6806 Formula Sheet "RR = Cumulative Incidence in the Exposed Group/Cumulative Incidence in the Unexposed Group Sensitivity Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives tests out of all patients with a condition.[4] In other words, itis the ability ofa test or instrument to yield a positive result for a subject that has that disease.[2] The ability to correctly classify a test is essential, and the equation for sensitivity is the following: Sensitivity=(True Positives (A))/(True Positives (A)+False Negatives (C)) Specificity Specificity is the percentage of true negatives out of all subjects who do not have a disease or condition. In other words, itis the ability of the test or instrument to obtain normal range or negative results for a person who does not have a disease. The formula to determine specificity is the following: Specificity=(True Negatives (D))/(True Negatives (D)+False Positives (B)) PPV and NPV PPVs determine, out of all of the positive findings, how many are true positives; NPVs determine, out of ll of the negative findings, how many are true negatives. As the value increases toward 100, it pproaches a ‘gold standard.’ The formulas for PPV and NPV are below. sitive Predictive Value=(True Posi gative Predictive Value-(True Negatives (D))/(True Negatives (D)+False Negatives(C)) es (A))/(True Positives (A)+False Positives (B)) ar Regression Equation: Y = a + bx, where Y is the predicted value of the dependent variable, cept constant, b= regression coefficient, and X = actual value of independent variable. 2 = sum of all scores divided by the number of scores in = the point in a distribution above and below which 50% of cases fall = the most frequently occurring score in a distribution error = difference between expected and predicted observationsDetailed N6806 Exam 1 Review Guide im 1 will Cover Content from Modules 1 and 2. ‘There are 50 multiple choice questions on the Exam 1 Please review the content provided in the required course textbook (Polit & Beck, 2021), Feview the summary points at the end of each chapter, and review the following research concepts listed below: See Research 101 Research is “systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems” and the purpose of research is to “develop, refine, and expand knowledge” (Polit & Beck) ‘Nursing research is “systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues ‘of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics” (Polit & Beck). The main purpose of nursing research is to guide nursing practice and improve patient outcomes (health and quality of life) ‘Many credit Florence Nightingale as being the very first nursing researcher. Her most notable publication was titled Notes on Nursing and was published in 1859. Nursing research has continued to improve and grow through the years and is expected to continue to flourish in the future (Polit & Beck). Consider the following: re has nursing research been? What is the direction of future nursing research? trends in nursing research are foreseen? Most nursing research studies in the early 1900s concerned nurses’ education (Polit & Beck). “Nursing science came into its maturity in the United States during the 1990s” (Polit & Beck). In preparing for a successful career in advanced practice nursing (clinician or researcher), an understanding of research is essential. It is important to know how to design and conduct arch, how to interpret research, and how to critique research. jurses are expected “to understand and conduct research, and to base their /professional practice on research evidence-—that is to adopt Evidence-based practice (EBP)” (Polit & Beck). ‘Nurses may have a role as a consumer or a researcher (know each)vy Research design and implementation ‘study begins with “the identification of a problem to solve”. Before deciding on @ ‘sure the problem of interest (topic) is significant, feasible, researchable, and of ‘Once, you have selected a topic to research, the next step is to formulate a "question-defined as “a query about relationships between variables". the following: tion? -What is the independent ‘are the main components of a research ques! (outcome-y)? {intervention-x)? What is the dependent variable For example: Research question: In adults with Type 2 DM, what is the effect of yoga on blood glucose ‘control? clinical problem of focusisignificance), what is the In adults (population) with Type 2 DM ( xd glucose control (outcome (y))? effect of yoga (intervention (x)) on bloo« What are the differences between research questions and hypotheses? *Research questions are queries about relatio predicted answers to those queries. inesis is defined as ‘a statement about the relationship between variables” A hypot Consider the following: nships between variables. Hypotheses are the 2 What is a non-directional hypothesis? Also, what is a What is a directional hypothesis’ null hypothesis? *See Polit & Beck, 2021, textbook glossary Pe of the literature/Journal articles Prior to