International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-8, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2023

Peer-Reviewed International Journal
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Analysis of Land Use Evolution of Suzhou Wetlands Based

on RS and GIS
Lirong Xu, Ruei-Yuan Wang*, Zhe Zhu

School of Sciences, Guangdong University of Petrochem Technology (GDUPT), Maoming 525000, China
*Corresponding author

Received: 25 Jun 2023; Received in revised form: 26 Jul 2023; Accepted: 04 Aug 2023; Available online: 11 Aug 2023
©2023 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— The purpose of this study is to analyze the land use evolution and characteristics of Suzhou
wetlands. Located in the Taihu Lake basin, Suzhou has abundant wetland resources, covering 339,500
hectares and accounting for 40% of the land area. The huge wetlands have high environmental and
ecological indicators. With the support of RS and GIS technology, Landsat OLI 30 m remote sensing
images, vector data, 30 m DEM, and other data are used. Through analysis and processing, land use type
maps, wetland distribution maps, and research area overview maps are generated, and their land use area,
dynamic degree, and transfer matrix are calculated. The results show that from 2013 to 2020, the total area
of Suzhou wetlands showed a decreasing trend, with a total change of -8.77%. In the past seven years,
Suzhou's urban construction rate has been relatively fast, and the main supply sources of construction land
were lakes, mudflats, wetlands, and woodlands. Based on this, the impact of economic development and
construction on the protection of environmental ecology should be emphasized and implemented in wetland
management and protection strategies in order to promote sustainable environmental development.
Keywords— Land Use, Wetlands, Remote sensing (RS) & Geographic Information System (GIS),
Transfer Matrix, Dynamic Degree.

I. INTRODUCTION Wetlands are one of the most abundant natural

In the context of the modernization process of resources in the Yangtze River Delta, playing a crucial role
national development goals, the Yangtze River Delta is in supporting national sustainable development and
trying to integrate strategies to achieve a green economy, becoming one of the important subjects of regional
high-quality life, and sustainable development; deeply ecological environment protection (Guo et al., 2017; Wang,
implement the concept of ecological civilization 2022). From the perspective of national ecological security,
construction; adhere to ecological priority development; that is, a country's ecological environment is relatively
and promote social and economic development mutually. small or undamaged and is in a healthy and sustainable
Based on this, the construction and practice of ecological development state. Wetlands, as a unique ecosystem, can
civilization are increasingly valued, becoming the top provide habitat for waterfowl and wildlife, improve
priority of current urban and rural development. biodiversity, and fully self-repair and regulate themselves.

