14

Activity Items Score

1 5
2 10
3 25
MATHEMATICS │ Fourth Quarter – Statistics │ Week 4 Total 40
(dito na po sa module magsasagot)
Objectives:
1. Illustrates the measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) of a statistical data.
2. Calculates the measures of central tendency of ungrouped and grouped data.
3. Draws conclusions from graphic and tabular data and measures of central tendency.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY -Mean, Median and Mode
A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are
sometimes called measures of central location. The mean (often called the average) is most likely the
measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are others, such as the median
and the mode.
A. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY OF UNGROUPED DATA
What is an ungrouped data?
Definition / Description Examples
➢ basically list of numbers / scores 1. Edna’s math test scores were
➢ the data you gather first from an experiment or study 79, 51, 83, 76, 99, 75, 73, 84 and 77.
➢ the data is raw 2. The ages of ten guests at a party
are 22, 23, 24, 32, 27, 28, 29, 27, 7 and 20.
Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped data
Mean is commonly called Formula: ➢ the most popular among the
average. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 measures of central tendency for it is
𝑥̅ =
𝑁 widely used
𝑥̅ is the symbol for mean and is where : ➢ the sum of all numbers divided by
read as “x bar”. 𝑥̅ is the mean
∑ 𝑥̅𝑖 is the sum of the how many numbers are there in a set
values of data
Mean is considered as the ➢ it indicates a point around with the
𝑁 is the total number
most stable and reliable value in the distribution balance
of
measure of central tendency ➢ it is also affected by extreme values
values
How to Solve for the Mean in an Ungrouped Data
Steps Illustration
Example 1. Example 2.
Find the mean of the given data Find the mean of the given data
set. set.
67, 89, 93, 77, 84 13, 11, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 12
First, write the formula. ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑁
Second, for the ∑ 𝑥̅𝑖 , substitute
the values from the given data. 67+89+93+77+84 13,11,10,12,14,9,11,12
For the value of N, substitute the 𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅ =
5 8
number of values.
Third, add the numbers in the 𝑥̅ =
410
𝑥̅ =
92
numerator. 5 8
Fourth, divide. 𝑥̅ = 82 𝑥̅ = 11.5
Finally, this is the mean.
Median is commonly called the ➢ the value in the distribution which divides the data into two
middle value. equal parts. The data should be arranged in increasing or
decreasing order
𝑥̅̃ is the symbol for median and ➢ the arrangement of data in increasing or decreasing order is
is read as “x tilde”. called an array
➢ the median is used when we want to know the value in which
half of the scores are more extreme and half are less extreme
 15
How to Solve for the Median in an Ungrouped Data
Steps Illustration
Example 1. Find the median of Example 2. Find the median of
the given data set: the given data set.
67, 89, 93, 77, 84. 13, 11, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 12
1. Arrange the data in
increasing or decreasing order. 67, 77, 84, 89, 93 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 10, 9
(You may arrange the data in
increasing or decreasing order.)
Second, count the numbers in N=5 N=8
the data set.
The position of the median can 𝑁+1 𝑁+1
𝑥̅̃ = ( ) th score
𝑥̅̃ = ( ) th score 2
be obtained by the formula: 2
8+1
𝑁+1 5+1 =( )
𝑥̅̃ = ( ) th score =( 2
) 2
2 9
6 =( )
=( 2
) 2

𝑥̅̃ = 3 rd score 𝑥̅̃ = 4.5 th score

4.5 means 4th and 5th position
Locate the median from the 67, 77, 84, 89, 93 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 10, 9
arranged data.
𝑥̅̃ = 84 To get the median: add the two
values and divide the sum by 2
12+11 23
𝑥̅̃ = = 𝑥̅̃ = 11.5
2 2

Mode is commonly called the Nonmodal – no mode ➢ the number that occurs
frequently occurring value. Unimodal – one mode most often in a set of data
Bimodal – two modes ➢ a set of data can have
𝑥̅ is the symbol for mode and is Trimodal – three modes more than one mode or no
read as “x hat”. Multimodal – four or more mode at all
modes in a set of data
How to Solve for the Mode in an Ungrouped Data
Illustration
Example 1. Find the mode of the Example 2. Find the mode of the
Steps
given data set: given data set:
67, 89, 93, 77, 84. 13, 11, 10, 12, 14, 9, 11, 12.
First, arrange the values. 67, 77, 84, 89, 93 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 10, 9
(We may arrange the data in
increasing or decreasing order.) The data is arranged in The data is arranged in
increasing order. decreasing order.
Second, analyze the given data Therefore, there is no mode in
set. Observe that there is no the given data set and this is 14, 13, 12, 12, 11, 11, 10, 9
number that occurs most often. called nonmodal.
𝑥̅= 11 and 12

