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53 views6 pagesVista de Evaluación de Calidad de Potencia de La Interconexión de Una Micro Red A Un Sistema de Distribución Local Utilizando Simulación en Tiempo Real
Uploaded by
Gabriel SanchezCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 6
UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL
DE COLOMBIA.
SEDE MEDELLIN
FACULTAD DE MINAS
DYNA
hep:/idyne medellin. unal edu.
Power quality assessment of the interconnection of a microgrid to a
local distribution system using real-time simulation
Juan Gerénimo Villacreal-Montoya “, Eduardo Gémez-Luna ’ & Eduardo Marlés-Saenz‘
ineridad de Vall, Cal, Colombia vilarea uan@orreounialle edo
onpo crmtcaP, Ponca Teenologias corporadas S.4. Cal, Colombia eduarda gomerptsacom.co
“Gripe GRALT. Universidad del Vaile, Cal. Colonbia, edward marles@eoreouiall edo
Received: August 154, 2019, Receive in eis fu: February 2020, Accepted: March 42020
Abstract
This article evaluates the impact of the interconnection ofa microgri toa local distribution system on power quality. real-time simulation
‘vas used to cay out the study, applying natioual and international power quality standards, IEEE 1547 of 2018, IBEE $19 of 2014 and
[NIC 5001 of 2008. Phenomena of Voltage harmonics, current harmonies, flicker and DC injection were evaluated on a microgrid ease
study. The results show thatthe interconnection of the microgrid produces a high impact on the current harmonics and the DC injection of
the local distibution system, while the flicker phenomena and voltage harmonies havea lower impact.
-Ke;words: Power Quality (PQ); mierogrié; real-time simulation; harmonies; Aieker; DC injection,
Evaluacion de calidad de potencia de la interconexion de una micro
red a un sistema de distribucion local utilizando simulacion en
tiempo real
Resumen
Este artculo evala el impacto en la calidad de la potenciaelévtica producido por Ia inerconesion de una micro red aun sistem de
transmisién, se utilizé la simulacién en tempo real como herramienta para levar a cabo ef estudio y se apliearon las normas nacionales e
internacionales de calidad de potencia IEEE 1547 de 2018, IEEE S19 de 2014 y la NIC S001 de 2008. Los fenémenos de armonices de
voltae, aménicas de couiente, Hicker eiayeecia DC son evaluades sobre una micro red caso de estudio. Los resultados muestran que la
{ntercanesisn de a micro ted produce un alto impacto en los arménicos de comentey la inyeocién DC del sistema de tansmisién regional,
mientras que, Ios fendmenos de flicker y armnicos de voltae tuvieron wn menor impacto,
Palabras clave: calidad de potencia; micro red; Simlaci6n en Tiempo Real (SimiTR); armies: parpadeo; inyeecion DC.
1. Introduction
‘Microgrid is the electrical network of the future on small
scale and has attracted more and more attentions of power
researchers and companies, as it offers three key benefits: 1)
It increases enerey efficiency through the use of distributed
energy resources, 2) It reduces the earbon footprints in the
production of electrical energy and 3) Tt improves the
reliability of electricity delivered to end-uses [1.2]
At the global level and through the Paris Agreement, 195
countries committed themselves to reduce the emission of
areenhouse gas emissions, where an important means to meet
with the objective of the Agreement is to start covering the
energy demand by Mierogrids, using renewable energies, [3]
Despite its benefits, the implementation of microgrids
create a new challenge in maintaining the power quality of
the network and in meeting the limits required by the
standards [4]. The problems of power quality in microgrids
“How oe: Vilarea! Moatoya, 10, Gone Lina, End Malis Siew, , Powe uty aesnea ofthe ineseonmection ofa mas aac dseibtion ten sing
sean sausioa DYNA, SIS, pp. 2-38 tJ, 200.
{© The author, censee Universidad Nocona de Colombia
ewsta DYNA, S713), pp 28-33, pil Tuna, 2020, ISN 0012
DOT tpt org to 15446 na v8
3 S1686 ‘Vlareal Montoya tl Revista DYNA, €7(213), pp. 28-38, pl Tune, 2020,
‘are more severe than those in traditional networks due to the
‘atural intermittency of their distributed energy resources
(DERs) and the increased use of power electronic converters,
Bl
‘The purpose of this article was to evalnate the impact of
the wility grid on power quality when a mierogrid is
interconnected to a local distribution system, applying the
tational and intecuational power quality standards IEEE Std
1547 of 2018, IEEE Std 519 of 2014 and NTC 5001 of 2008
[6-8]
This study was carried out using Real-Time Simulation.