conducting a research study, a review of the literature (related to a problert of interest) pier Ngucted by the nurse researcher to provide him/her with an understanding of the context of the existing knowledge available about the problem of interest. reviewed for a literature review are: primary sources and Keondary sources. Primary sources include writen reports of research by the researcher seco idcted them, Secondary sources aro descriptions of studies prepared by someone whos than the researcher who conducted them. Primary sources are preferred. The 2 types of information are the primary method of disseminating research evidence”. want to know more about a clinical topic...go to the research the research results in journal articles. “esearch journal articles ‘other words...when you esults...and you can find levels of evidence. Know the hierarchy/l literature search and which databases are most relevant for Know how to conduct a nursing Page 2 of SWd, 4,v 9,10, 199 hy le ualitative and quantitative journal articles follow a similar format for organization of ch study contentiinformation. This format is called the IMRAD format. The IMRAD ym stands for the 4 main sections of a research article: Introduction, Methods, Results, iscussion. It is important to Know which researc! h study content/info should be included in ‘of these sections. - each section of a research report know the main components-What type of information ould be{ncluded in each section? * (Introduction * Methods + Results * Discussion es, and Research Design Theory plays a major role in research design. In designing research, “there needs to be a well-deliberated conceptualization (conceptualization-explanation of concepts...concepts are the building blocks of theory) of people’s behaviors, characteristics, and how the: or are affected by interpersonal, environmental, or biologic forces. affect research, a clear conceptualization is made explicit”. This conceptualization is made high quality defensible by theory. Theory (or theoretic rationale) provides support for how we (researchers) hypothesized that a particular intervention might bring about a particular outcome. Review the following content on theory: Leyels of theories- grand, middle range, etc. ‘ne role of Theories and Models. Relationship between Theory and Research Selecting a theory or Model for Nursing Research Planning a Nursing Research Study Qualitative vs Quantitative (know the difference & steps of each) Planning is extremely important in research. The researcher must anticipate challenges and plan appropriate solutions to address those challenges. Define and review the following terms related to planning a study. Be able to identify examples of each: + “alidity (internal validity vs. external validity) + Mgtiabitity + \Fredibitity Page 30f 5i Bias {random bias vs. systematic bias) rch control (quantitative) © Confounding variables o Randomness Cou teins Study Design ludy design types: There are multiple types of quantitative research study designs. Different 2search designs/methods are compatible with different clinical problems and situations of nterest. It is important to know which design/method is best suitable for use with a specific yroblem/research question Review the quantitative design types listed below. Consider the following: What are the main characteristics of each study design type?, Also, which study design types provide the best evidence?“Not. study design and research evidence. there is a hierarchy of Quantitative: Randomized Control T! Observational study Case-control study Cohort study VA Collection Data collection plans can vary with each research study. Data collection plans correspond with the study design type and methods in the following ways: initiation of the data plan, the specific methods to collect data, revision of the data plan (if any), tir iming, etc. Consider the following: falidity- What makes an instrument valid? + What is internal validity? What are the threats to internal validity? + What is external validity? What are the threats to internal validity? Page 4 of SV sons = study sample is made up of the people being studied (the people who provide the information for the researcher). In a quantitative study, the people who are being studied are called subjectsor participants. In qualitative study, the people who are being studied are called informants. of selecting cases to represent an entire population so that inferences be made’ (Polit & Beck). Sampling designs are classified as probability ) and nonprobability (nonrandom selection). ‘Sampling is “the process about the population can sampling (random selection) Consider the following: How do I determine who to include in my research study? How do | recruit participants for my re erch study? How many participants should | recruit? What are my inclusion and exclusion criteria? ‘There are multiple approaches to sampling in research. Review the following quantitative sampling approaches. Know the main features/characteristics