two finite sets and Eg: 2

O (A )= m , O (B)= n then the number of
possible injection from A to B is equal to nPm
(n m) .
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:

Eg: 1 This is a surjection since every element of B

has at least one pre-image in A.

3. Bijection or one – one, onto function or

one – to one correspondence:
If f : A → B is both an injection and
surjection then f is said to be a bijection from
A to B.
This is not an injection since the elements c and d
have same f-image. Note- 1: f : A → B is a bijection 

Eg: 2 ( ) ( )
(i) a1 , a2 A and f a1 = f a2 then
a1 = a2
(ii) for every b  B , there exists at least one
aA such that f (a)= b .

Note - 2: If A and B are finite sets, and equal

number of elements say ‘n’ then the number
This is an injection since distinct elements of A of possible bijections from A to B is equal to
have distinct f-images in B. n !.
2. Surjection or on-to function: A function CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
f : A → B is called a surjection if the range of f
is equal to the co-domain of f. Eg: 1

Note - 1: f : A → B is a surjection  for every

element b  B there exists at least one a  A
such that f (a)= b .

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6. Even Function and Odd Function:
This is not a bijection since this is not an
injection. Let A be a non-empty subset of R such that
− x A for all xA and f : A → R
Eg: 2

i) If f (− x )= f (x ) for every x in A then f is

called an even function.
ii) If f (− x) = − f (x) for every x in A then f is
called an odd function

Example:
This is not a bijection since this is not a
surjection and not an injection. (i) f (x ) = x 2 ; g(x ) = cos x and h (x )= x are
even functions
Eg: 3
(ii) f (x ) = x 3 ; g (x ) = sin x and h (x )= tan x
are odd function.
(iii) f (x)= x 2 + x3 , g (x)= cos x + sin, are neither
even nor odd.

EXERCISE 4.1
This is a bijection since it is n injection as 1. If A = 1, 2, 3 B = x, y then find (i) AB (ii)
well as a surjection.
B A (iii) A A (iv) B B
4. Constant Function: A function f : A → B is
2. Is f = (1, ), (2, ), (3, ) a relation from
said to be a constant function, if the range f
contains one and only one element. i.e. A = 1, 2, 3 to B =   ? Also find the no. of
f (x ) = c for all xA where c is a fixed element
relations from A to B.
in B.
3. State which of the following are functions?
Eg: 4
Describe which type of function?

i.

This is a constant function since all the ii.

elements of A have the same image in B.

5. Identity Function:

Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function

f : A → A defined by f (x )= x for all xA is iii.
called the identity function on A and is
denoted by IA.

Example: If A = a, b, c then

IA = (a, a), (b, b), (c, c ) 

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11. If the function f is defined by
iv. 3 x − 2, x  3 

f (x ) = x 2 − 2, − 2  x  2 then find the values,
2x + 1, x  − 3

if exist, of
(i) f (4). (ii) f (2.5) (iii) f (-2)
v. (iv) f (-4) (v) f (0) (vi) (-7)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
12. State which of the following are functions?

vi. Describe which type of function?

(i)

4. State which of the following are functions on

A.? Describe which type of function? (ii) f

i. f = {(1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,4)} defined on A =

{1,2,3,4} ?

ii. g = {(1,3) (2,4) (4,2)} is a function on A =

{1,2,3,4}. (iii) g
iii. f = {(1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,1)} on A ?.

5. Is f = (a, 3), (b, 5), (c, 1), (d, 4) an injection

from A = a,b,c, d to B = 1, 2,3, 4,5?

(iv)

6. Is f = (1, a), (2, b), (3, c ), (4, c ) a surjection

from A = 1, 2, 3, 4 to B = a, b, c ?

7. If A = − 2, −1,0, 1, 2  and f : A → B is a (v) Is h = {(1,3) (1,4) (2,3) (3,4) (4,2)} is a

function on A = {1,2,3,4} ?
surjection defined by f (x) = x 2 + x +1, then
(vi) Is g = {(2,3) (5,6) (6,3) (7,4)} is a function
find B
? Verify if it is One or One or Not?
8. Is the function f : R → R defined by
2x + 1 13. If A = 1, 2, 3, 4  and f : A →R is a function
f (x ) = an Injection or a surjection or a
3 x2 − x +1
bijection. Justify your answer. defined by f (x ) = then find the range
x +1