Activity 1. Directions: Read and answer the questions carefully. Write the answer on the space provided
for. (5 points)
__________1. What measure of central tendency is used when adding all the values and dividing the sum
by the number of values?
A. mean B. median C. mode D. range
__________2. What is the term used to describe the distribution of a data set with one mode?
A. bimodal B. multimodal C. nonmodal D. unimodal
__________3. Which measure of central tendency is generally affected by extreme scores?
A. mean B. mode C. median D. range
__________4. Which of the following measures can have more than one value for a set of data?
A. mean B. mode C. median D. range
_________ 5. The front row in a movie theater has 23 seats. If you were asked to take the
seat occupied in the median position, which one would it be?
A. 1st B. 11th C. 12th D. 23rd
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Activity 2. Directions. Complete the table by calculating the mean, median and mode. (10 points)
Data Mean Median Mode
1. 5, 5, 2, 4, 6
2. 8, 1, 4, 7, 7, 4
3. 11, 8, 9, 10, 10, 8, 9

B. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY OF GROUPED DATA

What is a grouped data?
Definition / Description Example
➢ Grouped data is the term used for a bigger
quantity of collected data.

When the number of items in a set of data

is too large, it is best to compute for the measures
of central tendency using the frequency
distribution.

Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data

Mean
To find the mean of grouped data using class Example 1.
marks, use the formula Below are the scores of the 40 students in
∑ 𝑓𝑥 their second quarter exam in Mathematics.
𝑥̅ = Calculate the mean score.
𝑁
Where:
𝑥̅ = mean 𝑓 = frequency
x = class mark (average of lower interval and
upper interval)
∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ = sum of the product of frequencies and
classmarks
N = total frequency
How to Solve for the Mean in a grouped data?
Steps Illustration
1. Ready the table for Score/ Frequency Class Mark
computation. fx
Class Interval f x
41 – 45 1
36 – 40 8
31 – 35 8
26 – 30 14
21 – 25 7
16 – 20 2

2. Complete the third column of Score/ Frequency Class Mark

the table for class marks. fx
Class Interval f x
The class mark is the midpoint of 41 – 45 1 43
a class interval. 36 – 40 8 38
Classmark (x) = 2
41+45 86
= 2 = 43 31 – 35 8 33
26 – 30 14 28
=
36+40
=
76
= 38 21 – 25 7 23
2 2 16 – 20 2 18
31+35 66
= 2
= 2
= 33

3. Complete the fourth column Score/ Frequency Class Mark

by multiplying the frequency and fx
Class Interval f x
the class mark. 41 – 45 1 43 43
1 × 43 = 43 36 – 40 8 38 304
8 × 38 = 304 31 – 35 8 33 264
8 × 33 = 264
26 – 30 14 28 392
14 × 28 = 392
21 – 25 7 23 161
7 × 23 = 161
2 × 18 = 36 16 – 20 2 18 36
i=5 N = 40 ∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ =1200
4. Use the value and ∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ to Mean =
∑ 𝑓𝑥
=
1200
= 30
𝑁 40
compute the mean. Therefore, the mean score of the second quarter exam in
Mathematics is 30.
 17
Median
Below are the scores of the 40 students
in their second quarter exam in
Mathematics. Calculate the mean score.
Where:
𝑥̅̃ = median N = total frequency
𝑋𝑙𝑏 = the lower boundary of true lower limit of the
median class
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = cumulative frequency before the median class
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
𝑖 = size of the class interval
Steps Illustration
1. Complete the Score/ Frequency Lower limit
third column of the Class Interval f Ll
table for the lower 41 – 45 → 41 – 0.5 = 40.5 41 – 45 1 40.5
limit of the median 36 – 40 → 36 – 0.5 = 35.5 36 – 40 8 35.5
class. 31 – 35 → 31 – 0.5 = 30.5 31 – 35 8 30.5
26 – 30 → 26 – 0.5 = 25.5 26 – 30 14 25.5
21 – 25 → 21 – 0.5 = 20.5 21 – 25 7 20.5
16 – 20 → 16 – 0.5 = 15.5 16 – 20 2 15.5
O
i=5 N=40
2. Complete the Starting with the frequency of
O