First, « microgrid model was selected as a case study, then
the selected model was simulated in a real-time laboratory,
‘and finally the data were exported to MATLAB, where a
detailed analysis was performed
In the context ofthis article, a microgrid comprises a MV
(1-69 kV) locally-controlled cluster of DERS, including
storage systems, that from the erid’s perspective behaves as,
‘single producer or load both electrically and in energy
markets, [2],
Section 2 provides an overview of the phenomena and
their effects on power quality produced by the
interconnection of a microgrid, according to the regulations.
Section 3 presents the micragrid selected as a case study.
Section 4 depicts the simulation scenarios and results and
section $ discusses the power quality results and assesses the
impact and effects of the interconnection of the microgrid 1
a local distribution system,
2. Power quality mechanism caused by interconnection
According to [3.9.10], the interconnection of a microgrid
to the electrical dstbrion sysem con affect the waveform
of voltage and current, Hence it is necessary 10 comply with
the power quality parameters, in order fo ensire a safe
interconnection
The IEEE Std 1547-2018 establishes criteria and
requirements for interconnection of DERS with electric
power systems. For power quality requirements, the standard
provides the limitations of the phenomena, DC injection
flicker and harmonics, [6].
These pheuomena were evaluated a a point of common
coupling (PCC) in the microgrd ease stady. a required by
the standard, Below each phenomenon and how it was
evaluated are explained
2.1. Harmonies measurement
The measurement of harmonies is performed in
accordance with IEEE Std 1547-2018 and its referred
standard IEEE Std 519-2014. The harmonics phenomenon
‘was evaluated for voltage and current and the THD and TRD
indexes were used, respectively. The eq. (1).(2) show the
expression to calculate these indices,
fw 0
THD, > 100%
” ®
x 100%
Tree
2.2. DC injection measurement
‘The DC injection was measured in accordance with the
IEEE Std 1547-2018 and its extended serie the IEEE Std
1547.1-2005, [11], The DC injection index is calculated by
eq. (3).
ly
loc % 100% ®
Trea
2.3. Flicker measurement
‘The flicker measurement was performed in accordance
‘with TEC-61000-4-15. The index used for the flicker
measurement was the Epst, which is calculated by eq. (4).
(0,0814P ss + 0,0525P,, + 0,0657Py5
Eee
$0,287, + 0087.2.) 2
©
The eq. (1) - (4) were implemented in Matlab and they
‘were calculated for multiple scenarios of the microgrid case
study.
3. Microgrid selected as a case study
Fig. | presents the microgrid selected as a case study
‘The microgrid was developed by the Canadian company
OPAL-RT Technologies and was published in 2015 in the
Intermational Conference on Sustainable Mobility
“Applications, [12]
‘Wind generation: a wind turbine delivering @ maximum
power of 10 kW ata wind speed of 15 mis
Solar Generation: includes « type SuaPower solar panel,
delivering a maximum power of $ KW at 1000 Wine
irradiance. The PV film is connected to the grid through
2 2-level IGBT inverter.
[igure 1 Micron ase say
source The Autor, ‘Villareal-Montya tl Revista DYNA, 87(213), pp 28
© Storage system: a lead-acid battery connected tothe arid
via a 2-level IGBT inverter. The purpose of the battery is
to absorb or deliver the difference between the power
generated by the renewable sources and the total load
Three R-L loads representing a
neighborhood,
The microgrid is connected toa large distribution network
and includes:
4. Simulation scenarios and resu
s
The mictogrid is a complex electrical network which
creates big technological challenges for its simulation, due to
the number of parameters and components to be introduced.
‘Unpredictable climate changes, the parameters of renewable
energy resources, the power electronies, the control system
‘and communications are key factors that make microgrid
essential for the use of non-traditional simulations.
Real-Time Simulation is a solution that allows studying
these systems by simulating the effects of multiple scenarios.
under risk fee conditions close to reality. prior to their
implementation in the field, The microgrid case stdy
presented in Fig. 1 is simulated in real time, using the Real-
Time laboratory of the company PTI S.A. For the
evelopment of this simulation, the OPS600 simulator and
the RT-LAB software were used, [13.14].