9. If A =  x | −1  x 1 , f (x ) = x 2 .
of f.
14. If A =  x | −1  x 1 g (x ) = x 3 .
Is f : A → A a surjection?
Is g : A → A a surjection?
(# Practice Q. No. s: 12 to 17)
10. Let A = a,b,c, d, B = 1, 2, 3 and 15. Is g= (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 5) an injection
f = (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d , 2) . Is from A = a,b,c, d to B = 1, 2,3, 4,5?
f : A → B a constant function? 16. Is g= (1, b), (2, b), (3, c ), (4, c ) a surjection
from A = 1, 2, 3, 4 to 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}?
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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
17. Let f :R → R and f (x )= x + 4 , 2 (iii) gof (2a − 3)
(i) Find the Range of f 22. Let f (x ) = x 2 , g (x )= 2x then solve the
(ii) Is f a surjection? equation (fog) (x ) = (gof )(x ) .
INVERSE FUNCTION:
(# Practice Q. No. s: 27, 28)
If f : A → B is a bijection, then the relation
23. (i) Find the inverse of the function If
f −1 = (b, a)| (a, b) f  is a function from B to A and a, b  R, f : R → R defined by
is called the Inverse of f. f (x) = ax + b (a  0)
Example: (ii) Find the inverse of the function
A = 1, 2, 3 B = a, b, c then f : R → (0, ) defined by f (x ) = 5 x
f = (1, c ), (2, b), (3, a) is a bijection from (iii) Find the inverse of the function
f : (0, ) → R defined by f (x) = log2 x .
A to B and f −1 = (a, 3 ), (b, 2), (c, 1) is a bijection
from B to A. 24. Let A = 1, 2, 3 B = a,b,c, d and
EQUALITY OF FUNCTIONS: Let f and g be f = (1, c ), (2, b), (3, a)
functions. We say f and g are equal and write f=g
if domain of f = domain of g and f(x)=g(x) for all (i) FSind f −1
x  domain f. (ii) Is f −1 a function from B to A?
COMPOSITE FUNCTION: (# Practice Q. No. s: 29, 30)
If f : A → B , g : B → C ,are any two functions then 25. Determine whether the function
we can define a function  e x −1 
f ( x) = x x  is even or odd
gof : A → C by (gof )(x ) = g  f (x ), x  A. Here  e +1
gof is called a composite function of f and g. 26. Determine whether the function
( )
f ( x) = log x + x 2 + 1 is even or odd
(# Practice Q. No. 31)
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Example: Let A = 1, 2 B = a, b, c , c = d, e , 27. If f : R → R and g :R → R are defined by
f = (1, a), (2, b) and g= (a, d), (b, e) , (c, e) f (x)= 2x 2 + 3 and g (x)= 3x − 2 , then find (i)
then gof = (1, d), (2, e) . (fog)(x) (ii) (gof ) (x)
EXERCISE 4.2 (iii) f o f (0) (iv) go (fof )( 3 )
18. If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by x +1
28. If f (x ) = 2x −1, g (x ) = for all x  R , then
f (x )= 4x −1 and g (x)= x + 2 then find
2
2
 a + 1 find (gof ) (x ) .
(i) ( gof )(x ) (ii) ( gof )  .
 4  29. Find the inverse of the function f : Q → Q
(iii) (fof ) (x) (iv) go (fof )(0) defined by f (x ) = 5 x + 4, x  Q

19. If f (x ) = , g (x ) = x for all x  (0, ) , then

1 30. Let A = 1, 2, 3 ,B = a, b, c and
f = (1, c ) (2, b) (3, a).
x
find (g o f ) (x ) .
(i) Find f −1 (ii) Is f −1 a function from B to A?
20. If f (x) = 2, g (x) = x 2 , h (x)= 2x for all x  R , 31. Determine whether the function
then find ( f o (goh ) (x)) . f ( x) = a x − a − x sin x is even or odd.
21. If f : R → R, g: R → R are defined by THE END
f (x)= 3x −1, g (x) = x +1, then find
2

(
(i) fof x 2 +1 ) (ii) fog (2)

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC

5.LOGARITHAMS 12. logb a =

log a
log b
Definition: Let a and M be two positive real EXERCISE – 5.1
numbers and a  1. Then there exist a real 1. Find log82
number x such that ax = M then x is called the
Logarithm of M to the base ‘a’. It is denoted by 2. Find Log (1/81) to the base 9
loga M .
3. Find The logarithm of 64 to the base 2 2
 a x = M  log M = x
a
(# Practice Q. No. s: 22 to 26)
The basic definition of logarithm is very useful in
solving most of the problems.
4. If log(2a - 3b) = log a -log b then find a in
E.g.: (i) 625 = 5 4  log 5 625 = 4.
terms of b
(ii) log2 32 = 5  32 = 25 5. If 3 + log 10 x = 2 log 10 y then find x in terms of y
Types of Logarithms: Mainly, there are two (# Practice Q. No. s: 27 to 30)
types of logarithms
6. Find the value of
i. Natural logarithms (or) Napierian [log10 25 − log10 (23 ) + log10 (4)2 ] x
logarithms: These are the logarithms
expressed with the base as a number 7. Find The value of log2 log2 log2 16
e=2.7183 8. Find The value of log4 log3 81
Here, logex is denoted by In(x). these are used
in theoretical calculations. 9. Find the simplified value of log
−4
ii. Common Logarithms: These are logarithms 4 3
729 9 −1 . 27 3
expressed to the base 10.
Here, log10x is denoted by simply as log x. 8 16
10. Find The value of is 4 log - 3 log -
These are used in numerical calculations. 25 125
Properties of Logarithms: log5
1. Logarithms are defined only for positive 11. Find the value of 3 2 − log3 6
numbers. Logarithms are not defined for 12. Find the value of Log 4 9 . Log 3 2
negative numbers and zero.
2. logaa = 1 , (a  1). 13. Find the value of log5 3 . log3 4 . log2 5`

3. loga1 = 0 , (a  1). (# Practice Q. No. s: 31 to 35)

logaN
 x
14. Find value of log y log z . log x
y

z 3

4. a = N [Inverse logarithms property] 15. If x = 27, y = log3 4 then find x y

5. loga(MN) = logaM + logaN 16. Find The value of
M  an   bn   cn 
6. loga   = loga M − loga N log  n  + log  n  + log  n  =
N b  c  a 
log a M n = n . loga M 1 1 1
7. 17. Find the value of + +
log 3 60 log 4 60 log 5 60
1
8. log M = . loga M
a n n 1 1
18. Find the value of +
p loga (ab) logb (ab)
9. logaq mp = loga m
q 19. Find the value of
10. Base Change rule logb a = logc a. logb c 1 1 1
+ +
log a (abc) logb (abc) log c (abc)
1
11. logb a =
loga b 1 1 1 1
20. If + + = then find
log a t logb t log c t log Z t
the value of z
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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
21. If n= m! (where ‘m’ is a positive integer > 2) then 39. Find the value of
the value of: 1 1 1
+ +
1
+
1
+
1
+ .......... . +
1 log a 2b (abc) logb 2c (abc) logc 2 a (abc)
n n n n
log 2 log 3 log 4 log m
1 1 1 1
(# Practice Q. No. s: 36 to 40) 40. If + + + .... + = log n x then
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log 43 n