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They can also improve the ecological carrying capacity of fully utilize land functions while seeking better
the region to a certain extent, making them an important environmental quality, which is the core issue.
component of the national ecological security system. In the process of land use, economic benefits and
Among various ecosystems, wetlands are the most ecological benefits have symbiosis and interdependence
productive ecosystem in nature, possessing the but may also generate exclusion. Because of land are an
characteristics of both wetland and terrestrial ecosystems. ecological and economic system that is coupled by the
They play a crucial role in soil and water conservation, natural ecosystem of the land and the land economic
climate regulation, pollution degradation, and biodiversity system. In the process of land use activities or social
protection and can maintain regional natural ecological production and reproduction, a certain amount of labor is
balance and sustainable economic and social development, occupied and consumed. Not only do we need to produce a
providing reliable guarantees for national ecological certain amount of products that meet social needs (i.e.,
security. Therefore, conducting in-depth research and produce a certain economic effect), but we must also
analysis on wetlands has important national strategic value remove and inject some substances and energy, as well as
and significance (Du, 2021; Yi, 2021). some pollutants, from the land ecological system. In this
This study mainly analyzes the land use evolution of process of 'taking' and 'returning', the land ecological and
Suzhou wetlands, explores the trend of wetland area economic system undergoes significant changes, resulting
evolution, and analyzes its influencing factors from a in certain ecological benefits (Ge and Ma, 2022).
multi-level perspective, aiming to provide reference data There are various definitions of wetlands, and
for ecological security support for regional sustainable currently the internationally recognized definition of
development. The research results will provide wetlands is proposed by the Wetlands Convention, which
decision-making support for the protection and refers to natural or artificial, permanent or temporary
management of regional wetlands. The specific research swamps, peatlands or water areas, static or flowing, fresh
objectives and methods are based on remote sensing image water, brackish water, and saline water bodies, including
data by 2013 and 2020, using remote sensing (RS) and water bodies with a depth of no more than 6 meters at low
geographic information system (GIS) technology to tide. Wetlands include many types, including coral reefs,
analyze the dynamic trend of land use change (Liang and mudflats, mangroves, lakes, rivers, estuaries, marshes,
Wang, 2023; Zhang and Wang, 2023), analyze the changes reservoirs, ponds, rice fields, etc. Their common feature is
in the value of wetland ecosystem services, and propose that their surfaces are constantly covered or filled with
relevant strategies on this basis to provide suggestions for water, forming a transitional zone between land and water
promoting the sustainable development of the ecological bodies (Wu, 2022; Porras-Rojas et al., 2023).
environment in the region. Wetlands are widely distributed around the world and
are a symbol of biodiversity on Earth, with rich and highly
II. LITERATURE REVIEW productive ecosystems. It plays an important role in
2.1. Land Use and Wetlands resisting floods, regulating runoff, controlling pollution,
Land use refers to the way and purpose of human use regulating the climate, and beautifying the environment. It
of the natural attributes of land, and is a dynamic process. is not only a natural water storage reservoir on land but
Its development and changes are influenced by natural, also a breeding and wintering ground for many wild
social, economic, and technological conditions, which animals and plants, especially rare waterfowl. It can
collectively determine the function of land. The working provide water and food for humans. Its natural diversity
group of the Land Use Planning Department of the Food function has become a precious resource possessed by
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO） humans; therefore, wetlands are also known as the "cradle
pointed out that land use refers to the land function of life", "kidney of the earth", and "paradise of birds" (Guo
determined by natural conditions and human intervention. et al., 2017; Yi, 2022).
In the process, human beings manage land resources to

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2.2 Progress in Wetland Research use research, relevant principles and research methods
The research progress of wetland land use has led to have begun to be applied to wetland research. This study
significant changes in the wetland ecological environment used the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)
over time and with the development of society, as well as to search for 915 papers related to wetland landscape
the natural geographical environment and human social patterns published between 1980 and 2023. Quantitative
activities. From the perspective of wetland types, the analysis (Figure 1) showed that research on wetland land
degradation of natural wetlands is significant; the scale of use has shown a significant increase since the 21st century
artificial wetlands continues to expand; wetland habitats and is currently on a fluctuating upward trend. On the one
are damaged; diversity decreases; and habitat hand, it reflects the maturity and improvement of wetland
fragmentation intensifies, thereby weakening the original land use analysis technology and research methods due to
functions of wetland ecosystems. From the perspective of the development of information technology. On the other
land use types, wetlands are also constantly being replaced hand, it also demonstrates the importance that scholars
by construction land, resulting in environmental and attach to ecological research such as wetland land use in
human hazards. Therefore, in the natural and social context, the new context of continuous promotion. In addition,
research on the evolution of wetland land use has also most scholars focus on the spatio-temporal evolution
received attention. characteristics and internal and external driving
Against the aforementioned background, numerous mechanisms of dynamic changes in wetland land use
scholars are committed to studying the spatio-temporal research.
evolution of laws of land use. With the deepening of land

Fig.1: Trends in the number of publications related to Wetland Land Use (source: CNKI)

The research method for wetland land use mainly complexity of wetland ecosystems and land use, it is
relies on existing land use analysis methods, using transfer necessary for subsequent research to study the influencing
matrix and dynamic degree analysis to quantify the factors of wetland land use evolution from a
dynamic change process and trend of wetland land use multidisciplinary perspective. The research on statistical
through indicators such as the area and size of the study wetland land use involves the display of disciplinary
area. In recent years, there has also been a focus on the use classification charts (Figure 2). Currently, research on
of RS technology, collecting and processing various types wetland land use mostly involves multiple disciplinary
of RS images to obtain basic data (Guo et al., 2017; Jamali categories, mainly focused on environmental science and
et al., 2021). Through RS classification and the use of GIS resource utilization. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen
software, corresponding maps have been created for interdisciplinary communication and cooperation, study
quantitative analysis of spatial data, and the dynamic the optimization of wetland land use, and conduct
change process of wetlands and their spatial differentiation quantitative analysis of influencing factors from a more
patterns have been explored. diverse and accurate perspective, which is more conducive
In addition, given the comprehensiveness and to comprehensive research and understanding.

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Fig.2 Distribution Map of Disciplines Involved in Wetland Land Use Research (Source: CNKI)

2.3 Research on Wetlands in Suzhou Area Given the importance of Suzhou wetlands and the
Wetlands are known as the kidney of the earth, carbon complexity they exhibit with environmental changes,
storage, the resource pool of species, and the home of birds. relevant scholars are continuously advancing and
Together with forests and oceans, they are called the three improving their research on wetlands, and the entry points
major ecosystems in the world and are one of the for research are also being refined (Figure 3). Previous
ecosystems with the strongest self-purification ability in studies focused on the correlation between Suzhou
the natural environment. Suzhou wetland protection Wetland Park and ecological restoration or on the study of
closely focuses on the Yangtze River protection, the wetland refinement types in the Taihu Lake basin of
Yangtze River Delta integration, and the ecological Jiangsu Province. Among them, there is relatively little
protection strategic layout of the Taihu Lake. It promotes research on breaking through provincial boundaries and
the goal of wetland protection and management and analyzing the changes in wetland conditions in Suzhou
attempts to establish the "Suzhou model". The protection from a holistic perspective. Therefore, in the context of
capacity has also been continuously valued and improved. implementing sustainable ecological protection strategies,
The city has added 200,000 acres of newly protected exploring the impact of changes in the value of wetland
wetlands, and the protection rates of natural wetlands and ecosystem services in Suzhou will become a new
artificial wetlands have increased to 70.4% and 55.4%, perspective for wetland research (Wang, 2022).
respectively, ranking first in the province.

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Fig.3 Trends and Theme Content of Literature on Wetland Research in Suzhou (Source: CNKI)

III. STUDY AREA and 30° 47′ -32° 02′ N (Figure 4); the total area is 8657.32
Suzhou is located in East China, the southeast of km2. The terrain of the city is low and flat. There are many
Jiangsu Province, the middle of the Yangtze River Delta, rivers and lakes in the city. Most of the water surface of
and the east bank of the Taihu Lake, bordering Shanghai in Taihu Lake is in Suzhou. The area of rivers, lakes, and
the east, Jiaxing City and Huzhou City in Zhejiang mudflats accounts for 36.6% of the land area of the city. It
Province in the south, Wuxi City in the west, and the is a famous water town in the south of the Yangtze River.
Yangtze River in the north, between 119° 55′ -121° 20′ E

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Fig.4 Map of Suzhou City

In terms of climate conditions, it is located in the same pattern (Figure 5).

humid monsoon climate zone of the northern subtropical There is a significant correlation between climate
zone, with warm, humid, and rainy weather. The monsoon change and wetland dynamics in Suzhou. Relative
is distinct and has four distinct seasons, with long winter humidity and temperature are the main climate factors that
and summer seasons and short spring and autumn seasons. affect the increase and decrease of wetlands, respectively.
The average annual frost-free period is 233 days. Due to A warm and humid climate is an important factor leading
the differences in terrain and latitude, various unique to the increase of wetlands, while the decrease of wetlands
microclimates are formed in the territory. The Taihu Lake is mainly related to the hot and dry climate. The different
is the high center of solar radiation, sunshine, and trends of climate change are important factors affecting
temperature, and the areas along the river are the low value wetland changes.
areas. The distribution of precipitation also follows the

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Fig.5 Comparison of temperature and rainfall in Suzhou

The average precipitation in Suzhou (1956~2000 With the acceleration of urbanization, Suzhou's economy
series) is 1086.3 mm, which is equivalent to a total continues to develop, and construction land increases.
3
precipitation of more than 9 billion m ; among them, 1999, How to coordinate the relationship between economic
the year with the most precipitation, averaged 1513.8 mm, development and ecological protection is an important
and the average rainfall of plum rains was 630 mm, which issue for sustainable development.
is 3 times. The second was 1452.7 mm in 1993, and the
least was 598.2 mm in 1978, with a difference of 2.53 IV. MATERIAL AND METHOD
times between abundance and dryness. 4.1 Data Source and Preprocessing
In 2022, Suzhou will achieve a regional GDP of The research data sources include: (1) Landsat images
2,395.834 billion yuan, an increase of 2.0% over the in 2013 and 2020 were obtained from Geospatial Data
previous year at comparable prices, of which the added Cloud (GDC)
value of the primary industry is 19.298 billion yuan, an (https://www.gscloud.cn/sources/index?pid=1&rootid=1)
increase of 3.0%. The secondary industry was 1,152.141 (Table 1); (2) The verification data for Suzhou Wetland is
billion yuan, an increase of 1.8%. The tertiary industry was sourced from the satellite map of the Eight-Nine Network;
1,224.395 billion yuan, an increase of 2.1%. The ratio of (3) Average precipitation, annual average temperature, and
the three industrial structures is 0.8:48.1:51.1. Calculated population data for the two periods were acquired from
by the permanent population, the per capita GDP was Yearbook Statistics.
186,000 yuan, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year.
Table 1 Information of Remote Sensing Images
SN Satellite Sensor Track Number Acquire time Resolution（m）
1 Landsat-8 OLI 119/039 2013.7.19 30
2 Landsat-8 OLI 119/038 2020.5.03 30

In addition, data preprocessing involves radiometric area. According to the "Overall Plan for Land Use in
calibration, atmospheric correction, and mosaic clipping of Jiangsu Province" and the "Technical Regulations for Land
two Landsat-8 images to obtain the image area of the study Use Status Survey", referring to the national classification

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standards and Yancheng City's land use status, the

landscape types in the research area are divided into four
categories, including construction land (urban and rural,
industrial and mining, residential land) forests, arable land,
wetlands (Fan et al., 2014). Then, using the ISODATA
unsupervised classification method, wetland land use is
classified, and the classification results are processed to
obtain wetland land use classification data (Wang et al.,
2023).
4.2 Methods
This study is based on the 30 m RS images of
Suzhou in 2013 and 2020, the vector data of the
administrative area, the 30 m DEM, temperature, and
precipitation data. The main research and analysis steps
(Figure 6) are briefly described as follows:
1. Data collection and processing: Download the Fig.6 The Schema of The Study
RS images required for land use type maps and wetland
distribution maps from the geospatial data cloud, 4.3 ISODATA Unsupervised Classification
Data.geoatlas, and other platforms; preprocess the Unsupervised classification is also called cluster
Landsat-8 images: including radiometric calibration, analysis, which means that no prior knowledge is applied
atmospheric correction, mosaic, and clipping. to the classification process in advance but only based on
2. RS image classification: Using ENVI software the distribution law of the spectral characteristics of RS
to perform ISODATA unsupervised classification on the image features, using the characteristics of natural
image, and after distinguishing the characteristics of the clustering to allow machines to learn and classify, which is
ground features, merge the similar ground features. based on the theory of clusters, and it is a method of
Then use ArcGIS to make a land use type map and a pattern recognition to carry out cluster statistical analysis
wetland distribution map. on images by computer. The main algorithms for
3. Transfer the processed raster image to ArcGIS, unsupervised classification in the field of RS images are
extract the attribute elements of each land use type, and ISODATA and K-means. Among them, ISODATA
calculate its area. classification is a repeated self-organizing data analysis
4. Calculate the dynamic degree and transfer technique that calculates the class mean value of the
matrix of each land use type according to the formula. uniform distribution of data pixels, then uses the minimum
5. Obtain the monthly average temperature and distance algorithm to iteratively aggregate the pixels,
precipitation in 2013 and 2020 through the yearbook, recalculates the mean value in each iteration, and,
make a comparison Table between the two periods, and according to the obtained new mean value, classifies the
analyze the factors affecting the change of the total pixels again (Guo et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2023).
wetland area. 4.4 Land Use Dynamic Degree
6. Finally, conduct a comprehensive analysis, The land use dynamic degree model can fully express
obtain the results, and make suggestions. the rate of land use change in a certain period of time in
the study area (Zhang and Wang, 2023; Liang and Wang,
2023; Xie et al., 2023). According to different research
objects, there are single land use dynamic degree and
comprehensive land use dynamic degree, and the
calculation formula is:

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𝐻𝑏−𝐻𝑎 1 number of land use types transferred from the i-th type of
𝐾=( ) × × 100 （1）
𝐻𝑎 𝑇 land use type to the j-th type of land use type.
In the formula: K is the dynamic degree of a single
land use; Ha, Hb are the area of the land use type before V. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
and after the study; T is the research period; the larger |k|, 5.1 Changes in Land Use Types
the greater the rate of change of a certain land use type in By calculating the area of each land use type in
the study area. Suzhou in 2013 and 2020, the proportion of land use type
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 ∆𝐿𝐻𝑖−𝑗 1 area and the dynamic analysis Table for the two-year
𝐿𝑐 = [ ] × × 100% （2）
2 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐿𝐻𝑖 𝑇 period are obtained (Table 2). In addition, through
In the formula: Lc is the dynamic degree of ISODATA unsupervised classifications, four types of land
comprehensive land use; LHi s is the area of the i-th land use change maps were obtained for 2013 and 2020
use type in the previous period; ∆LHi−j is the absolute (Figures 7 and 8) to present the characteristics of land use
value of the area of the i-th type of land converted into the type change.
j-th type of land use type; n is the number of land types From the perspective of changes in land use types, the
(n=1, 2, 3...); T is the research period; the larger Lc , the results show that over the past 7 years, the total wetland
faster the overall change rate of land use change in the area in Suzhou has shown a downward trend, with a total
study area. change of -8.77%, while the construction land area has
4.5 Transfer Matrix significantly increased, with a total change of 16.37%.
The transfer matrix method is used to quantitatively Analysis shows that the main factors affecting the
describe the system state and state transition. The transfer reduction of wetlands are the impact of human activities,
matrix can be used for quantitative analysis and in-depth especially such as building towns or scenic spots,
understanding of the transfer area, transfer direction and cultivating arable land, and changing river channels, which
supplementary sources of various species. It is mainly used have made the reduction of wetland area increasingly
to analyze the transfer rate and direction between different severe.
land use types in different periods, so as to analyze the In addition, after calculating the area of four types of
internal correlation and change trend between land use land use in Suzhou through ArcGIS, a single degree of
types (Yu et al., 2018; Zhang and Wang, 2023; Liang and land use dynamics was used to analyze land use changes,
Wang, 2023; Xie et al., 2023). The transfer matrix formula revealing the dynamic evolution process of land use in the
is as follows: study area in time and space. This can quantitatively
𝑆11 ⋯ 𝑆1𝑛 describe the speed and severity of regional land use
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] (3) changes. Analysis of the dynamic degree of single land use
𝑆𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑆𝑛𝑛 in Suzhou from 2013 to 2020 (Table 2) shows that the
In the formula: S represents the area of land use type absolute values of wetland and construction land dynamic
transfer; n represents the classification number of land use degrees are relatively high, reaching 0.03 and 0.38,
types in the study area; i, j (i, j are integers of 1, 2, 3...n) respectively. Over the past 7 years, except for construction
represent the land use type before transfer and the area land, other land use types have experienced varying
after the transfer of land use types; Sij represents the degrees of reduction, especially the area of wetland types.
Table 2 Land Use Type Area Proportion/Dynamic Degree
Land-use type 2013 Rate% 2020年 Rate% Variation Land use
Area/k Area/k dynamics degree
㎡ ㎡
Water bodies 3337.41 39.05% 2583.63 30.28% -8.77% -0.03
Construction 521.81 6.11% 1917.69 22.48% 16.37% 0.38
Green land 2776.98 32.50% 2298.42 26.94% -5.56% -0.02

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Arable 1909.6 22.35% 1732.23 20.30% -2.04% -0.01

Total 8545.8 100% 8531.97 100% 0.00% 0.00
Wetland area 3337.41 39.05% 2583.63 30.28% -8.77% -0.03
Area of Suzhou 8657.32 100% 8657.32 100% 0.00% 0

Fig.7 Land Use Types in 2013

Fig.8 Land Use Types in 2020

The transfer matrix is used to present the magnitude and direction of changes between land types in different

