KALAM - International Research Journal

Faculty of Arts and Culture,

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
12(2), 2019

tpQ;Qhd mwpit epahag;gLj;Jtjpy;; Kiwapay;: xU Nehf;F

f. fNzruh[h
rpNu~;l tphpTiuahsh;
r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fs; Jiw
,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

Correspondence: [email protected]

fl;Liur; RUf;fk;

,aw;if r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fspy; Ma;Tk;> Ma;T KiwapaYk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

nka;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; xU mZFKiwNa Ma;T vdyhk;. ,j;jifa Ma;T vg;gb
mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gij newpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Ma;T Kiwapay; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Ma;Tj;Jiw vJthapDk; mjd; tpQ;Qhd ngWkhdj;jpidj; jPuk
; hdpg;gJ
KiwapayhFk;. tpQ;Qhd mwpit ju;f;fuPjpahf epahag;gLj;JtNj „tpQ;QhdKiwapay;‟
vdg;gLk;. ,it tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F mtrpakhdJk; ,d;wpaikahjJkhFk;. nghJthfNt
,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; mwpT vd;gJ khwpkhwpAs;sij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tpQ;Qhd
Kiwapay; gw;wpa Njlypy; nka;apayhsu;fSk;> msitapayhsu;fSk; $basT
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;fs;. ,t;thwhd KiwapayhdJ tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy;
ntt;NtW fhyfl;lj;jpy; ntt;NtW nka;apayhsu;fspdhy; ntt;NtW Kiwapay;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. KiwapayhdJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J
,d;Wtiu khw;wkile;J te;jpUg;gjid mwpayhk;. me;jtifapy; fpNuf;f mwpQuhd
mup];Nuhl;bypdJ ca;j;jwpKiwAk;> gpuhd;]p]; Ngfdpd; njhFj;jwpKiwAk;> fhu;s;
nghg;gupd; ngha;g;gpj;jy; KiwAk;> Njhk]; $dpd; rhh;Gthj KiwAk; Kf;fpakhd
Kiwapay;fshf vLj;jhsg;gLfpd;wd. ,t; Ma;thdJ ,uz;lhk; epiy Ma;thfTs;s
jhy; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Muha;tNjhL tpgupg;G Kiw>
tpsf;fKiw> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ.. ntt;NtW
Kiwapay;fs; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; khwpkhwpf; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;$Wk;
mNjNtis gauhgz;l;> yf;fhNlh]; Nghd;Nwhupd; tpku;rdq;fSk; Kf;fpakhf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpujhd nrhw;fs;: ca;j;jwpKiw> njhFj;jwpKiw> ngha;g;gpj;jy;Kiw> Ma;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

1. mwpKfk;
mwpT gw;wpa Njlypy;; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhs;fpd;w ,d;iwa #oypy; ngsjPfk; njhlu;ghfTk;
ngsjPfmjPjk; njhlu;ghfTk; gy rpe;jidfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; Nkiyj;Njarpe;jidapYk;
fPioj;Njarpe;jidapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. fPioj;Njarpe;idapYk; mwpT>
mwpgtd;> mwpag;gLk; nghUs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkiyj;Nja mwpT tuyhw;wpy; Vd;?
Vjw;F? vg;gb? vd;W Nfl;Fk; gz;G ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;.Fwpg;ghf vjidAk;
Muha;e;Nj Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nrhf;fpuB]; typAWj;jpdhu;. mjid mtuJ
“tprhuizf;F cl;glhj tho;f;if thoj; jFjpaw;wJ” (Duignan, 2010 ) vd;w fUj;jpd; %yk;
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. vkJ tho; ehspy; ehk; cyfpYs;s tplaq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ik gw;wpa
Njly; Kf;fpakhdjhFk; (Search of truth). ,j;jifa cz;ik gw;wpa Njly; tpQ;Qhd
uPjpahfTk; mikayhk;> tpQ;Qhdk; rhuhkYk; mikayhk;. tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd NjlYf;F
mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ my;yJ Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ Kiwapay;fshFk;. tpQ;Qhd
mwpit ju;f;f uPjpahf fl;likj;J epahag;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTtNj Kiwapay;fshFk;. ,k;
Kiwapay; tpQ;Qhd g+u;tkhd mwpit ngWtjw;Fupa fUtpahFk;. (.Krishnaraja> 1992)
Vnddpy; mwpTf;Fk; mwpag;gL nghUspw;FkpilNaAs;s njhlu;Gfis tiuaiw nra;tNj
Kiwapaypd; tpjpKiwfshf mikfpd;wd. tpQ;Qhd mwptpid ehk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk;>
r%f tpQ;Qhdk; vdg; gFg;gha;T nra;tJz;L. ,t;thwhd tifaPl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
,itfs; xt;nthd;Wf;FKupa mwpit ntspf;nfhzu;tjpy; ,aw;if tpQ;QhdKk; r%f
tpQ;QhdKk; ntt;NtW tifahd Kiwapaiyg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. (Duignan> 2009)

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 60

 KALAM - International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
12(2), 2019

2. Kiwapay; rpe;jidfs;

Ma;T vd;gJ nka;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Gyikg;gapw;rpahfpd;wJ. tpjpfs;> re;jh;g;gq;fs;>

Njhw;wg;ghLfs;> gz;Gfs;>mikg;Gfs;> vd;wthwhf mbnahw;wpAk; Ma;Tfis mikf;fyhk;.
Ma;T tuyhw;W tsh;r;rpapy; nka;apaypd; gq;Fk; gzpfSk; rpwg;gplq;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jd
(Arylmolly, 2008). tpQ;Qhd Kiw Ma;T vd;gJ gpur;rpidnahd;wpd; nghUl;Lj; jPh;Tfhz;g
jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ju;f;fhPjpahd nranyhOq;F vd vspikahff; $wyhk; (Saba
Jayarajah, 2000). tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Kiwapay; rpe;jid
fs; khw;wkile;Js;sd. fpNuf;ffhy tpQ;Qhd Kiwapaiyj; jOtpa tifapy;
mup];NlhbypDila ca;j;jwp KiwapaYk; etPdfhy tpQ;Qhd Kiwapaiyj; jOtpa
tifapy gpuhd;rp]; Ngfdpd; Kiwapay; rpe;jidAk; mwpitf; fl;likg;gjpy; ngUk;
jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;jpapUe;jd. gpd;etPd rpe;jidahsh;fshy; jw;fhy Kiwapay; rpe;jidfs;
nkhop gw;wpa tplaq;fSf;Fk; ajhu;j;jk;> mu;j;jk; gw;wpa tplaq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;jd. 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; jiy rpwe;j tpQ;Qhd mwpTf; nfhs;ifahsuhd
fhh;s;nghg;ghpd; rpe;jidapd; MSiff;Fl;glhj mwpTj;Jiwnad vJTNk ,y;iynadyhk;.

fhu;s;nghg;gUila Kiwapay; rpe;jidfs; ngha;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghlhf

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Gydwpthjj;jpw;F gpw;gl;l Kiwapayhf Njhk]; $d;>
Nghy; gauhgz;l; Nghd;Nwhhpd; rhh;Gthj KiwapaYk; yf;fhNlhrpd; Ma;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l
KiwapaYk; tpkh;rdhPjpahd Kiwapay;fshf Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,it tpQ;Qhd mwptpd;
tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpak; ngw;w ehd;F Kiwapay;fshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit: (1)
ca;j;jwp Kiw (ca;j;jwp tha;g;Gg; ghh;j;jy; Kiw – fhy; Nfk;gy;> mh;d];l; Nefy;>
ca;j;jwp ngha;g;gpj;jy; Kiwy; - fhu;s; nghg;gh;)> (2) njhFj;jwp Kiw - gpuhd;rp]; Ngfd;>
(3) rhh;Gthjk; (fl;lisg;gbk Kiw - Njhk]; $d;> muh[f Kiw - Nghy; gauhgz;l;> (4)
Ma;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l Kiw - ,k;hp yf;fhNlh]; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,tw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis Ma;T nra;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. ca;j;jwp Kiw (Deductive Method)

mup];;Nlhl;by; (384 - 322 BC) gpwg;gpdhy; Vnjd;]; thrp my;y. fpNuf;f nfhydpahd
nkn]Nlhdpa ];l;nu[puhtpy; fp.K 384 ,y; gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ je;ij epf;Nfhkhf;f];
nkn]Nlhdpa kd;dDf;fhd mur itj;jpau;. ,jd; %ykhf mup];Nlhl;by; nkn]Nlhdpa
murit njhlu;ig kpf ePz;l fhykhfNt ngw;wpUe;jhu;. mup];Nlhl;bypd; je;ij ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdj;ij Nerpj;jhu;. mtu; xU tpyq;F $lj;ijAk; epWtpapUe;jhu;. 17 MtJ tajpy;
mup];Nlhl;by; Vnjd;;]{f;F te;J gpNsl;Nlhtpd; mf;fnlkpapy; mtuJ khztuhfr;
Nru;e;jhu;. fp.gp 368,y; ,Ue;J 20 tUlq;fs; mq;F fy;tp fw;whu;. gpNsl;Nlhtpd; rPldhf
,Ue;j NghJk; rpe;jidr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Nf mtu; mjpf kjpg;gspj;jhu;. „mup];Nlhl;byprk;‟ vd;w
jdJ fiyf;$lj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,jid elj;jp te;j fhyj;jpy; mup];Nlhl;bypd;
nka;apay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfs; ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mile;jd (Anes, 2010). jdp
xU kdpjdhf mtu; thdtpay;> capupay;> clypay;> cly; $w;wpay;> xOf;ftpay;> murpay;>
msitapay; vd gy Jiwfspy; jdJ rpe;jidia ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;;.

fpNuf;f rpe;jidg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ikyPrpa mNahdpar; rpe;jid kugpdUf;Fg; gpd;du;

Mokhd fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpath; Nrhf;uB]; Mthu;. ,tuJ fUj;Jthj
rpe;jidahdJ gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpNsl;Nlhtplk; gpujpgypj;jJ. gpNsl;Nlhtpd; khzth;fSs;
Kf;fpakhdth; mhp];Nuhl;by;. ,th;; Mokhd mwpTk; rpe;jidj; jpwDk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tg;
ghq;Fk; nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhu;. tpQ;Qhdk; gw;wpa tplaj;ij njspthf vLj;Jf;$wpa
nka;apayhsuhf ,tu; fhzg;gl;lhu;.

NkYk; ,tu; tpQ;Qhdk;> ngsjPftpay;> murpay;> xOf;ftpay;> ngsjPfmjPjk;>

,yf;fpak;> capupay;> msitapay; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;. mup];Nlhl;bypd;

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 KALAM - International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
12(2), 2019

mwpTf;$u;ik gpNsl;NlhNt tpaf;Fk; tifapy; mikag; ngw;wpUe;jJ (Narayanan, 2003).

tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Muk;gfh;j;jhthf mup];Nlhl;biyf; $wyhk;.

,aw;ifapy; epfOk; Njhw;wg;ghLfisj; njspTgLj;jTk; ,aw;ifiag; gw;wpa

GJikia mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; Vw;wjhff; fUtpfs; vd;w Ehypy; ca;j;jwp Kiwia Ma;T
Kiwapayhf tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; mup];Nlhby; Mthu;. ca;j;jwp mDkhdk;>
ca;j;jwp msitapay;> gFg;G top mDkhdk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; xNu mu;j;jj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L. ca;j;jwp msitapay; vd;gJ xU nghJtpjp my;yJ nghJ
cz;ik my;yJ epiw vLg;gpypUe;J mjDs; cs;slf;fpajhd jdpg;nghUs; gw;wpa
cz;ikia mDkhdpf;Fk; newpKiw vdg;gLk;. ,J gw;wp „n[Nthy];‟ vd;w mwpQu;
$Wifapy; „nghJ vLNfhs; xd;iw tiutpyf;fzkhf Vw;W jdpKbT xd;iwg; ngWjNy
ca;j;jwp KiwahFk;‟ vd tpsf;Ffpwhu; (Barry Gower, 1997).

cjhuzk; : khztu;fs; midtUk; tpNtfkhdtu;fs; Mtu;.

ikf;fy; xU khztuhthu;.

MfNt ikf;fy; tpNtfkhdtu; Mthu;.

,e;j cjhuzj;ij Nehf;FNthkhapd;> khztu;fs; midtUk; tpNtfkhdtu;fs;

vDk; epiw vLg;ig my;yJ nghJ tpjpia ikf;fy; vDk; jdp xUtUf;F gad;gLj;jp
mijg;gw;wpa cz;ikia mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk; (Bruno Latour, 1986).

,t; ca;j;jwp KiwahdJ tpQ;Qhdk; rhh;e;jJk; fzpjtpay; rhh;e;jJkhd

rpe;jidf;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktjhy; Vw;fdNt njhpe;j cz;ikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;snjdyhk;. NkYk; ,t; ca;j;jwp KiwahdJ xU tpjpia
mbg;gilahf itj;Jf; nfhz;L KbT ngWk; NghJ tpjp ca;j;jwp Kiw vdg;gLk;.
mNjNghy; fUJNfhs; xd;wpypUe;J ca;j;jwpag;gl;l vjph;T $wy; rhpahapd; Fwpg;gpl;l
fUJNfhSk; rhp vd vLj;Jf; $WtJ „fUJNfhs; ca;j;jwp tha;g;Gg; ghh;j;jy; thjk;‟ vd;W
miog;gh;.

NkYk; fUJNfhs; xd;wpypUe;J ca;j;jwpag;gl;l vjph;T$wy; ngha; vdpd;

„fUJNfhisg; ngha;g;gpj;jy; ca;j;jwp ngha;g;gpj;jy; thjk;‟ vd;Wk; miog;gh; ,JNt
nghg;ghpd; ngha;g;gpj;jy; KiwapayhFk;.

4. ca;j;jwp tha;g;Gghh;j;jy; thjk;

tpad;dhtl;l nka;apayhsh;fshd fhs; Nfk;gy;> mh;d];l; Nefy; MfpNahhpdhy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Kiwapay; rpe;jidahf ca;j;jwp tha;g;Gg;ghh;j;jy; thjk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb tpQ;Qhdf; fUJNfhspypUe;J ca;j;jwpag;gl;l vjph;T $wy; cz;ik cdpd;
fUJNfhs; cz;iknad Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

fUJNfhs; (cz;ik) vdpd; vjph;T $wy; (cz;ik)

Neh;Tfspd; gb vjph;T $wy; cz;ik
/ fUJNfhs; cz;ik

,jd; FwpaPl;L tbtk;: H P

P

4.1 ngha;g;gpj;jy; Kiw (Falsfication Method)

fhu;s;nghg;gu; tpad;dhtpy; 1902Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; irkd; nghg;gu;

(Saiman popper) xU tof;fwpQUk; tpad;dh gy;fiyf;fof gl;ljhhpAkhthh;. jha; n[dp

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 62

 KALAM - International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
12(2), 2019

rpNydpa mq;Nfupa ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. nghg;gu; jkJ gjpdhwhtJ tajpy; gs;sp;g;

gbg;ig Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L tpad;dh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; khztuhfr; Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;. ,tu;
fzpjk;> ngsjPftpay;> nka;apay;> cstpay;> murpay; kw;Wk; ,ir> tuyhW Nghd;w
ghlq;fisf; fw;Wj;Nju;e;jhu;. 1925Mk; Mz;by; Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upapy; Nru;e;J
nka;apay; kw;Wk; cstpay; ghlq;fspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. gpd;du; 1928Mk; Mz;L
cstpaypy; fyhepjpg; gl;lj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. nghg;gu; 1937Mk; Mz;by;
epA+rpyhe;jpw;F Fbngau;e;J mq;F fhd;lu;gupg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy nka;apay;
tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; epiwtile;jijaLj;J ,q;fpyhe;J
nrd;w nghg;gu;> mq;Fs;s nghwpapay; gs;spapy; msitapay;> tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w
Jiwfspy; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. 1949,y; ,q;fpyhe;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
(University England) Nguhrpupauhd nghg;gu;> gpd;du; 1958 njhlf;fk; 1959 tiu
mup];Nuhl;bypag; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. njhlu;e;J> nghg;gu;
gy;Jiwrhu; E}y;fisAk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; vOjp ghuhl;Lf;fisAk; gy
tpUJfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. nghg;gu;> 1994Mk; Mz;by;; ,aw;if va;jpdhu; (Klee,
1997).

etPd fhyg;gFjpapy; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf nghg;ghpd;

ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghL fhzg;gl;lJ. nghg;gh; jdf;F Kd;du; cs;s capj;jwpKiw>
njhFj;jwpKiw Nghd;wtw;iwtpl nghg;ghpDila fUj;Jf;fs; xU jpUg;G Kidahf
mike;Js;sd. tpQ;Qhd mwpT capj;jwpKiwapYk;> njhFj;jwpKiwapYk;
mikf;fg;gLtjdhy; gpuhd;rp];Ngfd;> fhs;N`k;gy; Nghd;Nwhh; njhptpj;j fUj;Jf;fis
tpkh;rpg;gjhf nghg;ghpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;jd (Yugapalasingam, 2000). fhu;s;nghg;gh;
gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rpwe;j rpe;jidahsh;. Fwpg;ghf msitapay;> r%ftpay;> murpay;>
mwpthuha;r;rpapay;> nghUshjhuk;> ngsjPfk;> ngsjPftjPjk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w gy
Jiwfspy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fis gy E}y;fspd; %ykhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. Fwpg;ghf
Kiwapay; njhlh;ghf mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fshf: tpQ;Qhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspd; jhf;fk;
(The Logic of Scientific Discovery – 1934)> Cfq;fSk; epuhfhpg;Gk; (Conjectures and Refutation: The
growth of Scientific Knowledge – 1963)> rhh;gw;w mwpT (Objective Knowledge: An evolutionary
approach – 1972)(Anes,2010) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,itfs; tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; tpQ;Qhd KiwapYk; gy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.

,tw;iw tpl murpay;> r%ftpay; njhlh;ghd gy E}y;fisAk; vOjpapUe;jhu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> tuyhw;W epajp thjj;jpd; tWik (The Poverty of Historicism- 1936) jpwe;j
r%fKk; mjd; vjphpfSk; (The open society and its Enemies – 1945) Kbtpy;yh Njly; (Un ended
quest: An intellectual auto biography – 1976) (Annanthan, 1998) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nghg;gh; $Wk;NghJ fhu;s;khf;];> rpf;kd;gpiul;> Id;];iud; vd;w %tuJ

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; jd;id ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; fth;e;jnjd;W jdJ Rarhpijapy; $Wk;
nghg;gh; ,th;fspy; Kjy; ,Uth;fsJk; nfhs;iffis fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jhd; epuhfhpj;J
tpl;ljhfTk; Id;];iud; kl;LNk cz;ikahd tpQ;Qhd kdg;ghd;ikAila
rpe;jidahsuhff; fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

ca;;j;jwpKiwf;F etPd fhyj;jpy; gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fdhy; Kd; itf;fg;gl;l njhFj;jwp

KiwAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ,e;j ,U rpe;jidfSf;Fk; gpw;ghL jw;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk;
ngw;w Kiwapaw; rpe;jidahf nghg;ghpd; ngha;g;gpj;jw; Nfhl;ghL Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;F
ngw;wNjhL gy mwpQh;fspd; ftdj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;L ,Ue;jij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. nghg;gh;
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;why; vd;d?> tpQ;Qhdk; my;yhjJ vd;why; vd;d? vd;gjw;F njspthd
tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;F Kw;gl;lhh;. tpQ;Qhdk; vd;why; vd;d? vd;w tpdhtpypUe;Nj jdJ
Kiwapay; Ma;tpid Muk;gpf;fpd;whh;. Fwpg;ghf tpQ;Qhdk; fPo;tUk; ,uz;L vLNfhs;fis
nfhz;L tsh;r;rp ngWfpd;wJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mjhtJ kdpj mwptpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
vy;iy ,y;iy> vd;WNk khwhj cz;ik vd vJTkpy;iy. ,e;j ,uz;bidAk; tpsf;Fk;
,th; tpQ;Qhd tuyhw;wpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; VNjDk; Xh; tpjpNah my;yJ nfhs;ifNah
ngha;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w rpe;jidiaf;; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

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12(2), 2019

tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ mtjhdk;> ghpNrhjid Mfpa mDgt Nrhjidfspd; %yk;

ngha;g;gpf;fg;glf;$ba mwpT vd;whu;. mt;thW ngha;g;gpf;fg;gl Kbahjtw;iw tpQ;Qhdk;
my;yhj Jiwf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. mtuJ mgpg;gpuhag;gb ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb
,uz;L tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W ngha;g;gpj;jy;
(Falsifiability) kw;wJ ngha;g;gpf;f $baJ (Falsification). vd;gdthFk;. tpQ;Qhd
nfhs;iffNsh my;yJ tpjpfNsh cz;ik vd epWTtjw;F gjpyhf mit ngha; vd
epuhfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mtuJ fl;lisf;fy;yhFk;. mjhtJ mDgt Nrhjidf;F
cl;gLj;jp cz;ik> ngha; mwpjNy „ngha;g;gpj;jy;‟ vd;gjhFk;. ,g; ngha;g;gpj;jypd; %yk;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Gjpa cz;ikfis ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf tpQ;Qhdpfs;>
Kiwapayhsh;fs; njhlh;e;J Ma;tpy; <LgLfpd;wdu; (Karl Popper, 1959). Ma;tpd;
vy;iyfis Ma;Tfs; Kd;Ndhf;fp nraw;gLj;Jtjdhy; Gjpa mwpTfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
mt;thW Gjpa mwpT tUk;NghJ Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j mwpT khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLk;. ,jdhy;
kdpj mwpthdJ vg;NghJk; xNu khjphpahf cz;ikahf ,Ue;jJkpy;iy>
,Uf;fg;NghtJkpy;iy. Vnddpy;> Nrhjidfspd; tsh;r;rpahdJ cz;ikahd mwptpid
Nehf;fpr; nry;fpd;wJ. ,JNt CfKk; epuhfhpg;Gkhf tpQ;Qhd mwpT tsh;r;rpaile;J
nry;fpd;wJ vd nghg;gh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; (Krishnarajah, 1999). ,jd; %yk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy;
ngha;g;gpf;f Kbahjitnad;W ve;j mwpTk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; mit
tpQ;Qhd mwpT ,y;iy vd;W nghg;gh; $wpdhh;.

nghg;ghpd; rpe;jidapd; gb xU nfhs;if tpQ;Qhd nfhs;ifahf mika

Ntz;Lnkdpd; mit fPo;tUk; gz;Gfis nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> mDgt
Nrhjidapd; Clhf njspthf Nrhjpj;J mwpaf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
Nrhjpj;J mwpa Kbahj Jiwfshfpa ngsjPfmjpjk;> Nrhjplk;> fle;j epiy cstpay;
tpQ;Qhdky;yhjj; JiwfshFk;.tpQ;QhdkhdJ

vjph;T $Wk; jd;ik cilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fth;nghUl;ghlw;w njspthd nkhop eiliaf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpjpfs; epakq;fs; vg;NghJk; rhjhuzkhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

$wpaJ $wy; mw;wjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; ,th; ghuk;ghpakhf ,Ue;j tpQ;Qhdg;gbKiwfshd Nehf;fy;

juTfisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> fUJNfhs; cUthf;fk;> njhFj;jwp nghJikahf;fk;> tha;g;Gg;
ghh;j;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F gjpyhf ,th; Ie;J gbepiyfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. KjyhtJ
gbepiyapy; tpQ;Qhdk; vg;NghJk; gpur;rpidAld; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ (Appolachari, 1977).
mg;gpur;rpid Vw;fdNtAs;s mwptpid kWjypg;gjhf fhzg;gLk;. mLj;j gbepiyapy;
kWjypf;fg;gl;l gioa nfhs;iff;F gjpyhf Gjpjhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;l nfhs;if ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk;. Gjpjhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;l nfhs;iffspypUe;J ghpNrhjpf;f $ba juTfis
ngWjy; %d;whtJ gbepiyahFk;. mLj;j gbepiyapy; ngwg;gl;l Gjpa juTfspd;
mbg;gilapy; gioa nfhs;ifia epuhfhpf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mLj;j gbepiyapy;
gioa nfhs;iffs; my;yJ Gjpa nfhs;iffs; Vw;GilaJ vd;gij jPh;khdpf;Fk; nghUl;L
Nrhjid ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpl;lhh; (Krishnarajah, 1999). ,e;j Nrhjid
mDgtj;jpy; rhpghh;j;jy; my;yJ tha;g;Gg;ghh;j;jy; vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; mth;> mDgtj;jpy;
tha;g;Gg; ghh;f;f $bait mh;j;jKilait vd;Wk; mit tpQ;Qhdk; rhh;e;jit vd;Wk;
$wp mDgt hPjpahf Nrhjid nra;a ,ayhjit mh;j;jkw;wit vd;Wk; mit tpQ;Qhdk;
my;yhjit vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;.

,jd; FwpaPl;L tbtk;: H P

P

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,f;FwpaPl;L tbtj;jpd; gb fUJNfhspypUe;J vjph;T $wy; ngwg;gLk; NghJ vjph;T

$wy; Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;. Nrhjidapd; %yk; vjph;T $wy; cz;ik vdpd;
Fwpg;gpl;l fUJNfhSk; cz;ik vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jidNa „fUJNfhs; capj;jwp
tha;g;Gg;ghh;j;jy; thjk;‟ vd;W miog;gh;. nghg;ghpd; Nfhl;ghlhdJ NkNy $wpa fUJNfhs;
ca;j;jwp Kiwia tpl kWjiy tbtpy; my;yJ NtWgl;ljhf mikfpd;wJ. ,jidNa
fPo;tUkhW $wyhk;.

fUJNfhs; (cz;ik) vdpy; vjph;T $wy; (cz;ik)

vjph;T$wy; (ngha;)

fUJNfhs; (ngha;)

,jd; FwpaPl;L tbtk;

H P
~P

~H

mjhtJ fUJNfhspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vjph;T$wy; Nrhjidapd; NghJ ngha;ahapd;

Fwpg;gpl;l fUJNfhSk; ngha;nad epuhfhpf;fg;gLk;. ,jidf; fUJNfhs; ca;j;jwp
ngha;g;gpj;jy;thjk; vd;wiog;gh; (Kunaratna, 2011).

mwpahikapy; ,Ue;;J mwpit Nehf;fp nry;tjw;F nghg;gh; fPo;tUk; thjj;ij

gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. mth; $Wk; NghJ cz;ikia mwpAk; Kaw;rp vg;NghJk; gpur;rpidAld;
Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ,jid PI (Problem 1) vd;W Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. mg; gpur;rpidia
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp mjpypUe;J GjpajPh;T Kd;nkhopag;gLk;. nghg;ghpd; Nehf;fpy; mg;Gjpa
jPh;T vg;NghJk; jw;fhypfkhd CfkhfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jid TS (Tentative Solution) vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; njhlh;e;J Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPh;tpy; fhzg;gLk; jtWfis fisjy; EE (Error
Elimination ) vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. gpd;du; P2 (Problem 2) Njhw;wk; ngWfpwJ vdTk;
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,t;thW mwpthdJ cz;ikia Nehf;fpathW gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;Fk;
KiwapD}lhf tsh;r;rpailfpd;wJ vd epWtpf; fhl;bdhh;. ,jid fPo;tUk; FwpaPlhf
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh; nghg;gu; P1 TS EE P2 TS EE P3……..

,t;thwhf tpQ;Qhd tuyhw;wpy; gioa nfhs;iffs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;L Gjpa

nfhs;iffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd vd;whh;. CfKk; epuhfhpg;Gkhf
tsh;e;J nry;tNj tpQ;Qhd G+h;tkhd mwpT vd;w epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J nfhz;L
„eph;zakpy;thjk;‟ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg; nghg;gh; Kd;nkhopfpwhh;. eph;zathjj;jpw;F vjpuhdNj
eph;zakpy; thjkhFk;. ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdq;fspYk; r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fspYk;
eph;zathjnkd;gJ nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;W Rl;bf;fhlLk; nghg;gh; ngsjPfmjPjk;> Nrhjplk;>
fle;j epiy cstpay;> khf;rprf;nfhs;if> csg;gFg;Gf; nfhs;if Nghd;wd tpQ;Qhdk;
my;yhjit MFk; (Kunaratnam,2011).

ca;j;jwp msitapayhdJ tpQ;Qhd Kiwapay; tsh;r;rpapy; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf

,Ue;j NghJk;> ,k; Kiwapy; rpy FiwghLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> ca;j;jwp
msitapaYf;F epiw vLg;Gf;fs; my;yJ nghJ cz;ikfs; my;yJ nghJ tpjpfs;
mtrpakhdit vdpDk; mit vt;thW ngwg;gl;lJ vd;gJ gw;wp ca;j;jwp msitapay;
Muha;tjpy;iy. jug;gl;l juTfspypUe;J KbT rPuhd Kiwapy; ngwg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij
kl;LNk ca;j;jwp msitapay; Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. ,q;F mDgt Neh;Tfs; Nehf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
nghJthf jutpypUe;J KbT ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,k;Kiw %yk; Gjpa
mwptpidNah Gjpa vjph;T $wiyNah ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba nghJikahf;fy;fis
cUthf;f KbahJ (Baeey Gower, 1997). ca;j;jwp Kiwapdhy; mDgt cyfk; njhlh;ghfg;
gue;j nghJikahf;fk; xd;iwg; ngw KbahJ. ,t; msitapay;> jug;gl;l juTfis Ma;T

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nra;ahky; mjid cz;iknad Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; ca;j;jwprhh;

Kiwapaypy;; rpy FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;l NghJk; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapay; tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa
cz;ikfis ntspf; nfhzh;tjpy; ,k;Kiw rpwe;jjhFk;.

4.2 njhFj;jwpKiw (Inductive Method)

gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; Mq;fpy murpay; rpe;jidahsh;> tpQ;Qhd nka;apayhsh;. N[k;];

Kjyhk; Ml;rpapy; cau;e;j murpay; gjtpia mtu; tfpj;jhu;. ,j;jhypapy; rPu;jpUj;j
thjj;jp;w;F vjpuhf kjq;fs; Nghu;f;nfhb cau;j;jpa NghJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; etPd tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
];jhgfj; je;ijahf Ngf;fd; gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpuhd;]p]; Ngf;fd; Nfk;gpupl;[; (1575) ,y; 16
taJ khztdhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,aw;if Muha;r;rpapy; Gjpa Kiwia Muk;gpj;jhu;.
mup];Nlhl;bypa nka;apaypy; mjpUg;jp mile;jpUg;gjhfTk; mtu; kpfg;ngUk;
rpe;jidahsuhf ,Ue;j NghJk; mtuJ topKiwfs; gadw;wJ vd;whu;. 1576 ,y; ,sk;
Ngf;fd; Nru; mkpah];gTy; cld; ghup]; nrd;whu;. mg;NghJ gpuhd;]; gy;NtW murpay;
gpur;rpidfspd; nfhjpg;gpy; %o;fp ,Ue;jJ. jtwhd Ml;rp Kiwia Ngf;fd; mq;F ed;F
mtjhdpj;jhu;. Ngf;fd; rl;lk; gapd;W 1582 ,y; rl;lj;juzpahfg; gjpT nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
mNj tUlj;jpy; nka;apaypd; GJkPl;gikg;G (Temporis partus Maximus) vd;w jiyg;gpy;
mtuJ Kjy; fl;Liuia vOjpdhu; (Anes, 2010). eilKiwapypUe;j tpQ;Qhd Kiwfis
mtu; tpku;rpj;jhu;. kdpj mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fk; kdpj Mw;wypd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; ,e;j Kiwfs;
jilfshFk; vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhu;

mhp];Nuhl;bypd; ca;j;jwpKiw my;yJ jh;f;f rpe;jid Kiwiaj; fz;bf;Fk;

gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; xU Gjpa Kiwapaiyj; jdJ Gjpa fUtp vDk; Ehypy; Kd;itj;jhh;.
,k;Kiw njhFj;jwpKiw vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mDgtj;jpYs;s jdpg;gl;l
vLj;Jf;fl;Lf;fSld; njhlh;GgLtJ ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. Mdhy; ,J xU rhjhuz
vz;zpl;L Kiw my;y vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. ,th; mDgtKk; rpe;jidAk; ,izAk;
NghNj Vw;Gila mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;jhFk;. ,f;fUj;J
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; tpQ;Qhd
nka;apaypYk; gphpj;jhdpa mwpTgw;wpa rpe;jidapYk; nyhf;> ghu;f;sp> fpAk;> N[.v];. kpy;
MfpNahh; cjhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;FksTf;F nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

kdpjdJ tho;f;ifia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F tpQ;Qhd Ma;T mtrpak; vd;whh;.

tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Gjpa mwpit cw;gj;jp nra;tJk; kdpjDf;F Njitahd
tplaq;fisg; ngWtjw;F cjTtjhFk;. ,tu; njhFj;jwpKiwapid ca;j;jwpKiwf;F
vjpuhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jdhy; ,tiu „njhFj;jwp Kiwapd; je;ij‟ vd;W
miog;ghh;fs;. mj;NjhL GyZzh;Tj; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb vd;w fUj;Jk; cz;L.

jdpg;gl;l epfo;r;rpfs; rpytw;wpypUe;J nghJ tpjpfs; my;yJ nghJ cz;ikfs;

my;yJ epiw vLg;Gf;fisg; ngw KaYk; tpQ;QhdKiwNa „njhFj;jwp msitapay;‟
(Inductive Method) vdg;gLk; (Kunaratna, 2011). ,k;KiwahdJ vkJ mDgtj;jpw;Fl;gl;l
juTfis mtjhdpj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,J mDgt Kiwiag; ngw;Wj; jUk;
,aw;if Kiwapayhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jid FwpaPl;L tbtpy; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

Neh;T-1

Neh;T-2

Neh;T-3

Neh;T-4

/ nghJ KbT

,j; njhFj;jwp KiwahdJ ,yFthd xU KiwahFk; vd gpuhd;]p]; Ngfd;

Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. tpQ;Qhd gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F mJ njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisr; Nrhjid

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nra;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; mg;gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd fUJNfhis cUthf;f

KbAk;. fUJNfhs; ,y;yhky; ,aw;ifapYs;s vy;yhj; Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; mtjhdpj;J
Ma;T elhj;jp ntw;wp fhz;gnjd;gJ tpQ;Qhdpfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,ayhj xU
tplakhFk; (Kunaratna,2011). vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; NkNy vwpag;gLk;
nghUl;fs; tpOk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,jid
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;JtJ ,ayhj fhupakhFk;. mNjNghy; fhfq;fs; vy;yhk; fWg;G epwkhdit
vd;gij Nehf;Fk; NghJk; vy;yhf; fhfq;fisAk; mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ
,ayhj fhupakhFk;. () James Walton,1967mNjNghy; vy;yh kdpju;fSk; ,wg;gtu;fs;
vd;w Kbit mDgt uPjpahf njhFj;jwp Kiw %yk; ,yFthfg; ngWtjw;F fPo;tUk;
cjhuzj;ij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

cjhuzk;:

A kdpjd; ,we;jtd;

B kdpjd; ,we;jtd;

C kdpjd; ,we;jtd;

D kdpjd; ,we;jtd;

/ vy;yh kdpju;fSk; ,wg;gtu;fs;

vd;w tifapy; Kbitg; ngWtjw;F ,k;Kiw rpwe;j XU KiwahFk;.

,j; njhFj;jwp KiwahdJ ca;j;jwp KiwapypUe;J KOikahf NtWgl;lJ

vd;gjhy; ,k;KiwahdJ njhFj;jwpg;gha;r;ry; vd;w ,ay;igAk; mNjNghy; KbthdJ
epfo;jfthff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J ca;j;jwp Kiwiag; Nghy; epr;raj;jd;ikNah>
epakj;jd;ikNah nfhz;bUg;gJ ,y;iy. ,jdhNyNa ,k;Kiwiag; gw;wp Nltpl; `pA+k;
kw;Wk; fhu;s;nghg;gu; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,k;Kiwapay; gw;wp gy tpku;rdf; fUj;Jf;fisf;
$Wthh;fs;. nghJthfNt mhp];Nuhl;bypa jh;f;f Kiwapid xU tbtk; NgZk;
eltbf;if vd;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;Fg; gadw;wJ vdf; fz;bf;Fk; Ngf;fd; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F
jhNd gypahdijr; Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;. Vnddpy; mtuJ njhFj;jwpKiw mhp];Nuhl;bypa
jh;f;fk; Nghy; xU tbtk; NgZk; eltbf;ifahFk; (Kunaratna,2011). NkYk; Ngf;fd; $WtJ
Nghy; fUJNfhs; ,y;yhky; ,aw;ifapYs;s vy;yhj; Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; mtjhdpj;J
Ma;T elhj;jp ntw;wp fhz;gnjd;gJ xU tpQ;Qhdpiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; Kbahj
fhhpakhFk;. vit vy;yhk; mtDf;F Kf;fpakhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wNjh mtw;iwNa mtd;
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jthd; Vidatw;iw tpl;L tpLthd; (Pramkumar, 1996).

4.2.1 xg;gPL

ca;j;jwp msitapaYf;Fk; njhFj;jwp msitapaYf;FKs;s NtWghLfis Nehf;Fk;

NghJ> ca;j;jwp msitapay; epiwapay;Gila cz;ik vLg;gpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J
Fiwapay;Gila jdp epfo;Tf;F my;yJ jdpg;nghUl;fspd; cz;ikf;F tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
njhFj;jwp msitapaNyh Fiwapay;Gila jdpepfo;r;rp my;yJ jdpg;nghUl;fspd;
cz;ikapypUe;J Muk;gpj;J epiwapay;Gila cz;ik ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

ca;j;jwp njhFj;jwp

vy;yh khztu;fSk; xOf;fkhdtu;fs; A khztd; xOf;fkhdtd;

mky; xU khztd; B khztd; xOf;fkhdtd;
MfNt mky; xOf;fkhdtu; Mthu;. C khztd; xOf;fkhdtd;
D khztd; xOf;fkhdtd;
/ vy;yh khztu;fSk; xOf;fkhdtu;fs;

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NkYk; ca;j;jwp Kiwapy; ngwg;gLk; KbthdJ juTfSf;Fs; cs;slq;fpajhff;

fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; njhFj;jwp msitapaypy; ngwg;gLk; KbthdJ jutpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. NkYk; ca;j;jwp msitapayhdJ mDgtk; rhu;
tplaq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; epakj;jd;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;fpwJ. ca;j;jwp msitapayhdJ nghUs; tbtk; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
mJ thjk; gw;wpNa ftdk; nfhs;fpwJ (Laxumanan, 2006).

Mdhy; njhFj;jwp msitapaNyh mDgtk; rhu;e;jJ vd;gjhy; ,q;F xU thjj;jpd;

nghUs; tbtj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ. NkYk; ca;j;jwp msitapaypy;
mikf;fg;gLk; KbT juTf;Fs; cl;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ epr;raj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf
,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; njhFj;jwp msitapaypy; mikf;fg;gLk; KbT jutpw;Fk; Neub
mDgtj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gjhy; epr;raj;jd;ik mw;wjhf mikag;ngWk;. NkYk;
ca;j;jwp msitapayhdJ fhupaj;jpypUe;J fhuzj;jpw;F nry;fpd;wJ vd “ngsyu;”; vd;w
msitapayhsu; $Wfpwhu;. NkYk; njhFj;jwp msitapayhdJ Gjpa tplaq;fspw;F
my;yJ cz;ikf;F toptFf;Fk;. Mdhy; ca;j;jwp KiwahdJ nghJ cz;ikfs;> nghJ
tpjpfs; my;yJ epiw vLg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J cl;fpilahf KbT ngWk; Kiw vd;w tifapy;
,k;Kiw Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspw;F toptFf;fhJ. NkYk; ca;j;jwp msitapaypd; KbT
jutpw;F cl;gl;L ,Ug;gjdhy; KbT epr;raj;jd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; njhFj;jwp
KiwahdJ jutpw;Fk; Neub mDgtj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;ljhf ,Ug;gjdhy;
epr;raj;jd;ikaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;. ca;j;jwpKiwapy; Muk;gk; nghJikahf;fk; my;yJ
fUJNfhs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhFj;jwpapd; Muk;gk; mtjhdk; vd;gjhFk;.

Kiwapaypd; tsu;r;rpapy; ca;j;jwp Kiwf;F vjpuhf njhFj;jwp Kiw

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vdpDk; ,t;tpU Kiw tpQ;Qhdg; gbKiwapy; mtjhdq;fSk;>
gpur;rpid> fUJNfhs;> vjpu;Tf;$wy;> Nrhjid> Gjpa cz;ik vd;w tsu;r;rpapy; xt;nthU
fl;lj;jpYk; ,k;Kiwapayhsu;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; nghJthf kdpj
mwptpd; tsu;r;rpapy; ca;j;jwp KiwAk; njhFj;jwp KiwAk; Kiwapay; tuyhw;wpy;
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

4.3 rhh;Gthjk; (Relativism)

Kiwapay; tuyhw;wpy; rhh;Gthj nfhs;ifahdJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ghuk;ghpa

Kiwapayhsh;fspd; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fhuzpfs;> mwpT>
vz;zq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; Njhk]; $d; kw;Wk; Nghy; gauhgz;l; Kjyhd rhh;Gthjpfs;
gyj;j tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,th;fsJ mgpg;gpuhag;gb ,aw;if cyF njhlh;ghd
Rahjpd kjpg;gPLfspy; ntspg;gLgit mwpthFk; vDk; vz;zj;ij tpQ;Qhd mwptpd; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. mj;NjhL tpQ;Qhdk;
Gyf;fhl;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epr;;rapf;fg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; mwpTj;njhFjpahFk; vDk; fUj;ijAk; rthYf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

4.4 fl;lisg;gbk Kiw (Paradigm Method)

Njhk];$d; 1922Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;fhtpYs;s rpd;rpd;dhl;b vd;w efupy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ

je;ijahu; rhKNty;> xU ifj;njhopy; nghwpapayhsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. jha; kpdpl;b
];&f; $d; Mthu;. 1940Mk; Mz;L gs;sp;g; gbg;ig Kbj;Jf; nfhz;l $d;> jkJ
,skhzpg; gl;lj;ijAk; KJkhzpg; gl;lj;ijAk; `hthu;l; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; ngsjPftpaypy; fyhepjpg; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,Ugjhk;
Ehw;whz;bd; jiyrpwe;j Kiwapaw; rpe;jidahsuhf tpsq;fpa $d; tuyhW kw;Wk;
nka;apay; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Ma;thsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. $d; fypNghu;zpahg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; (University Califrornia) 1951 njhlf;fk; 1956 tiu tpQ;Qhd nka;apaypy;
(Philosopy of Science) Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpGhpe;jhh;. gpd;du; gphpd;];iud; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk;
(Princeon Universiy) gzpahw;wpdhu;. $d; 1969 njhlf;fk; 70 tiu tpQ;Qhdf; fofj;jpy;
jiytuhfTk; (President of Science society) gzpGupe;jhh;. gpd;dh; khr#nrl;]; njhopEl;gf;

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fy;Y}upapy; (Masschusetts Institte of Technology) ,ize;J nfhz;lhu;. gy Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhh; (Anes, 2010 ).

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mwptpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wp nghJthfTk;> tpQ;Qhd mwptpd;

tsu;r;rp gw;wpf; Fwpg;ghfTk; Muha;e;j Njhk]; $d>; jdJ Ma;tpw;Fhpa nghUshf ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tuyhw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mt;tha;tpypUe;J mwptpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa
nghJj; jj;Jtk; xd;iw cUthf;fpdhu;. ,j;jj;Jtk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd
mwptpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa Nfhl;ghlhf kl;Lky;yhJ r%ftpay;> nghUspay; Nghd;w r%f
tpQ;Qhdq;fspdJ gz;ghL> fiy> tuyhW> mofpay; Nghd;w Ma;Tj;JiwfspdJ mwpT
tsu;r;rp gw;wpa nghJj;jj;JtkhfTk; vLj;Jf;$wg;gl;lJ. (Thomas Kuhn,1957) Njhk]; $d;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; 17 Mk;> 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tsu;r;rpngw;w rlf;Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
ntg;gtpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpa Njhk]; $d; 1957,y;
„nfhg;gdpfrpd; Gul;rp‟ vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhu; gpd;du; njhlu;r;rpahd Ma;Tfspd; %yk;
1962 ,y; tpQ;Qhdg;Gul;rpfspd; mikg;G vd;w E}iyAk; vOjpapUe;jhu;. ,e;j E}y;fspd;
%yk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gy khw;wq;fis mbg;gilahf itj;Jf; nfhz;L
„fl;lisg;gbk khw;wk;‟ vDk; Kiwapaw; rpe;jidia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,r;rpe;jid
tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpapy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.

tpQ;Qhd mwpT vg;NghJk; xNu khjpupahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy vdf; $Wk; $d;

fl;lisg;gbkk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd tuyhw;wpy; njhlu;r;rpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
kdpjDila rpe;jidAk; Mw;wYk; njhlu;e;Nju;r;rpahd Njlypd; %yKk; tpQ;Qhd mwpT
tsu;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; mNj Neuk; Gjpa khw;wq;fisAk; fz;L tUfpwJ. ,jdhy;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; khw;wkilahj my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;glhj fl;lisg;gbkk; vd xd;wpUf;f
KbahJ vd;w tplaj;jpd; %yk; $d; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xU Gjpa khw;wj;jpid typAWj;jpdhu;.
xU fl;lisg; gbkj;jpypUe;J ,d;DnkhU fl;lisg; gbkj;jpw;F khWtnjd;gJ tpiuthf
epfo;tjpy;iy. xU ePz;lfhy nrad;KiwA+lhfNt ,k;khw;wk; epfOk; vdf; $Wk; Njhk];
$d; ,jid fPo;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpwhu;. mjhtJ.

fl;lisg;gbkk; - rhjhuzfhyk; - mrhjhuz Njhw;wg;ghLfs; - neUf;fb – Gul;rp –

fl;lisg;gbkk;.

fl;lisg;gbkk; xd;wpypUe;J gpupnjhd;Wf;F khWtij Gul;rpf;fhynkd;Wk; ,uz;L

fl;lisg;gbkj;jpw;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;ij rhjhuzfhynkd;Wk; $d; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.

xU tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpf;F juTfisj; njupT nra;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy;> tpku;rpj;jy;

Mfpa nraw;ghLfs; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
tpQ;Qhdj;jpYs;s VjhtJ xU Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Fk; NghJ mf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb KiwapaYk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. tpQ;Qhdpfs; r%fk; vg;nghOJ xU tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;ifiaAk; mjd;
KiwapaiyAk; Vw;fpd;wNjh mg;NghNj mit xU fl;lisg; gbkkhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa fl;lisg;gbkk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tpQ;Qhd
Muha;r;rpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F gyk; ngw;W tpLfpwJ. rpy Ntisfspy;
vg;NghJk; xNu fl;lisg;gbkNk njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjw;fpy;iy. xU
fl;lisg;gbkj;jpw;F khwhf Gjpa fl;lisg;gbkk; Fwpg;ghf xsp gw;wpa epA+l;ldpd; Ez;Jfs;
nfhs;iff;F khwhf my;yJ Jzpf;iff; nfhs;iff;F khwhf (Corpuseculer theory)
„i`[Dila miyf;nfhs;if‟ vd;w ,uz;L nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpd. ,J xU
„neUf;fbf;fhyk; vdg;gLk;. ,j;jifa ,U nfhs;iffspy; vij Vw;gJ vd;gjpy;
“Nghf;fhy;w;” vd;w mwpQu; (1850) jPu;g;G Nrhjidia nra;J> xsp ePiu tpl fhw;wpy;
Ntfkhf nrd;wpUe;jJ vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb epA+l;ldpd; nfhs;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;L
i`[dpd; miyf; nfhs;if rupnad Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ (Krishnarajah, 2011). gpd;du;
njhlu;e;Jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; %yk; Nkw;Fwpj;j ,uz;L nfhs;iffspy; cs;s
tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L „Fthz;lk; nfhs;if‟ vd;W $wg;gLk; rf;jpr; nrhl;Lf;
nfhs;if Njhw;wk; ngwyhapw;W. ,jid kf;];gpshq;> Id;];iud; Nghd;Nwhu;fspd;
Ma;Tfspdhy; cUthfpajhFk;.

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Njhk];$d; $w;Wg;gb xU fl;lisg;gbkj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;DnkhU

fl;lisg;gbkj;jpw;F khwpr; nry;tNj vd;Wk; mt;thW khwhjit tpQ;Qhdk; my;y vd;Wk;
Rl;bf;fhl;l tpUk;Gfpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xU nfhs;ifapypUe;J
my;yJ mwptpypUe;J Gjpa nfhs;iffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;w epiyapy; r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpy;
cWjpahd fl;lisg;gbkq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,f;fl;lisg;gbkq;fs;
Njhd;whikNa r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fs; tsu;r;rpailahikf;fhd fhuzkhFk;. Vnddpy; r%f
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ r%fj;jpdJ elj;ijfisg;gw;wp Ma;T nra;J KbntLg;gjhFk;. ,q;F
kdpj elj;ij vd;gJ xNu khjpupahf fhzg;glhJ khw;wkilAk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;lJ.
vdNt r%f tpQ;Qhd Jiwfspy; xU nfhs;ifapypUe;J ,d;DnkhU nfhs;if my;yJ
fl;lisg;gbkk; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy nfhs;iffs;
fhzg;gbDk; mjpy; ve;j nfhs;if rupahdJ vd Vw;gjpy; gy rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpwd.
,jdhNyNa N[.v];.kpy; $Wk; NghJ kdpjdpd; nrhe;j ,ay;igAk; mtd; thOk;
r%fj;jpd; ,ay;igAk; gw;wpa mwpT kpfTk; gpd;dilthdJ vdf; $Wfpwhu;.

4.4.1 xg;gPL

ngha;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fk; fl;lisg;gbkf; Nfhl;ghl;LfFkpilNaAs;s NtWghl;il

Nehf;Fk; NghJ ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ „mDgtr; Nrhjidapd;
%yk; ngha;gpf;fg;glf;$bait mwpthFk;‟ mt;thW ngha;g;gpf;fg;gl Kbahjtw;iw
tpQ;Qhdk; my;yhjit vd;whu;. mjhtJ epuhfupg;gjd; my;yJ tpyf;Ftjd; %yNk
tpQ;Qhdk; tsur;;rpaile;J nry;fpwJ vd nghg;gh; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,t;thW tpyf;Ftjdhy;
gioa nfhs;iffs; epuhfupf;fg;gLk;> Gjpa nfhs;iffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;
vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;J. khwhf Njhk]; $dpd; Nehf;fpy; tpQ;Qhd tuyhw;wpy;
fl;lisg;gbkq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. mjhtJ ,aq;fpay;
mbg;gilapy; tsu;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xU NghJk; khw;wkilahj my;yJ
epuhfupf;fg;glhj fl;lisg;gbkk; vd xd;wpUf;f KbahJ vdf; $wpdhu;. tpQ;Qhd
tsu;r;rpapd; nghUl;L fhyg; Nghf;;fpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; njhlu;r;rpahf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;Tfs; %yk; tYtpoe;J nry;y Gjpa nfhs;iffs; Njhw;wk;
ngWfpd;wd. ,jdhy; tpQ;Qhdk; NkYk; tsu;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; vd;whu;.

4.5 muh[fKiw (Anarchy Method)

,k;Kiwia ngaungd;l; (1924 - 1954) Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. ,th; M];jphpa tpQ;Qhd

nka;apayhsh;. ,tuJ Kf;fpakhd gilg;Gf;fshf KiwapaYf;F vjpuhf (Against method -
1975) xU ,ytr r%fj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdk; (Sciece in a free Society - 1978)> mwpiff;Fg;
gphpahtpil (Sfarewell to Reason - 1987) NkYk; mth; vOjpa „mDgtk; mw;w tpQ;Qhdk; -
1969‟ vDk; fl;Liuapy; tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; ghpNrhjid nra;tjw;Fk; mDgtk; mbg;gilay;y vdf; Fwpg;gLfpwhh;.
mth; vOjpa „KiwapaYf;F vjpuhf - 1924‟ vd;w Ehypy; mwpTj;Njlypy; fhzg;gl;l
muh[f epiy ntspahdJ. tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; NghJ Vf Kiwahf vJTk; fhzg;glf;
$lhJ vd;fpwhh;.