PRACTICE EXERCISE find x

EXERCISE – 5.2
22. Find the value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1
23. Find the Value of log 1728
2 3
41. Find the value of log 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 
2
24. Find the value of log2 2   1
 256  log3 4 625 +
42. Find 81 4
25. Find log 2
128
 1
127

 1
26. Find the value of log3  
43.  log
n= 2
2 1 +

 = ………
n
 81 
44. If log3 x = 4, logx y = 4 then find the value of y
27. Given that log102 = x, log103 = y, then log101.2 45. If log3x log4x log5x = log3x log4x + log4x log5x
is expressed in terms of x and y as + log5x log3x and x  1 the find x
28. If log x + log y = log (x + y ) then find y in terms of x 46. X, y, z are 3 consecutive integers then log (1
29. If log3 = 0.48 and log 7 = 0.84, then the value + xz) =…………
0.03 a) 2 log y b) Log y c) 3 log y
of log d) None
0.7
1 7
30. log x = log 8 ; log y 2 = 2 log 2 then find x +y 47. If log2x + log4x + log16x = then find the
2 4
31. Find the value of 2 log105+log108-1/2 log104 value of x

  
−1
32. Find the value of log64 512 
48. Find the value of log 1 − 1 − 1 − x 2 ( )−1 −1 

log10 4 
33. Find The value of
log10 8 x  x 
49. If log2x log2   = log 2   then find the
34. Find the vlue  16   64 
 16   25   81  value of x.
7 log   + 5 log   + 3 log  
     80 
THE END
15 24

35. Find The value of log2 log2 log3 log3 273   ( )
36. Find the value of
1 1 1
+ +
log ab ( abc) log bc ( abc) log ca ( abc)
37. Find the value of
1 1 1
+ +
log 6 24 log12 24 log8 24
38. Find the value of
1 1 1
+ +
1 + log bc 1 + log ac 1 + log ab
a b c

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6.TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS sin θ + cos θ = 1

2 2

sec 2 θ − tan2θ = 1
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS: cosec2 θ − cot 2θ = 1
1
ANGLE: Let OA , OB be two rays with common cosec θ =
sin θ
end point ‘O’. The amount of rotation required
1
that one ray coincide with another ray is called sec θ =
Angle between two rays. cos θ
1
cot θ =
tan θ
sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ
cot θ =
If the rotation is in anti-clock wise direction sinθ
then angle is known as Positive Angle.
QUADRANT ANGLES:
If the rotation is in clock-wise direction the The angles 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 are called
angle is known as negative angle. Quadrant angles.

Trigonometric Ratios: Signs of Trigonometric Ratios in different

Quadrants:

hy
p op
p

adj

Consider a Right angle Triangle ABC with ' θ' as one

of it’s acute angle and Right angle at ‘B’,

Now we define six trigonometric ratios

1. In first quadrant all trigonometric ratios are
AB Opposite side
Sinθ = = positive.
AC Hypotenuse
2. In second quadrant sin and its reciprocal
BC Adjacent side cosec are positive.
Cosθ = =
AC Hypotenuse 3. In Third quadrant tan and its reciprocal cot are
AB Opposite side positive.
Tanθ = =
BC Adjacent side 4. In Fourth quadrant cos and its reciprocal sec
AC Hypotenuse are positive.
Cosecθ = =
AB Opposite side The trigonometric ratios which are positive in
AC Hypotenuse various quadrants can be remembered as
Secθ = =
BC Adjacent side All Silver Tea Cups
BC Adjacent side all sine tan cos
Cotθ = =
AB Opposite side QI QII QIII QIV
Here Sin θ , cosθ, Tanθ are known as
Trigonometric Ratios in terms of negative
fundamental Trigonometric ratios.
angle:
cosec θ, sec θ , cot θ are known as
reciprocal Trigonometric ratios. 1. sin (− θ) = − sin θ
2. cos (− θ)= cosθ
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES:
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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
3. tan (− θ) = − tan θ ( )
sin 990 = sin 3 360 o − 90 o
o
(( ) )
4. cosec (− θ)= − cosec θ = sin (− 90 )
o

= −1
5. sec (− θ)= secθ
6. cot (− θ)= − cot θ COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES:
Two angles α, β are said to be complementary if
The values of Trigonometric ratios of some
standard angles α + β = 90 o
Ex: 30 o , 60 o

SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES:

Two angles α, β are said to be supplementary if

α + β =180o
Ex: 120o , 60o
EXERCISE – 6.1
1. Find the values of
(i) sin 210 o (ii) cos 585 o
(iii) tan 480 o (iv) sec 510 o
(v) cosec 750o (vi) cot 765 o
NOTE:
(# Practice Q. No. 13)
For the angles which are in the form: 2. Convert the following into simplest from
90o  θ, 270o  θ , sine changes to cos, (i) tan (θ −14 π)
Tan changes to cot, sec changes to cosec
 21π 
and vice versa. (ii) cot  −θ 
But the sign of the ratio depends on the quadrant  2 
in which the angle lies. (iii) cosec (5π + θ)
(# Praictice Q. No. 14)
NOTE:
1
For the
angles which are in the form 3. If sin θ = − and θ does not lie in the
3
180  θ, 360o  θ , there will be no change in
o
third quadrant, find the values of
Trigonometric ratios. But the sign of the ratio
(a) cos θ (b) cot θ
depends on the quadrant in which the angle lies.
4. If cos θ =t (0<t <1) and θ does not
If f (θ) is any trigonometric function, then
lie in the first quadrant, find the values of
f (n (2 π)+ θ) = f (θ) (a) sin θ (b) tan θ
(# Practice Q. No. 15)
If f (θ) is any trigonometric function, then
f (n (2 π)− θ) = f (-θ) 5. If tan 20 0 = , then show that
tan 160 0 − tan 110 0 1− 2
Examples: = .
1+ tan 160 0 . tan 110 0 2
( ) ((
sin 1110 o = sin 3 360 o + 30 o) ) (# Practice Q. No. 16)
= sin 30 0
6. If 3 sin  + 4 cos  = 5 , then find the value of
1
= 4 sin  − 3 cos  .
2