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periods, so this method is used for specific analysis in this increased over the past 7 years; and (3) totally, the wetland
paper (Hu et al., 2023). Firstly, use ArcGIS to calculate the area has decreased to a certain extent. Overall, with the
transfer situation between different categories in Suzhou in rapid development of the social economy, the ecological
2013 and 2020 (Table 3). From the perspective of the land environment has been damaged to varying degrees, and
use transfer matrix, it can be seen that (1) the conversion Suzhou wetlands show a decreasing trend in the land use
of construction land into green land has a high proportion; transfer matrix (Li et al., 2023).
(2) the total area of construction land has significantly
Table 3 Land Use Transfer Matrix /Unit：km²
Land types Arable land Construction land Wetland Green land 2020 year

Arable land 840.42 183.18 131.69 605.20 1760.50

Construction 502.46 299.43 424.73 728.23 1954.85
land
Wetland 32.18 6.60 2491.04 60.80 2590.61
Green land 565.82 48.05 304.24 1414.34 2332.45
2013 year 1940.89 537.26 3351.70 2808.56 8638.41

5.2 Changes in Wetland Area area of the lake, thus keeping the lake wetland area stable.
Based on the trend analysis of the total wetland area According to the statistical Table of land use types and
change, the RS classification results were combined with areas, it can be seen that the construction land in this area
ArcGIS to create thematic maps and obtain the wetland has increased, thereby occupying the area of wetlands.
distribution maps of Suzhou in 2013 and 2020 (Figures 9 Based on the analysis of wetland land use evolution
and 10), which were processed and calculated using spatial factors, urban construction has increased rapidly in the
data. The results show that from 2013 to 2020, the total past seven years, and the main sources of construction land
area of wetlands showed an overall downward trend, with are Lake Mudflat wetlands and forestlands. The evolution
2
a total reduction of 753.78 km a total change rate of -8.77% of construction land and wetlands reflects the changing
over 7 years. It can be seen from the comparison of the patterns of different land types in the process of economic
two thematic maps that the reduction of mudflat wetlands development in Suzhou. In the early stages of urbanization
is the most severe, the reduction of mudflat wetlands in and the transformation and development of related
Wujiadng District is the most obvious, and the reduction of industries, most of them were achieved by converting
mudflat wetlands directly leads to the decline of natural natural wetlands. However, with the introduction of
wetland area. The overall area of lake wetlands shows a sustainable development concepts, this phenomenon has
stable trend, mainly due to the increase in monthly average also improved (Zhu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2022; Yang et
precipitation in Suzhou over the past 7 years. The large al., 2022).
amount of precipitation has maintained the water storage

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Fig.9 Distribution Map of Wetlands in Suzhou in 2013

Fig.10 Distribution Map of Wetlands in Suzhou in 2020

5.3 Suggestions for Wetland Environmental Protection construction of wetland special information databases, and
Wetland protection is an important approach to phased evaluation of protection effectiveness are the
achieve healthy and sustainable functions. The crucial ways to protect wetlands. Based on the analysis
construction of wetland protection networks, the results of this study and the evolution trend of wetland
implementation of targeted protection methods, the land use, several suggestions are proposed:

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(1) Taking Wujiang District as an example, to deeply In summary, human production and life have a
promote the high-quality development of sponge cities in significant impact on changes in regional land use types.
various regions. Faced with the increasing population and rapidly
(2) Properly interfere with the reproduction of developing economic industries, how to balance the
wetland species and maintain ecological balance. development and construction of artificial landscapes and
(3) Utilizing the 3S system as a scientific method for natural wetland landscapes is a topic of continuous
monitoring the environment, continuously paying attention concern in the future. Therefore, establishing a reasonable
to the dynamics of the environment for a long time, in wetland landscape planning system can stabilize regional
order to propose effective decision-making solutions in economic development and ensure the balance of natural
response to environmental changes. wetland ecosystems.
(4) Design wetland tourism plans to help the public
understand the wetland system and enhance their ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
awareness of wetland protection. The author is grateful for the research grants given to
(5) Regularly conduct large-scale water quality Ruei-Yuan Wang from GDUPT Talents Recruitment
testing on wetlands to reduce water environmental (No.2019rc098), and ZY Chen from Talents Recruitment
pollution. of GDUPT (No. 2021rc002), in Guangdong Province,
(6) Establish reasonable policies for the expansion of Peoples R China, and Academic Affairs in GDUPT for
construction land to ensure the sustainability of wetlands. Goal Problem-Oriented Teaching Innovation and Practice
Project Grant No.701-234660.
VI. CONCLUSION
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