HOPPER TYPE CLARIFICATION TANKS
Vertical Flow Sludge Blanket Tanks
Flocculation is induced hydraulically and there is no
mechanical gear, and so no maintenance costs. All
the energy in the water is carefully employed-there
are no losses due to mechanical inefficiencies.
The inverted cone or pyramid shape is ideal for the
transition from the flocculating zone to the stable
sludge suspended zone.
There is no break-up of floc as can occur when a
separate flocculating compartment is used.
As the flocculating zone is in the base of the tank, no
additional site area is occupied.
The flow from the sludge blanket zone to the surface
decanting troughs is truly vertical and free from the
disturbing influences associated with rotary flow or
cross flow.
True vertical flow distribution damps out thermal
effects, which can affect cross or mixed flow
systems. With the favorable depth to area ratio there
is no difficulty in re-starting after intermittent
shutdowns. The sludge level is not critical and
considerable variations are permissible.
De-sludging can be by automatic sludge bleed or by
manual control or by a combination of both, as found
most convenient and economical. Typical installation of PCI Hopper Type Clarification
The operating head is low, normally only 300mm Tanks
(12”) between inlet and outlet,
The square plan shape means 20 per cent less site
area than circular tanks PCI Vertical Flow Clarification Tanks
The multiple unit design provides on all but the have a worldwide reputation. There
smallest installations for one or more to be shut off
without significant detriment to the effluent quality. are several installations in operation.
The multiple unit design also minimizes construction
costs by re-use of formwork.
HOPPER TYPE CLARIFICATION TANKS
The principal advantages of PCI vertical flow Sludge is removed from the concentrators by
hopper type tank incorporating the “sludge continuous discharge or intermittently at an
blanket” system are as follows: adjustable frequency or alternatively at a frequency
controlled by the weight of sludge in the
SHAPE concentrators. This latter system automatically
The tank is usually square in plan with the upper controls the desludging rate with changes in raw
portion having vertical sides and the lower portion in water quality and flow rate thus ensuring the
the form of an inverted pyramid, with the sides at an minimum use of water for desludging in all
angle of 60° to the horizontal. The size of the tank is circumstances. It can be used only for the
governed by the upward velocity of the water, which suspended type cone concentrator.
in turn, is influenced by the character of the water.
The retention period, as such, is immaterial.
FLOCCULATION
The incoming water id delivered near the bottom of
the hopper portion by a vertical inlet pipe. The
velocity of discharge, combined with the change in
direction of flow, creates and maintains a condition of
agitation ideal for initial flocculation, which then
continues within the sludge blanket.
CONTROL OF FLOCCULATION
For waters whose characteristics are liable to
exceptional changes, or when the flow is subject to
unusually wide variations, the inlet pipe is fitted with
the Candy Patent Variable Velocity Valve, which is
adjustable from the top of the tank. Otherwise the
inlet pipe has a fixed diameter outlet designed to give
the required discharge velocity.
SLUDGE BLANKET Working principle of Vertical Flow Sludge Blanket
The water rises at a steadily decreasing velocity System
through suspended particles that are allowed to
accumulate in the tank. This “sludge blanket” is
composed of relatively large particles, which are COLLECTION OF SETTLED WATER
capable of maintaining their position against the The water emerging from the sludge blanket passes
upward velocity of the water because they have been up through the straight portion of the tank and is
growing due to contact with smaller particles of drawn off by a series of collecting troughs. These
coagulated matter moving upward with the water. have notched sides and are provided with adjustable
Sedimentation of these smaller particles may be said supports to enable them to be set accurately for
to take place on the surface of the larger stationery perfectly uniform draw-off. This arrangement
particles in the sludge blanket. eliminates any possibility of short-circuiting.
Particles that are too heavy to be carried in the
sludge blanket fall to the bottom of the hopper from CONSTRUCTION
which they are discharged periodically. The general design lends itself to straightforward
The effect of increasing the flow through the tank is reinforced concrete construction and the
to expand the sludge blanket until equilibrium is arrangement of footings and the height of the tank
restored. This causes the surface of the sludge above ground will depend largely upon site
blanket to rise but will not result in carry-over unless conditions. When steel construction is adopted, the
the increase in low is excessive. tank is made circular with a conical hopper and the
arrangement of decanting troughs is modified to suit
SLUDGE DISCHARGE the shape.
To maintain mass balance within the tank, and
therefore a stable sludge blanket, a controlled PROGRESSIVE CHANGES IN DESIGN AND
quantity of sludge must be removed. Before removal SPECIFICATION MAY BE MADE WITHOUT PRIOR
the sludge is concentrated either in fixed corner ANNOUNCEMENT.
pockets or suspended cones.
PCI AFRICA
Paterson Candy International (SA) (PTY) Limited t/a PCI AFRICA |Company Registration Number 53/001821/07
P O Box 308, North Riding, 2162, RSA | 11 Ridge Road, Laser Park, Honeydew
Ⓣ +27 11 794 5004 Ⓕ +27 11 794 6357