tpQ;Qhd mwpT cUthf;fj;jpw;F epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Kiwapay; vd;W vJTk; ,y;iy

vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. NkYk; mth; $Wk; NghJ tpQ;Qhd Kiwapay; vd xd;Wk;
,y;iynadTk; midj;J Ma;T nrad;KiwfSk; tpQ;Qhd hPjpahdit vd cWjpg;gLj;jf;
$ba ek;gf;$baKiwapay; rhh;e;j tpjpKiwfNsh rl;ljpl;lq;fNsh ,Ug;gij epuhfhpj;jhh;.
r%ftpaypd; tpQ;Qhd mwpTf;F mtu; xU nry;thf;Fs;s eguhftpUe;jhh;.
,f;Nfhl;ghlhdJ epr;rapf;fg;gl;l tpjpfisf;nfhz;Ls;s KiwapaiyAk; ghh;f;f
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsh;rrpf;Fj; JizGhpAk; khdpl Neaj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ vd;whh;.
jtwhf;fy; vd;w nghg;ghpd; fuj;ij Njhk]; $d;> yf;fhlh]; ,UtUk; kPo;tiuaiw
nra;jJ NghyNt ngauhgz;Lk; vjph;f;fpwhh; (Carruthers,1992). ve;jf; Nfhl;ghLk; ve;j
xUfhyj;jpYk; Vw;Gilajhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mt;tf;fhyj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUf;ff; $ba
fl;lisg;gbkj;jpidf; fhg;ghw;w mt;tg;NghJjhd; nfhs;iffisg;gad;gLj;JtJ tpQ;Qhd

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Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mtrpak;. Mdhy; tpQ;Qhdpfs; mt;tg;NghJ mjidg;gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ

mth;fs; tpQ;Qhd KiwapaypypUe;J mth;fs; KOikahf tpyfpr; nry;fpwhh;fs; vd;whh;

4.6 Ma;T epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; (Methodology of Scientific Research Program)

,k;Nu yf;fhlh]; (Imre Lakatos 1922- 1974) vd;gth; fzpjk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd nka;apay; gw;wp
rpe;jpj;j `q;Nfhpa ehl;Lr; rpe;jidahsuhthh;. fzpjj;jpd; tPo;r;rpapd; jd;ik mjd;
rhd;Wfspd; Kiw gw;wp Muha;e;jth;. „tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpj; jpl;l Kiwfs (Methodology of
Scientific Research Program MSRP)‟ vd;w tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rp Kiwapaiy mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.
,tuJ fzpj nka;apay; n`fy;>khu;f;rpd; ,aq;fpay;> fhu;s;nghg;ghpd; tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghL
kw;Wk; fzpjtpayhsuhd N[hh;[J; Nghypahtpd; Ma;Tfs; Mfpatw;why; Jz;lg;gllJ.
fzpjtpaYf;fhd Kw;Nghf;Fthj rpe;jidahsuhf ,th; fhzg;gl;lhh; (Thamas Kuhn,1970).
,th; yz;ld; nghUspay; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd jj;Jt Mrphpauhff;
flikahw;wpdhh;. yf;fhNlh]; gauhgz;l; Mfpa ,UtUk; ez;gh;fs;. mNjNeuk; mjpfkhf
tpthjj;jpy; <LgLgth;fs;. 1970 ,y; ntspahd ngha;g;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpd;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l Kiwapay; vDk; fl;Liuapy; nghg;gh; $d; gauhgz; MfpNahhpd; thjplypy;
yf;fhNlh];]pd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdky;yhjjw;F ,ilapy; nghg;ghpd; tiuaiw

msTNfhypy; ,th; khw;wk; nra;jhh; (Teachers Guide> 2018). mj;NjhL yf;fhNlh]; $dpd;
„tpQ;Qhdg; Gul;rp„ njhlh;ghd tpghpg;ig tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpaJld; nghg;ghpd;
ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tpQ;Qhd mwptpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; njhlh;gpy;
„tpQQhd Ma;T Ntiyj;jpl;lk;‟ vDk; Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jhh;. nghg;gh; Kd;itj;j
ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghlhdJ epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Fwpj;j xU gpur;rpid njhlh;gpyhdJ. gy;
NtWNfhl;ghLfs; mlq;fpa gue;j tplak; njhlh;ghfj; njspTgLj;j mjid yf;fhNlh];
„,J kpfTk; vspikahd Kiwapay; rhuh ngha;g;gpj;jy;‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. nghg;gh;
Kd;itj;j ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghlhdJ epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Fwpj;j xU gpur;rpid njhlh;gpyhdJ.
gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfs; mlq;fpa gue;j tplak; njhlh;ghfj; njspTgLj;j ,jid yf;fhNlh];
kpfTk; vspikahd Kiwapy; rhuh ngha;g;gpj;jy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. tpQ;Qhdj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; Gul;rpahdJ fhuzfhhpa njhlh;gw;w nraw;ghLfshFk; vDk; $dpd; fUj;jpid
kWf;Fk; yf;fhNlh]; mit fhuzfhhpaj; njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Vw;gLfpd;wd
vd;fpwhh;.

5. KbTiu

tpQ;Qhd mwpit fl;likg;gjw;F Ma;Tfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditfs; tpQ;Qhd tuyhw;wpy;

xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;; ntt;NtWgl;l Kiwapay;fs; gad;Lj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; mup];Nlhl;bypdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ca;j;jwpKiw rpwe;j xU KiwahFk;.
tpQ;Qhd mwpit fl;likg;gjpy; fUJNfhs; ca;j;jwpKiw> tpjp ca;j;jwpKiw Nghd;w
Kiwapay;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;W mwpT ngwg;gl;lJ. MjpfpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; ,k; Kiwapay;
tsu;r;rpaile;j NghjpYk; gpw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gjpa Kiwapay; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
tpQ;Qhd Kiwapay; tsu;r;rpapy; gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fdpd; njhFj;jwp KiwAk; Kf;fpak;
ngw;wJ. ,r;rpe;jidahsu;fSf;Fg; gpw;ghL fhu;s; nghg;gupd; ngha;g;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
%yk; tpQ;Qhdj;ijAk; tpQ;Qhdk; my;yhjtw;iwAk; NtWgLj;Jk; tifapy; mtuJ fUj;J
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ KiwapayhdJ xU fUJNfhs; cz;iknad epWTtjw;Fg; gjpyhf
ngha;nad epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;. ,r;rpe;jidNa ju;f;fg;Gydwpthjk;
tsu;r;rpailtjw;F mbg;gilahftpUe;jJ. nghg;gUk; ngsjPftjpj vz;zf;fUf;fshd
rkak;> Nrhjplk;> fle;jepiy cstpay; Nghd;w Jiwfs; ahtw;iwAk; epuhfupj;jhu;.
nghg;giuj; njhlu;e;J tpQ;Qhd Kiwapay; tuyhw;wpy; mwptpd; tsu;r;rpf;F
Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jp Gul;rpfukhd rpe;jidfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;fspy; Njhk]; $Dk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthu;. $dpd; Kiwapay; rpe;jidahdJ fhu;s; nghg;gupd; Kiwapaw;
rpe;jidiag; Nghy; tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;iffisg; ngha;nadf; fhl;l Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf
fhy khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g xU fhyj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdpfs; r%fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

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 KALAM - International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
12(2), 2019

nfhs;ifahdJ gpwpnjhU fhyj;jpy; khw;wkile;J nry;tJ ,ay;G. ,e;epiyg;ghNl

Gul;rpapidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;W Njhk]; $d; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. vdNt tpQ;Qhdj;jpdJ
tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpnad;gJ tpQ;Qhd Kiwapaypd; tsu;r;rpnadf; $wyhk.; mNjNeuk;
ngauhngd;l;> yf;fhNjh]; Nghd;Nwhh; ,Jnjhlh;ghf gy tpku;rdq;fis Kd;itj;jJld;
mth;fs; jj;jkJ Kiwapay; rpe;jidfisAk; Kd;itj;jhh;fs;.

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