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
7. If cos  + sin  = 2 cos , prove that 17. Prove that

cos  − sin  = 2 sin  . (i) (sinθ + cosec θ)2 + (cos θ + sec θ)2
8. Find the value of ( )
− tan 2θ + cot 2θ = 7
o
sin 330 . cos120
o
+ cos 210 o . sin300 o 4 2 
(ii) cos α + 2 cos α 1−
1 
2 
(
 = 1− sin4 α )
 sec α 
9. Evaluate
18. Prove that
(i) cos2 45o + cos2 135o + cos2 225o + cos2 315o
1
sin7800 sin4800+cos2400.cos 3000=
2π 5π 3π 2
(ii) sin2 + cos2 − tan 2
3 6 4 19. Eliminate θ from the equations
(iii) cos 225 − sin225o + tan495o − cot 495o
o
x = a (sec θ + tanθ); y = b (sec θ − tan θ)
10. If sin α + cosec α = 2 , find the value of
COMPUOND ANGLES
sinnα + cosecnα, nZ .
Definition: The Algebraic sum of two or more
11. If ,  are complementary angles such that angles is called a “Compound Angle”.
b sin  = a , then find the value of
(sin  cos  − cos  sin) Ex: A + B, A – B, A – B + C, A + B + C.
(# Praictice Q. No. s: 17, 18) Formulae:
12. Eliminate θ from the equations
x = a cos3 θ and y = b sin3 θ 1. sin (A + B) = sin A cosB + cos A sinB
(# Practice Q. No. 19) 2. sin (A − B) = sin A cosB − cos A sinB

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3. cos (A + B) = cos A cosB − sin A sinB

13. Find the value of each of the following: 4. cos (A − B) = cos A cosB + sin A sinB

(
(i) sin − 405 o ) 5. Tan (A + B) =
Tan A + Tan B
1− Tan A Tan B
(ii) sec (2100 ) o

Tan A − Tan B
Tan (A − B) =
(iii) cot (− 315 )o 6.
1+ Tan A Tan B
cot A cot B −1
cot (A + B) =
14. Find the values of
7.
(i) sin
5π
3
(
(ii) tan 855 o ) cot B + cot A
cot A cot B + 1
 π 8. cot (A − B) =
(iii) sec 13  (iv) sec (4 π − θ) cot B − cot A
 3
 7π  9. sin (A + B) sin (A − B) =
(v) cos  − 
 2  sin2 A − sin2B = cos2B − cos2 A
4
15. If sin θ = and θ is not in the first quadrant, 10. cos (A + B)cos (A − B)
5
find the value of cos θ . = cos2 A − sin2B = cos2B − sin2 A

o
16. Simplify If tan 20 = p , prove that
o o 2
tan 610 + tan 700 1− p
=
0 0 2
tan 560 − tan 470 1+ p

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
Values of some standard Trigonometric
Ratios 29. Evaluate
1o 1o
(i) sin2 82 − sin2 22
Trigonometric 2 2
150 750 1o 1o
Function (ii) cos2 112 − sin2 52
2 2
3 −1 3 +1
Sin 30. If A + B = 45 0 , then prove that
2 2 2 2
(cot A −1) (cot B −1) = 2 .
3 +1 3 −1 31. Show that cos 420 + cos 780 + cos 162 0 = 0
Cos
2 2 2 2
MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES.
Tan 2− 3 2+ 3
Definition : If θ is any angle then
Cot 2+ 3 2− 3 θ, 2 θ, 3 θ, 4 θ ....... are multiple angle of θ . Also
θ θ
, ... are sub-multiple angles of θ .
EXERCISE – 6.2 2 3
Formulae:
20. Find the values of sin 75 o , cos 75 o , tan 75 o
(1) sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
and cot 75 o
(# Practice Q. No. 27) (2) cos 2 θ = cos2θ − sin2 θ

21. Express
(
3 cos 25 o + sin25 o
as a sine of
) (or)
2 1− 2 sin2θ
an angle. (or)
(# Practice Q. No. 28)
2 cos2 θ −1
1o 1o
22. Evaluate cos2 52 − sin2 22 2 Tan θ
2 2 (3) Tan 2 θ =
0 0 1− Tan 2θ
23. Prove that sin2  52 1 2  1
 − sin  22  =
3 +1
. cot 2 θ − 1
 2  2  4 2 (4) cot 2 θ =
2 cot θ
(# Practice Q. No. 29)
(5) sin 2θ, cos 2θ in terms of tan θ
24. If A + B = 45 0 , then prove that
2 tanθ
(1+ tan A) (1+ tan B) = 2 (i) sin 2θ =
1+ tan 2 θ
(# Practice Q. No. 30)
1- tan 2θ
25. Prove that (ii) cos 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ
(i) cos 35o + cos 85o + cos155 o = 0
(6) NOTE:
o o o o −1
(ii) sin 750 cos 480 + cos 120 cos 60 = (i) 1− cos 2 θ = 2 sin2 θ
2
cos 90 + sin 90 (ii) 1+ cos 2 θ = 2 cos2 θ
26. Prove that = cot 36 0
cos 90 − sin 90 1− cos2 θ
(iii) sin θ = 
(# Practice Q. No. 31) 2
1+ cos2 θ
PRACTICE EXERCISE (iv) cos θ = 
2
27. Find the values of sin 150, cos 150, tan 150, cot 1− cos2 θ
(v) tan θ = 
150. 1+ cos2 θ
28. Express 3 sin θ + cos θ as a sine of an (7) sin3 θ = 3 sinθ − 4 sin3θ
angle.
(8) cos 3 θ = 4 cos3θ − 3 cosθ

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
3 tan θ − Tan θ 3 (i) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A
(9) Tan 3θ =
1− 3 Tan 2θ (ii) cot A − tan A = 2 cot 2A
3 cot  − cot  3
π 4
(10) cot 3 θ = 39. If 0  A  , and cos A = , find the
1− 3 cot  2
4 5
θ values of sin 2A and cos 2A .
2 tan
θ θ 2
(11) sin θ = 2 sin cos =
2 2 2 θ sin α cos α
1+ tan 40. Prove that If = , then prove that
2 a b
 2  a sin 2α + b cos 2α = b .
(12) cos  = cos2 − sin
2 2
(or) TRANSFORMATIONS
2θ Formulae:
2 cos −1
2  C +D   C −D 
1) Sin C + Sin D = 2 Sin   Cos  
(or)  2   2 
2θ  C +D   C −D 
1− 2 sin
2 2) Sin C − Sin D = 2 Cos   Sin  
 2   2 
(or)
θ  C +D   C −D 
1− tan 2 3) Cos C + Cos D = 2 Cos   Cos  
2  2   2 
θ  C +D   C −D 
1+ tan 2 4) Cos C − Cos D = − 2 Sin   Sin  
2  2   2 
θ
2 tan
2
5) 2 Sin A cosB = Sin (A + B)+ Sin (A −B)
(13) tan θ =
1− tan 2 θ 6) 2 Cos A SinB = Sin (A + B)− Sin (A −B)
2
7) 2 Cos A CosB = Cos (A + B)+ Cos (A −B)
EXERCISE-6.3
8) 2 Sin A SinB = Cos (A −B)− Cos (A + B)
32. Evaluate the following:
(i) 6 sin 20o − 8 sin3 20o EXERCISE-6.4
(ii) cos2 72o − sin2 54o 41. Prove that sin 50o − sin70o + sin10o = 0
(iii) Evaluate sin 42 − sin 12
2 o 2 o
42. Find the value of sin34o + cos 64o − cos 4o
1− cos 2 θ
33. Simplify
sin 2 θ 43. Prove that cos 55o + cos 65o + cos175o = 0

34. Simplify
3 cosθ + cos 3 θ ( )
44. Prove that 4 cos 66o + sin84o = 3 + 15
3 sin θ − sin 3 θ
3 +1
sin 4 θ 45. Prove that o o o o
cos 20 cos 40 − sin 5 sin 25 =
35. (i) Express in terms of 4
sin θ
cos3θ and cos θ . sin 70 o − cos 40 o 1
46. Prove that =
1− cos  + sin  cos 50 o − sin 20 o 3
(ii) Express in terms of
1+ cos  + sin  3+ 5
47. Prove that cos 48o . cos12o = .
tan θ 2 8
36. Express cos6 A + sin6 A in terms of sin 2A 5 −1
48. Prove that sin 78 o + cos132 o = .
3 π 4
37. If sin α = , where  α  π , evaluate 1
5 2 49. Prove that sin 21o cos 9o − cos84o cos 6o =
cos 3  and tan 2  4

π
38. If A is not an integral multiple of , THE END
2
prove that

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC

7.CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (ii) The point (-2, 3) lies in 2nd quadrant.

2. Distance formula: The distance between the two

Rectangular Cartesian Co-ordinates: Let O be any points A( X1, Y1 ) and B( X 2 , Y2 ) is given by
point in a plane. Let x’x and y’y be two perpendicular
lines through O. The line x’ox taken horizontally, is AB = ( X2 − X1 )2 + ( Y2 − Y1 )2
called the x – axis and hence the vertical line y’oy is
called the y –axis. E.g: If A (2, 3) B(3, 4) then
AB = (3 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 1 + 1 = 2 units.
‘O’ is called the origin corresponds to the number zero
(0) on both the axes. The coordinate lines x’x and y’y
are called the coordinate axes and the plane is called 3. Distance from the origin to the point A( X1, Y1 ) is
the coordinate plane. given by OA = X 12 + Y12
E.g: Distance from the origin to the point (3,
4) is
OA = 3 2 + 4 2 = 9 + 25 = 25 = 5

4. Section formula:
i. The coordinates of the point P which divides
the line segment joining A( X 1 , Y1 ) and
Let P be a point in the coordinate plane. Let M(x) and
B( X2, Y2 ) in the ratio l : m internally given by
N(y) be the projections of P on x and y co-ordinate
axes respectively. Then x is called the abscissa (or x –  lx + mx 1 ly 2 + my 1 
coordinate) and y is called the ordinate (or y- p 2 , 
coordinate) of the point P. The numbers x, y taken in  l+m l+m 
this order are called coordinates of P. We write the
point P as P(x, y) or P=(x, y)
The coordinate axes divide the coordinate plane into ii. The coordinates of the point P which divides
four equal quadrants. the line segment joining A( X1, Y1 ) and
B( X2, Y2 ) in the ratio l : m externally is given
by
 lx − mx1 ly 2 − my1 
p 2 , 
 l−m l−m 

(or)

1. Signs of the coordinates in different quadrants: E.g.: (i) The point which divides the line joining
(i) In the 1st quadrant x > 0; y > 0 A(2,3) & B(3, 4) in the ratio 2 : 3 internally is
(ii) In the 2nd quadrant x < 0; y > 0  2  3 + 3  2 2  4 + 3  3   12 17 
p , = , 
(iii) In the third quadrant x < 0; y < 0  2+3 2+3   5 5 
(iv) In the fourth quadrant x > 0; y < 0 5. The midpoint of the line segment joining
A( X1, Y1 ) and B( X2, Y2 ) is
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
 , .
 2 2 
6. The point which divides the line segment joining
two points in the ratios 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 is known
as the points of trisection.

E.g: 7. Collinear Definition :Three points are said to be

(i) The point (3, -4) lies in 4th quadrant. collinear if they lie on a same line. If the points

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
A( X1, Y1 ) , B( X2, Y2 ) and C( X3 , Y3 ) are collinear 14. The ratio in which y-axis divides the line segment
then joining ( X1, Y1) and ( X2, Y2 ) is − x1 : x 2
(i) AB + BC = CA or BC + CA = AB or EXERCISE- 7.1
CA + AB = BC
y − y1 y3 − y2 1. Find the distance between the points (i)
(ii) 2 =
x2 − x1 x3 − x2 (8,9), (- 7, 4) ii) (0,0) (- 4, 3)
(iii) Area of  ABC = 0
2. Find the value of ‘a’ if the distance
8. Centroid: The centroid of the triangle whose
vertices as A( X1, Y1 ) , B( X2, Y2 ) and C( X3 , Y3 ) is between the points (a, 2), (3,4) is 2 2.
given by (# Practice Q. No. 17)
 x + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
G= 1 , 
 3 3  3. Show that the points (0, - 2), (-1, 1), (-2,4)
E.g: The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are are collinear.
A(2, 3), B(5, -1), C(-1, 4) is given by
 2 + 5 − 1 3 − 1+ 4  4. Show that the points (4, - 2), ( 2,-4) (7, 1)
G= ,  = (2, 2)
 3 3  are collinear.
9. Centroid of a triangle divides each median in the
5. Find k If the points (k, 2 – 2k), (- k + 1, 2k)
ratio 2: 1.
(-4 – k, 6 – 2k) are collinear.
10. If (h, k) is the centroid of a triangle whose two
(# Practice Q. No. 18)
vertices as ( x1, y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) then the third
6. Show that the points (4, 4), (3, 5) (- 1, - 1)
vertex of the triangle is given by
(3h − x1 − x 2 , 3k − y1 − y 2 ) form a right angled triangle
E.g.: If (2, 3), (4, 1) are two vertices of a 7. Show that the points (2, 4), (2,6),
triangle and (5, 3) is its centroid then third vertex
is given by (3 x 5-2-4, 3x3-3-1) = (9, 5) (2 + 3,5) form an equilateral triangle
(# Practice Q. No. 19)
11. If ( x1, y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ), ( x 3 , y 3 ) are three consecutive 8. Show that the points (- 3, 1), (- 6, - 7),
vertices of a parallelogram then the fourth vertex
is given by (3, - 9), (6, - 1) taken in order form a
( x1 + x 3 − x 2 , y1 + y 3 − y 2 )
parallelogram.
E.g: If (2, 3), (-1, 5), (4, 2) are three consecutive
9. Show that the points (8, 4), (5, 7), (- 1, 1),
vertices of a parallelogram then the fourth vertex
is (2 + 4 - (-1), 3 + 2 – 5) = (7, 0) (2, - 2) taken in order form a rectangle.
E.g: If D(2, 3), E(1, -2), F(3, 4) are the mid points
(# Practice Q. No. 20)
of the sides BC, CA, AB of ABC then
A=E+F-D 10. Find the point which divides the line
= (1, -2) + (3, 4) - (2, 3)
= (1 + 3 - 2, - 2 + 4 - 3) = (2, -1) segment joining (- 1, 2), (4, - 5) in the ratio
3:2
11. Find the points of trisection of the line
segment joining ( 5, - 6), (-3, 4).

12. The ratio in which the point (x, y) divides the line (# Practice Q. No. 21)
segment joining the points ( X1, Y1) and ( X2, Y2 ) 12. Find the ratio in which x − axis divides the
is ( x1 − x) : ( x − x2 ) or ( y1 − y ) : ( y − y2 )
line segment joining the points (2, 4),(- 4, 3).
13. The ratio in which x-axis divides the line segment
joining ( X1, Y1) and ( X2, Y2 ) is − y1 : y 2 (# Practice Q. No. 22)

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
13. Find the ratio in which (2, 1) divides the
line segment joining the points (1, - 2)
(4,7).
(# Practice Q. No. 23)
14. If (2,6) is one of the extremities of diameter  The Perimeter of a triangle
= the sum of the lengths of its three sides.
of a circle center (3, 5), find the other point
➢ Quadrilateral: A closed plane figure bounded by
15. Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram
4 line segments is called a quadrilateral.
whose consecutive vertices are (- 2, - 1),
➢ Square: A quadrilateral in which all the four sides
(1,0), (4, 3). are equal and each angle is 900 is called a square.
16. If two vertices of a triangles are (4,8), (- 2,
6) and the centroid is (2, 7), then find the
third vertex.
Perimeter of a square = 4 x side
PRACTICE EXERCISE
➢ Rectangle: A quadrilateral in which opposite sides
17. Find the distance between the points (4,5) are equal and each angle is 900 is called a
(5,4) rectangle.
18. Find k if the points (k, - 1) (2, 1), (4, 5) are
collinear.
19. Show that the points (- 2, 5) (3, - 4), (7,  The perimeter of a rectangle

10) form a right angled isosceles triangle = 2 x (length + breadth)