Five scenarios were simulated in the microgrid case
study. The scenarios show the behavior of the microgrid on a
typical day, recreating high, medium and low load demand
values. In addition, a zero scenario was simnlated, which
corresponds to the utility network operating prior to the
interconnection of the Microgrid to calculate the power
‘quality reference values of the utility
Table 1 presents the 5 simulated microgrid scenarios,
including scenario 0 that corresponds to the microgrid
100.0008
Table
Micrognd snare
Scene esd Prolar Pind Ph
(ew) daw)
° 00 09 00
1 1S 00s 7970
2 3047755
3 4 Gor 2624
4 8000
5 09 96
Source The Author:
Tecan
TRD (%) wee
osm
oat
cate
ome
5 oar
Objectives , .
IEEE 1547 a Om
Tours The Avior
disconnected from the electrical distribution system. For
scenarios 1 to 5 the battery was 100%,
‘Once the real-time simulation was carried out, the data for
each scenario were exported to Matlab where a detailed
analysis was performed, the power quality parameters
mentioned in section 2 were calculated. Table 2 shows the
sesults obtained fom the Real-time simmlation.
‘Another requirement of the IEEE Std 1547-2018 is to
comply with the limits of individual harmonie distortion for
the current. Fig. 2 depicts a graph showing the individual
harmonic distortions of current as a percentage of the rated
current. The graph also shows that each harmonic
‘component satisfies the standard,
sescenano
g
10.00%
escenario 2 sooner S
0.100%
cpio.
oni
18 19 20 30 40 50 TDD
Harmonie onder
igure 2 Individual monic distortion of curet fr thee senarios|
Source The Atos, ‘Vlareal Montoya tl Revista DYNA, €7(213), pp. 28-38, pl Tune, 2020,
5. Analysis of results
All the phenomena evaluated in the microgrid case study
comply with standard requirements. This is due to the design
‘of the microgrid, since it has mmltiple elements such as third-
‘order filters, link capacitors, and fast control actions for
inverters, which help maintain an adequate service of electric
power. In this section, the results of cach ofthe power quality
phenomenon are discussed.
5.1. Harmonie measurement results
According to [15-18], the presence of harmonics is one
of the most important phenomena in the study of power
‘quality and its evaluation is essential for the interconnection
of new non-conventional energy sources. The findings are
discussed in terms of the harmonies phenomenon,
S.1.1. Harmonic voltage results,
Voltage harmonics had a low impact on the
interconnection of the microgrid to the distribution system.
Its index THD did not vary considerably and remained
constant in comparison with the different simulated
microgrid scenarios, thus complying with standard limit
requirements. The findings also show that the
interconnection of the microgrid does not produce significant
voltage harmonic contamination,
5.1.2. Harmonie current results
‘The current harmonics, measured by the TRD index, had
2 high impact on the interconnection of the mictogrid, since
its value increased significantly. From the results, it is clear
that the TRD varies according to the power delivered by the
renewable energy sources and the storage system.
On the other hand, compliance of harmonics with
standard regulations does not necessarily mean that itis nota
source of concern for microgrids. The fact that its value
increases along with the penetration of renewable energies
‘and the battery bank, adds fo other findings from other studies
[17.18).
The results indicate that the phenomenon of cutrent
harmonics will be more severe with the increase of the
penetration of unconventional energy sources, which should
be paid more attention for furure studies,
Finally, and based on Fig. 2. the results indicate that the
third and ninth harmonies are relatively large respect to the
fundamental. Therefore, if wecessary, the frst step to reduce
the harmonic content of the signal would be to install an
appropriate filter.
. Flicker measurement results
‘The flicker phenomenon has a medium impact on the
interconnection of the microgrid. The results obtained, which
‘were measured by using the Pst index, comply with the IEEE
Std 1547 of 2018 and indicate that the microgrid case study
does not present any problem derived from this phenomenon,
Therefore, its value did not vary considerably because of the
interconnection of the microgrid and remained unchanged in
the different simulated scenarios,
5.3. DC injection measurement results
‘The phenomenon of DC injection bad a high impact on
the interconnection of the microgrid, as its value increased
considerably. The results complied with the IEEE Std 1547
standard of 2018 and did not present important variations in
the different scenarios; however, is Values were close to the
limut required by the standard, @ finding to be considered in
future stadies.
6. Impact produced on power quality by
Interconnection
he microgrid
Current harmonies poses one of the main problems in
power quality when using microgrids and the integration of
renewable energy sources. Our findings are supported by
[16.18.19] and guide IEEE 1547.2-2008 [20]. In [18], it was
found that the third current harmonic is relatively high and,
as such, special attention should be paid to it. Additionally, it
‘was found that current harmonics and the TRD index increase
‘with the penetration level of renewable sources, as shown in
the first 3 scenatias.
The DC injection phenomenon shows a high impact due
to the interconnection of the microgrid. However, the
literature, reveals that this phenomenon is uot studied as
frequently as is current harmonics. Therefore, future power
quality studies should have this as one of their aims.
‘The microgrid design in this case study guarantees good
functioning of the network leading to compliance with the
‘power quality limits required by standard regulations, This is
because microgrid incorporates multiple elements such as a
‘third-order filter in the photovoltaic system and battery bank,
link capacitors, and quick control actions for inverters, which
help maintain an adequate supply of electric power.
‘Table 3 summarizes the most relevant phenomena and the
effects of microgrid interconnection on power quality
rable
‘Main fos produced bythe microg intercoanetin,
‘Phenomenon Impact” Eifects om the eleiial
‘Temperature Transformer inser
‘which oveat the neal conductor
Curent
secmomss —Fidh_—Theabovecncae an enn
Lesolton le decrmant
Vases
mutase Low [No importa effet
N ‘Cea cane remariable Taeration oa
Fiche Mesa Tumis lads
‘Dsabaton tens formr saturation tat
DC injection High crates an objectionable hamonic
‘Source Tis Autor:
#0 qualitative indicator easing
‘the icrognd inercomnectcn
om the increase ofthe indexes du to ‘Villareal-Montya tl Revista DYNA, 87(213), pp 28
‘The greatest impacts of the microgrid interconnection are
the current harmonics and the DC injection. The severity of
the harmonic pollution depends on the power electronic
converter technology, its filtering, aud its interconnection
configuration. According to [20], there is concern about the
contribution, However, the problem has been reduced
because the new inverters come with solid state technologies
that use PWM modulation for their operation, These new
inverters can generate a clean output and normally meet the
requirements of TEE Std 1547 of 2018.
‘Currently, new technologies such as filters and smart
inverters are emerging in response 0 the negative effects
sgeuerated by the interconnection of renewable energies.
7. Conclusions
This arice evaluates the impact ofthe interconnection of
a microgrid toa local distribution system on power quality
Real-time simulation was used as a tool to perform the study,
applying asional and international standards, NTC 5001 of
2008, IEEE 519 of 2014 and IEEE 1547 of 2018 for power
avality
The interconnection of the microgrid to the local
distribution system had a high impact on current harmonics.
Index TDD showed important variations produced. by
differen levels of penetration of renewable sources and the
battery bank. However, the phenomenon always complied
with the objectives established by the regulations,
The third and ninth creat harmonics are relatively lage
so they mist be considered forthe possibilty of installing of
filter.
“The interconnection of the microgrd kad a low impact on
the voltage harmonics, Index THD remained constant when
comparing the different simulated scemarios aud mct the
linits required by current remiatious.
The interconnection of the microgrid had a high impact
on the phenomenon of DC injection, (0.379%), and was close
to the limit required by the norm (0.5%). It is suggested that
this pheaomenoa be paid special attention in future studies of
power quality
‘The interconnection of the microgrid had a medium
impact on the flicker phenomenon, ts results meet the
requirements of the IEEE Std 1453 standard of 2015 and does
not pose a special concern for aay scenazo
Becaise of the complexity of microgsid, real-time
simulation isa soloion that allows carping out studies of
‘multiple scensrios under conditions close to reality
Tn real-time simulation, a substantial amount of time is
saved, compared to offline simulation, In our study. off line
Sinmlation took 4 hours wile real-time simmolation took
minute
Acknowledgments
‘The authors express heartfelt thanks to the PTI S.A.
‘company for the availability of its Real-Time Laboratory and
support in the preparation of this article, They also thank
‘Universidad del Valle for its support
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