ofeach, © Nonprobabilty sampling © Convenience sampling © Snowball sampling © Quota sampling © Consecutive sampling o Purposive sampling * Probability sampling © Simple random sampling © Stratified random sampling © Cluster sampling Systematic sampling is review guide is intended to bring course concepts together to help students cus their study efforts for Exam 1. All direct quotes in this document can be found the Polit and Beck Research textbook. In addition to this review guide, students strongly encouraged to complete the assigned readings for each chapter to Mygrepare for the Exam. AA a‘what is the determining factor for a researcher in selecting a qualitative research approach? the nature of the research question design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds Which of the following are NOT the advantages of mixed methods: Complexity: research design is more complex and takes much more time and resources Which of the following are NOT correct with respect to the dis xdvantages of mixed methods: Usually mixed methods are less expensive than any other method due to collaboration between qualitative and quantitative researches and duplicity content. definitions of qualitative research and what they seek to explore 1. emergent design 2. truth is a subjects perception of reality 3. collects data from small # of subjects, in-depth study Ethnography the primary research tradition in anthropology; studies cultural patterns and experiences When the two.types ofidata’areinot collected at the|same time) one strand occurring prior to the second strand, the approach is called: ‘Sequential hen the data are collected at the same period, both strands/accurring in one simultaneous phase the approach is called: Concurrent/Parallel sequential and Exploratory sequential, What is triangulation mixed method de: Quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted separately but concurrently in tone phase, the findings ae integrated and equal priority i given to both quantitative and qualitative ‘method. ‘ What is Embedded mixed method design: ‘A predominant method (quantitative/qualitative) nests or embeds the other less prior (quantitative/qualitative). ‘What is Exploratory sequential mixed method desigstudy concerning the grief process. Later, the nurse explains to a grieving and that many others have successfully made their way through the ing which clinical application of research? n of themes is important when reviewing findings of a qualitative research report mes: scription of a large quantity of data in a condensed format ‘nurse researcher reports that after data collection was completed, a follow-up focus group session participants was used to validate that the participants agreed the findings were true to their own ‘experiences. What aspect of the study does this support? The study's credibility ‘The nurse is critiquing a qualitative research study. Which question would be appropriate for the nurse to ask when critiquing the study's fittingness? Do results "ring true". Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? Which qualitative research approach is used by researchers for the purpose of theory building about basic social processes? Grounded theory idy examining the process of social support that ‘A nurse researcher conducts a grounded theory stu I faculty in the hospital setting. Which ‘occurs within interactions between nursing students and clinical research activity is consistent with a grounded theory study? Changing approaches to data collection as data emerge ‘Sampling issues that are common to all types of qualitative research a 1 participants are purposefully selected to give the most and best information about the topic 2. Sampling continues until redundancy 3, samples are generally smaller than surveys or positivist designs Which of the following is a datum from a qualitative research study on labor and delivery experiences of women over 40 years of age “it was a lot more painful than | ever imagined" Rigor in a qualitative study Is assessed by examining its: 1. applicabilitySubjective Indicate whe re whether you think the problem is best suited to a qualitative or quantitative approach: Quantitative Indi indicate whether you think the problem is best suited to a qualitative or quantitative approach Qualitative Indicate whether you think tl J to a qualitative or quantitative approach. Qualitative think the problem is best suited to a qualitative or quantitative approach. Indicate whether e Quantitative aca paesecin pce wae 1 Framing an answerable clinical question 2_ Searching for relevant research evidence 3, Appraising and synthesizing the evidence 4. Integrating evidence with other factors 5. Assessing effectiveness Grounded e study 1. Conceptual phase 2. The design and planning phase 3, The empirical phase 4, The analytic phase 5, The dissemination phase In each of the following research questions, identify the independent and dependent variables: Independent Variable: assertiveness training (participation vs nonparticipation). Dependent Variable: Psychiatric nurses’ effectiveness i ;nts. An investigator by urine cultures. SRE nary tract infection (UT!) as diagnose this group (on age, gender and diagnosis) with nother group of 100 patients in tMe same 1 that did not have a UTI. Itwas determined which "of these patients had a Foley catheter during their hospitalization. it was found that 78 of the patients in the UTI group had foley catheters compared "100 hospitalized patients with uri Case-control study spells out procedures to be used in data collection seawhataretnebulding blocks of theory? concepts systematic strategies used to address the problem ' Bi Randomization ‘Alternative explanations of the results can be ruled out Journal articles there would be better prevention ‘of confounding, degree of physical activity and HR ; — Random selection of the sampley _ An omportant featur oF roapeeve hor tut of pot manasa women totestesogen use 252 *ohfocnnfonsi mero peeOTSPESRTEPHTGeTTaaetnpenrmaranenatastinscts—= seuctyoathos Do not have endometrial cancer which type of phenomenon might be best suited to study ina laboratory setting? Reactions to sleep deprivation Literature reviews Null estimate sample size resentative of the population the sample i kely £0 be ‘The larger the sample is, the more rel Identify the type of measurement scale for the variables that are described below: Length of time in labor Ratio ‘A positive correlation between height and weight in children provides evidence that: Height and weight are associated; increase in height tends to be accompanied by increase in weight Know the difference between qualitative and quantitative research qual seeks to explore feelings/emotions research -wants elaborate answers “TRUTH IS A SUBJECTS PERCEPTION OF REALITY -collects data from small number of subjects Quant “gathers numeric info that is obtained from a formal measurement and is analyzed statistically what are the 3 primary ethical principles of research? 1, Beneficence 2. respect for human dignity 3. Justice Justicees = Risks to participa, = Risks to participants ce are reaso) the knowledge that may veasonaliynsy elation to Anticipated benefits, if any, and the wSelecton tate ona be ected eek if any, and the importance of = Informed consent will be Sought, as & Adequate provision is ee — "= Specific standard set of procedures and how we are Boing to collect our research data Randomization © the most effective method for controlling extraneous variables introduction = Tells the research problem, population of interest, theo © Tells the background and why this is significant retical framework, and the study purpose methods describes the methods used...e.g. the research setting and the study context results Findings, the statistical tests Discussion what they could have done differently = Implications for practice, future projects they are going to work on, issues that were encountered, © Strengths and weaknesses Research Critique Purpose © to assess strengths and weaknesses of the study © Question that would be appropriate for the nurse to ask when critiquing the study's fitingness: Do results "ring true". Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? © Identifying/Critiquing strengths (adequacies) and weaknesses (inadequacies) Define Grey Literature ‘© Unpublished, and thus less readily accessible, papers or research reports ‘studies with a more limited distribution, such as dissertations, conference presentations, and so ona -Complementarity -Practicality -Incrementality -Enhanced Validity Collaboration Sequential: when the two ty pes of data a aan Fe Not collected at the same time, one strand occurring prior to the second Concurrent/Parallel: when the data i are collected at the same time, both strands occurring in one simultaneous phase Triangulation (Convergent) Mixed Method Design: Saneie Set and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted separately but concurrently in one Y — the findings are integrated and equal priority is given to both quantitative and qualitative metho ‘© Concurrent and equal QUAL + QUAN Embedded Mixed Method Design m= 2 predominant method (quantitative/qualitative) nests or ‘embeds the other less priority method (quantitative/qualitative) ‘* Concurrent or sequential QUAL (quan) or QUAN (qual) Explanatory Mixed Method Design is this study design involves the collection and analysis of quantitative data followed by the analysis of qualitative data. The findings of quantitative data are integrated with qualitative data © QUAN ~ qual or quan > QUAL Exploratory Mixed Method Design ss qualitative data and analysis is followed By quantitative data analysis. The findings of qualitative study are expanded and integrated with quantitative study ® QUAL > quan or qual -> QUAN 4 relationships between qual and quant components 1. Identical 2. Parallel 3, Nested 4, Multilevel Identical Relationship ‘a same participants are recruited in both strands Parallel Relationship