➢ Area: A closed plane figure encloses a portion of
20. Show that the points (3, - 2), (7, 6), (- 1, a plane. The size of the portion enclosed is called
2), (- 5, - 6) taken in order form a rhombus its area.
21. Find the point which divides the line
1. The area of a triangle = 1/2 x base x height
segment joining (4, 5), (-3, 4) in the ratio - 2. The area of a square = (length of a side)2
6:5 3. The area of a rectangle =length x breadth
➢ Area of a Triangle: The area of the triangle
22. Find the ratio in which y − axis divides the formed by the points A( X1, Y1 ) , B( X2, Y2 ) &
C( X3 , Y3 ) , is given by
line segment joining the points (2, 4), (-
4, 3). 1 x1 − x2 x2 − x3
=
23. Find the ratio in which (- 1 , - 8) divides the 2 y1 − y2 y2 − y3
line segment joining the points (1, - 2) E.g: Area of the triangle formed by (2,3),(1,2), (-
(4, 7). 1, 5) is
1 2 − 1 1+ 1 11 2
PERIMETER & AREA =
2 3−2 2−5
=
2 1 −3
➢ Any closed plane figure is bounded by line 1 5
segments or curves. The total length of the = − 3 − 2 = sq. units
bounding lines or curves of a closed plane figure is 2 2
called its perimeter. As the perimeter is a length. ➢ Area of the triangle formed by the points (0,
Its unit of measurement is the same as that of 0) ( X1, Y1) and ( X2, Y2 ) is given by
length. 1
= x1 y 2 − x 2 y1
➢ Triangle: A closed plane figure bounded by 3 line 2
segments is called a triangle.

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
➢ Area of a quadrilateral: Area of the 32. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
quadrilateral formed by the points (x1, y1), (x2,
y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) is given by points (0, 0), (1,0), (0,1).
1 x1 − x 3 x 2 − x 4 33. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
=
2 y1 − y 3 y2 − y4 points (-1, 6), (-3, -9), (1, -3).
➢ Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angle triangle (# Practice Q. No. 41)
the square of the length of hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the length of other two 34. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by
sides. the points (2, - 1) (4, 3), (- 1, 2), (-3, - 2)
A taken in order.
(# Practice Q. No. 42)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
B C
(AC)2 = (AB)2 + (BC)2 35. Find the perimeter of a square with sides of length
5.5. cm
EXERCISE- 7.2 36. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with
24. Find the perimeter of a triangle of sides 10 cm, 15 length = 8.5 cm, breadth = 5.25 cm
cm and 20 cm.
37. Find the area of triangle in which
25. Find the perimeter of a square with sides of length
(i) Base = 10cm, Height = 5cm
1
(i) 8 cm, (ii) 7 cm (ii) Base = 6cm, Height = 5cm
4
( # Practice Q. No. 35) 38. Find the area of a square of side :
26. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with length = 11 2
(i) 6.5 cm (ii) 9 cm
cm, breadth = 7 cm 3
(# Practice Q. No. 36) 39. Find the area of the rectangle of :
27. Find the area of triangle in which (i) length = 18 cm, breadth = 12 cm
(i) Base = 4cm, Height = 6cm 1 3
(ii) length = 16 m, breadth = 6 m
(ii) Base = 7cm, Height = 8cm 4 5
(# Practice Q. No. 37) 40. Find the length of the hypotenuse for the following
28. Find the area of a square of side : right angled triangles.
(i) 8 cm (ii) 7m
(# Practice Q. No. 38) A A
29. Find the area of the rectangle of :
(i) length = 15 cm, breadth = 10 cm
6 9
(ii) length = 2.5 m, breadth = 1.75m
(# Practice Q. No. 39)
30. Find the length of hypotenuse for the following B 8 C B 12 C
(i) (ii)
right angled triangles.
A A 41. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
following points
? ? (i) (9, -7), (2, 4), (0, 0),
4 8
(ii) (1,2), (3, - 4), (- 2, 0)
42. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed
(i)
B 3 C
(ii) 15 B C by the points (1, - 2) (2, -3), (- 2, 4), (0,
(# Practice Q. No. 40) 5) taken in order.
31. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
points (5,2), (- 9 – 3), (-3 – 5). THE END
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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC

8.STRAIGHT LINES NOTE:

(i) Slope of X-axis or any horizontal line is zero.
The general form of a straight line is
ax + by + c = 0 where a and b are non – zero (ii) Slope of Y-axis or any vertical line is not
defined.
simultaneously.
(iii) If m = tan  is the slope of a line then 0    
If a = 0, then the line is parallel to x – axis.
.
If b = 0, then the line is parallel to y – axis.
(iv) If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two parallel
If a  0 and b  0 then the line is neither a lines then m1 = m2 .
horizontal line nor a vertical line.
(v) If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two
The line y = k (k > 0) is a horizontal line which is k
units above x – axis. perpendicular lines then m1  m2 = −1.

The line y = -k (k>0) is a horizontal line which is k (vi) The slope of the line ax+by+c=0 is given by m
units below x – axis. a
= − .
b
(vii) The slope of a straight line passing through
the points (x1, y1 )and (x 2 , y 2 ) .
y 2 − y1
Is given by m =
x 2 − x1
INTERCEPTS:
If a straight line L intersects the X-axis at A (a, 0)
and the y- axis at B (0,b), then a and b are
The line x=k (k >0) is a vertical line which is k units
away on right hand side of y – axis. respectively called the X-intercept and the Y-
intercept of the line L. Depending on the values of
The line x=-k (k >0) is a vertical line which is k
units away on left hand side of y –axis. a and b, the position of the line AB is as given in
Fig.

SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE:

DIFFERENT STANDARD FORMS OF

EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

(1) SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM:

The equation of a straight line having a slope
If a non-vertical straight line L makes an angle 
m and making an intercept ‘c’ on y–
with the X – axis measured counter clock wise
axis is y=mx+c.
from the positive direction of the X –axis, then
tan  is called the slope or gradient of the line L.
The slope of a non vertical straight line is usually
denoted by m.

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
Eg: The equation of a straight line having a EXERCISE-8.1
1
slope and making an intercept 5 units on y 1. Write the equation of the reflection of the
2
line x = 1 in the Y-axis
–axis is y= mx + c
1 2. Write the equations of the straight lines
 y = x+5
2 parallel to X-axis and (i) at a distances of
x + 10 3 units above the X – axis and (ii) at a
y=
2 distance of 4 units below the X-axis.
 x − 2y + 10 = 0 (# Practice Q. No. 13)
3. Find the slopes of the straight lines passing
NOTE: The equation of a straight line having a through the following pairs of points
slope m and making an intercept ‘c’ on x-axis is (i) (8,1), (-1,7) (ii) (-p, q) (q, -p) (pq  0)
given by y=m(x-c) 4. Find the value of x, if the slope of the line
passing through (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.
(2) INTERCEPT FORM: (# Practice Q. No. 14)
The equation of a straight line making non- 5. Find the slopes of the lines x + y = 0 and
zero intercepts a, b on X-axis and Y- x–y=0
x y
axis respectively is + = 1 6. Find the equation of the line containing the
a b following points i) (1, 2) and (1, -2)
Eg: The equation of a straight line making ii) (1, -2) and (-2, 3)
intercepts 2,3 on coordinate axis is given by 7. Find the equation of the straight line
x y
+ =1 (
passing through the points at 12 , 2at 1 and )
a b
x y
(at 2
2
, 2at 2 )
 + =1 8. The angle made by a straight line with the
2 3
 3 x + 2y − 6 = 0 positive X-axis in the positive direction
and the Y-intercept cut off by it are given
(3) POINT –SLOPE FORM: below. Find the equation of the straight
The equation of a straight line passing through line. (i) 600, 3 (ii) Tan −1  2  , 3
the point A (x1, y1 ) and having a slope m is 3

given by y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) (# Practice Q. No. 15)

9. Find the equation of the straight line which
Eg: The equation of a straight line having a make the angle with the positive X-axis
2 in the positive direction and which pass
slope and passing through the point through the point 1350 and (3,-2).
3
A (2,-1) is 10. Find the equation of the straight line
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) making an angle of 120 o with the positive
direction of the X-axis measured counter-
 y +1=
2
(x − 2) clockwise and passing through the point
3
(0, -2),
 3 y + 3 = 2x − 4
(# Practice Q. No. s: 16, 17)
 2x − 3 y − 7 = 0 11. Transform the following equations into
(4) TWO POINT FORM: (a) slope-intercept form (b) intercept form
The equation of the straight line passing (i) 3x + 4y = 5 (ii) x + y + 1= 0
through the two points A (x1, y1 ) and B
(iii) 3x + y +10 = 0
(x 2 , y 2 ) is given by y − y1 = y 2 − y1 (# Practice Q. No. 18)
x − x1 x 2 − x1 12. Find the sum of the squares of the
Eg: The equation of the straight line passing intercepts of the line 4x – 3y = 12 on the
through the points A (2, 3) B (5, -1) is axes of coordinates.
y − y1 y 2 − y1
=
x − x1 x 2 − x1

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MASTER MINDS COMMERCE INSTITUTE PVT. LTD. NO.1 for CA/CMA & MEC/CEC
EXERCISE-8.2
PRACTICE EXERCIES 19. Find the point of intersection of the following
13. Write the equations of the straight lines lines by using Cross Multiplication Method.
parallel to Y-axis and (i) at a distance of 2
units from the Y-axis to the right of it, (ii) (i) 4x + 8y – 1 = 0, 2x –y + 1 = 0
at a distance of 5 units from the Y-axis to (ii) 7x + y + 3 = 0, x + y = 0
(iii) + = 1 and + =1(a   b)
the left of it. x y x y
14. Find the slopes of the straight lines a b b a
passing through the following pairs of (iv) x + y = 6, x – y =2
points (i) (-3,8), (10,5) (ii) (3,4) (7,-6) (v) x + y = 8, x – y = 2
15. The angle made by a straight line with the
positive X-axis in the positive direction 20. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
and the Y-intercept cut off by it are given straight line 3x - 4y + 12 = 0 with the
below. Find the equation of the straight coordinate axes.
line. (i) 1500, 2 (ii) 450, -2 21. Find the length of the perpendicular
16. Find the equations of the straight lines drawn from the point given against the
which make the following angles with the following straight lines.
positive X-axis in the positive direction, and (i) 3 x − 4 y +10 = 0, ...(3, 4)
(ii) x − 3y − 4 = 0, ...... (0, 0)
which pass through the points given below.
 
(i) and (0,0) (ii) and (1, 2) (iii) 5x − 2y + 4 = 0 ….. (− 2, − 3)
4 3
(iii) 1500 and (-2,-1) (# Practice Q. No. 23)
17. Find the equation of the straight line which 22. Find the distance between the following
makes an angle 1350 with the positive parallel lines
(i) 5 x − 3 y − 4 = 0, 10 x − 6 y − 9 = 0
X-axis measured counter-clockwise and
passing through the point (-2, 3). (ii) 3 x − 4 y = 12, 3 x − 4 y = 7
18. Transform the following equations into (a) (# Practice Q. No. 24)
slope-intercept form (b) intercept form and PRACTICE EXERCISE
(i) 4x - 3y + 12 = 0 (ii) x + y + 2 = 0
(iii) x + y – 2 = 0 (iv) √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 23. Find the perpendicular distance from the
Note : point (−3, 4) to the straight line
i) The area of the triangle formed by the 5 x − 12 y − 2 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
straight line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 with the coordinate 24. Find the distance between the parallel
1 straight lines 3x+4y-3=0 & 6x + 8y-1 = 0.
axes is |𝑎𝑏| sq. units.
2
ii) The area of the triangle formed by the
straight line ax + by + c = 1 with the THE END
𝑐2
coordinate axes is sq. units.
2|𝑎𝑏|
iii) The length of the perpendicular from the
point 𝑝(𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) to the straight line
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
ax+by+c=0 is. | |.
√𝑎2 +𝑏 2
iv) The distance between the parallel straight
lines ax + by+ c1 =0 and ax + by+ c 2 = 0 is
c1 − c 2
.
a2 + b2

JR. INTER MATHEMATICS BRIDGE COURSE MATERIAL________________________29