Score/ Frequency Lower limit Less than

fourth column for the the lowest score 16-20 Class Interval f Ll cumulative
less than cumulative frequency
Frequency
frequency. The less < cf
1 → 39 + 1 = 40
than cumulative 41 – 45 1 40.5 40
8 → 31 + 8 = 39
frequency is 36 – 40 8 35.5 39
8 → 23 + 8 = 31
obtained by adding 31 – 35 8 30.5 31
14 → 9 + 14 = 23 26 – 30 14 25.5 23
successively the
7 → 2+7= 9 21 – 25 7 20.5 9
frequencies of all the
2 → 2 16 – 20 2 15.5 2
previous classes.
i=5 N=40
Q

3. Determine the
Q
<cf meaning Score/ Frequency Lower limit Less than
median class by the 40 40th score is in 41-45 cumulative
𝑁 Class f Ll frequency
formula: 2 39 32nd -39th score is in 36-40 Interval < cf
31 24th -31st score is in 31-35
Median class 41 – 45 1 40.5 40
23 10th -23rd score is in 26 - 30
𝑁 40
= 2 = 2 = 20 36 – 40 8 35.5 39
9 3rd - 9th score is in 21-25
2 2nd score is in 16-20
31 – 35 8 30.5 31
26 – 30 14 25.5 23
This means that 20th score is in 21 – 25 7 20.5 9
26-30 and therefore is the 16 – 20 2 15.5 2
median class. i=5 N=40
U

3. Identify the following from the median class

A

Score/ Frequency Lower limit Less than

𝑋𝑙𝑏 = the lower boundary of true lower limit of the cumulative
Class f Ll frequency
median class
Interval < cf
= 25.5
41 – 45 1 40.5 40
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class 36 – 40 8 35.5 39
=14 31 – 35 8 30.5 31
26 – 30 14 25.5 23
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = cumulative frequency (<cf) 21 – 25 7 20.5 9
before the median class 16 – 20 2 15.5 2
=9 i=5 N=40
6. Apply the formula Given: Solution:
below by substituting i =5 𝑋𝑙𝑏 = 25.5 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 9 40
−9 11
x̃ = 25.5 + ( 214 ) 5 x̃ = 25.5 + (14) 5
the given values. N = 40 𝑓𝑚 = 14
20−9
Formula: x̃ = 25.5 + ( 14
)5 x̃ = 25.5 + (0.79)5
20−9
x̃ = 25.5 + ( 14 ) 5 x̃ = 25.5 + 3.95
x̃ = 29.45
Therefore, the median score of the second
quarter exam in Mathematics is 29.45.
 18
Mode
𝑥̅̂ = 𝑿𝒍𝒃 +
𝒅𝟏
(𝒅 +𝒅 )𝒊 (using the same example in mean)
𝟏 𝟐 Below are the scores of the 40 students
Where: in their second quarter exam in
𝑿𝒍𝒃 = lower boundary of the modal class Mathematics. Calculate the mean score.
𝒅𝟏 = difference between the frequency of the
interval
containing the mode and the frequency of the
next lower class interval
𝒅𝟐 = difference between the frequency of the interval
containing the mode and the frequency of the
next higher class interval
I = size of the class interval
Steps Illustrations
1. Complete the third column of A

the table for the lower limit of Score/ Frequency Lower limit
the median class. Class f Ll
Interval
Same as the procedure in 41 – 45 1 40.5
median 36 – 40 8 35.5
31 – 35 8 30.5
26 – 30 14 25.5
21 – 25 7 20.5
16 – 20 2 15.5
i=5 N=40
a
2. Identify the modal class or the A

class with highest frequency. Score/ Frequency Lower limit

Class f Ll
The class with the highest Interval
frequency is 26 – 30 and is the 41 – 45 1 40.5
modal class. 36 – 40 8 35.5
3. Identify 𝒅𝟏 and 𝒅𝟐 . 31 – 35 8 30.5
26 – 30 14 25.5
𝑑1 = 14 – 7 𝑑2 = 14 – 8 21 – 25 7 20.5
=7 = 6 16 – 20 2 15.5
i=5 N=40
aa
4. Apply the formula below by Given: 𝑥̅̂ = 𝑿𝒍𝒃 + (𝒅
𝒅𝟏
)𝒊 𝑥̅̂ = 25.5 + (0.54)5
𝟏 +𝒅𝟐
substituting the given values. i=5 N = 40
𝑑1 = 7 𝑑2 = 6 𝟕
𝑥̅̂ = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 + (𝟕+𝟔) 𝟓 𝑥̅̂ = 25.5 + 2.7
𝑋𝑙𝑏 = 25.5
𝟕
𝑥̅̂ = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 + (𝟏𝟑) 𝟓 𝑥̅̂ = 28.2

Therefore, the mode of the second quarter

exam in Mathematics is 28.2.

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Interpretation of data and drawing conclusions are the last two parts of the statistical process.
The meaning that the set of data tries to convey is finally extracted and communicated out of statistical
computations of the measures of Central Tendency.
The computed central tendencies of the given example above is shown below.
Mean (𝑥̅) = 30 Median (𝑥̅̃) = 29.45 Mode (𝑥̅̂) = 28.2
30 > 29.45 > 28.2

𝑥̅ > 𝑥̅̃ > 𝑥̅̂

The computed value of mean is greater than the computed value of median and mode. We
can also say that the computed value of mode is less than the computed value of median and mean.
It means that most frequent scores (mode) are less than the mean score. Therefore, most of the scores
are below the mean (average).
Students with score below 30 has a performance “below average” and students with score
above 30 has a performance above average.
Another Example of Measuring Central Tendencies – Mean, Median and Mode 19
You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure their lengths
(to the nearest mm) and group the results:
Length (mm) Frequency
(f)
185-189 3
180-184 6
175-179 11
170-174 9
165-169 8
160-164 6
155-159 2
150-154 5
N = 50

1. Complete the table for the computation of mean median and mode.
Length (mm) Frequency Class Mark Lower limit Less than cumulative
Class Interval f x fx Ll frequency
< cf
185-189 3 187 561 184.5 50
180-184 6 183 1098 179.5 47
175-179 11 177 1947 174.5 41 Modal class
170-174 9 173 1557 169.5 30 Median class
165-169 8 167 1336 164.5 21
160-164 6 163 978 159.5 13
155-159 2 157 314 154.5 7
150-154 5 153 765 149.5 5
i=5 N = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ = 8556

Mean Median Mode

Formula ∑ 𝑓𝑥 𝑥̅̂ = 𝑿𝒍𝒃 + (𝒅 𝒅+𝒅
𝟏

𝑥̅ = 𝟏 𝟐
)𝒊
𝑁

Given: ∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ = 8556 𝑁 50

Median class: 2 = 2 = 25 th score Modal class: with highest
N = 50 frequency :
Median class: 170-174

i =5 𝑋𝑙𝑏 = 169.5 i=5 N = 40

N = 50 𝑓𝑚 = 9 𝑋𝑙𝑏 = 174.5
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 21 𝑑1 = 11-9 𝑑2 = 11-6
=3 =5
Solution ∑ 𝑓𝑥 𝑑1
𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅̂ = 𝑋𝑙𝑏 + (𝑑
1 +𝑑2
)𝑖
𝑁
8556 3
= 𝑥̅̂ = 174.5 + (3+5) 5
50 50
−21
𝑥̅ = 171.12 x̃ = 169.5 + ( 2 9
)5 3
𝑥̅̂ = 174.5 + ( 8 ) 5
25−21 𝑥̅̂ = 174.5 + (0.38)5
x̃ = 169.5 + ( 9
)5
4
𝑥̅̂ = 174.5 + 1.9
x̃ = 169.5 + ( 9 ) 5
𝑥̅̂ = 176.4
x̃ = 169.5 + (0.44)5
x̃ = 169.5 + 2.2
x̃ = 171.7

Final 𝑥̅ = 171.12 x̃ = 171.7 𝑥̅̂ = 176.4

Answer
Interpretation:
𝑥̅ = 171.12
< x̃ = 171.7 < 𝑥̅̂ = 176.4
The computed value of mode is relatively higher than the computed value of mean. This
means that most of the length of the baby carrots is longer than the average length of baby carrots.
 20
Activity 3. Directions. Complete the table below and find the mean, median and mode score
of the summative test result of Grade 7 in Mathematics. (25 points)
Summative Test Result of Grade 7 in Mathematics

Scores Frequency Class Lower limit Less than cumulative

Class (f) Mark fx Ll frequency
Interval (x) < cf
21 – 25 7 23 19.5 46

16 – 20 10 180

11 – 15 12

6 – 10 11 88

1–5 6 3 6

i= 5 N= ∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ =
_________ ____________

Mean Median Mode

Formula ∑ 𝑓𝑥 𝑥̅̂ = 𝑿𝒍𝒃 + (𝒅 𝒅+𝒅
𝟏

𝑥̅ = 𝟏 𝟐
)𝒊
𝑁

Given: Median class:

𝑁
= Modal class: with highest
2
∑ 𝑓𝑥̅ = ________
Median class: ___________ frequency : ____________
N = __________
i = _____ 𝑋𝑙𝑏 = _______ i = ________ N = ________

N = _____ 𝑓𝑚 = __________ 𝑋𝑙𝑏 = ______

𝑐𝑓𝑏 =_____ 𝑑1 = ________ 𝑑2 = _______

Solution

Final
Answer
Interpretation: