Appendix D - 8
Appendix D - 8
DESIGN REPORT
Prepared by
1 INTRODUCTION 1-4
The Department of Environmental affairs has appointed All Green Consultants, a multi-
disciplinary engineer consulting firm to establish a new landfill in QwaQwa to services
the Maluti-a-Phufong Local Municipality.
The municipality comprises the towns of Harrismith. Phuthaditjhaba and Clarens, with
a combined population of 385 413,
The site is located east of Phuthaditjhaba on previously cultivate land. Access is via
paved and gravel roads that goes through the Matsikeng surburb of Phuthaditjhababa.
Figure 2 below shows the location of the site.
The proposed site area has been cultivated previously with prominent contours
constructed along the slopes of the ridge. There is also an old sand quarry on the
northern edge of the site. The detailed description of the site can be found in the
geotechnical report prepared separately for this site.
2 CIVIL DESIGNS
This section details the civil design for the planned establishment of new landfill at the
Maluti A Phufong Local Municipality waste management site.
The aim of this design report is to:
Outline the description of all the civil services proposed for the new landfill site
Give approximates sizes for proposed major civil services.
Confirm the design philosophy, criteria, assumptions, codes and standards used
for the designs.
2.1 Objective
Develop designs for the proposed new landfill site that meets the disposal need and
incorporates measures to mitigate the identified environmental impact factors.
To clarify the waste disposal facility in terms of waste type, size of waste stream
and the potential for leachate generation.
Confirm the suitability of the proposed site for the development of the long term
waste disposal facility.
The scope of this report is the design of a waste management facility that meets the
waste disposal needs of the Maluti-a-Phufong municipal urban residential areas,
commercial and industrial areas and that mitigates the potential impacts the facility
might have on the environment.
The proposed waste landfill site will mainly receive municipal waste and no hazardous
waste is anticipated to be disposed at the landfill. The proposed new landfill is therefore
classified as General (G) Waste landfill site.
Since the design of waste disposal facility relates to the risk posed by the wastes
disposed, design specifications for this site classified as general waste facility would be
considerably not strict.
The municipality in its classification report (see appendix 1) the proposed landfill was
classified as GLB+. The initial size of the waste stream on the landfill has been
determined to be approximately 350 tonnes per day, based on 260 days (5 working
days per week) of deposition in a year. This would therefore represent the initial rate of
deposition (IRD) for determining the size classification of the site.
To determine the maximum rate of deposition (MRD) at the end of the site life, a
conservative growth rate of 3% per annum was used for calculating the landfill airspace
required for 20 years of waste disposal.
MRD= (IRD) (1+d) where IRD=350 T/d, d=3% & t=20 years
= 350(1+0.03)
= 905T/d
Since the MRD is above 500T/d, the site is classified at large (L) landfill site.
2.2.4 Landfill Airspace Requirements
Site life is calculated by comparing the total available airspace with annual airspace
utilisation.
In this case of a proposed land filling operation where the availability of suitable cover
material represents a limiting factor, the quantity of cover is used to determine the total
available airspace.
Based on the fact that a well run waste operation would require a volumetric ratio of
cover material to waste of about 1:4, the total airspace is obtained by:
Airspace utilisation is calculated from the IRD. The IRD, expressed in T/day, is
multiplied by 260 days (based on a 5 day week) to determine the annual tonnage of
waste. By dividing this figure by the average density of the waste (between 0.75 T/m3
to 1.20 T/m3 depending on waste type and compaction efficiency), the volume of waste
to be deposited in the first year is determined. By multiplying this volume by 5/4, the
total airspace utilisation for the first year is obtained.
Airspace utilisation for subsequent years is obtained by escalating the IRD for each
year. This is then cumulated.
The landfill site life is arrived at by matching the available airspace volume for the
landfill, with the cumulative airspace utilisation.
The potential for significant leachate generation depends on the water balance
associated with a waste disposal site. This is dictated by ambient climatic conditions or
by other factors such as moisture content of the incoming waste and ingress of either
ground or surface water running off from high ground into the waste body.
The climate water balance for the QwaQwa landfill site was calculated as follows:
B = R-E
The value of B is calculated for the wet season of the wettest year on record. It is then
recalculated for successive drier years until it is established whether B is positive for
less than one year in five years for the years for which data is available. If so the
following criteria apply:
If B is positive for more than one year in five for the years for which data is available. If
so the following criteria apply:
For the climate data available for the QwaQwa area (rainfall and evaporation) B was
found to be positive for nine of the ten years of climate data used. This means that the
landfill is expected to generate significant leachate.
The QwaQwa landfill site is therefore classified as B+ waste disposal facility. In terms
of minimum requirements, it is necessary to install a leachate management system.
2.3 Designs
2.3.1 Calculations
The proposed landfill site has a total area of 1000m by 720m available for cover
excavation. The average depth of excavatable cover is 1.8m. The initial rate of
deposition (IRD) for a new landfill site is 350T/day, and the waste generation area has
an expected growth rate of 3%.
Allowing for the airspace used by both waste and cover, using a cover to waste ratio of
1:4:
= 121 3333 m3/annum x 5/4
= 151 666 m3/annum
This figure is then escalated by multiplying the previous year's airspace total by 1.03
for 3% growth, and these are cumulated, as shown in fig 1 below.
The available airspace is then matched to the closest cumulative airspace used total,
to give the approximate site life, as shown in fig 3 below.
Fig 3: Calculating Landfill Site Life
A four cell approach was adopted with cells of approximately 185m x 130m in size. A
containment / starter wall was designed which has a crest width of 3.5m which allows
sufficient width for vehicular and pedestrian access for maintenance. The wall is 4m in
height with embankments sloping at 1:2 and a key with bottom width of 5m and depth
of 1.5m to assist in providing sufficient stability to the wall. The basin is also excavated
to a death of 0.3m below natural ground level to provide additional capacity and material
to be stockpiled for purpose of covering.
Additional two cells for composite and building rubble have been provided.
There is provision for an upstream clean water separation earth channel to divert clean
surface water away from the land fill site. The containment wall will keep all dirty water
within the cells whilst deposition remains below the crest level. Once deposition occurs
above the crest level a toe drain must then be installed at the outside toe to divert any
surface dirty water into the leachate collection tank for disposal.
The landfill cells will have a liner system and a leachate collection system and leak
detection system. The liner comprises of waste sacrificial layer, 150mm leachate
collection layer, 4 layers of compacted clay with each layer being 150mm and
compacted separately, a geo textile layer, a leakage detection and collection
layer,150mm compacted clay liner, 150mm base preparation layer and an insitu layer.
The leachate collection and detection layers tie into a perforated pipe network which
drains into a leachate collection sump/tank and leachate detection tank respectively
and treated accordingly.
The deposition should occur to maximum heights of 4m at which point a 3m step in
must occur and the deposition to a further 4m height and then 3m step and continue in
this manner. This step in deposition will assist with the stability of the fill as deposition
gets higher.
The wall embankment where access is allowed must be constructed and lifted as
deposition rises.
2.3.3 Buildings
All buildings are to be founded on strip footing 750mm wide and 250mm deep at a
depth of 1m below ground. All surface slabs are to be reinforced with Mesh 888 with a
minimum lap length of 600mm and cover of 50mm.
All roof details are to be as per supplier detail and submitted to engineer for review and
comment. All openings on walls are to have lintels above them and extend beyond the
opening as specified.
The road network has roads with different widths which were taken into account during
the modelling and design. The road layout has been designed for low speed traffic and
speed calming measures are recommended to be in place to regulate traffic speed.
The road has a cross fall to allow water to drain freely towards the storm water
reticulation.
A storm water reticulation network is in place along the road verge and discharges
storm water further downstream. At the discharge point a headwall will be constructed
together with gabion blocks and reno mattresses to assist in erosion prevention.
The landfill will be connected to the existing bulk water supply network that is supplying
water to the Tebang Township. A 200mm pipe will be used buried underground from
the existing water mains to the landfill.
2.3.7 Sewer Bulk Services
The landfill will be connected to the existing bulk sewer line that is servicing the Tebang
Township. A 200mm pipe will be used buried underground from the existing sewer
water mains to the landfill.
3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS
This section details the space program for the planned new developments at the Maluti
A Phufong Local Municipality waste management site.
It is understood that the site had no property line restrictions, and therefore the
proposed Site demarcation is a feasible and pragmatic concept from a professional
point of view. The buildings are positioned appropriately taking into account the
resourceful orientation and as affected by the prevailing site conditions.
Two separate 3 metre wide 2.1 metre high mild steel sliding gates opening 2, 4
metres. Gate posts to be steel construction.
Two 2, 5 metre booms opening 2, 4 metres.
3.1.2 Gate House, 9 square metres (approx 3m x 3m) between the gates.
A guard house will be provided at the entrance and will consist of the following:
An administration block will be constructed on site close to the entrance and will
comprise of the following;
Boardroom, kitchen, manager’s office, an open plan office, staff toilet and two
visitors toilets separate for males and females.
The administration lock will be built of face brick and tile roof structure, plastered
and painted inside, rhino board ceilings, quarry tile floor finish, steel window frames,
burglar gated doors and burglar proofed window opening sections.
An ablution facility will be constructed to service the staff working in the maintenance
shed and recycling plant and will comprise of the following:
Face brick and tile roof structure, plastered and painted inside, rhino board ceilings,
quarry tile floor finish, steel window frames, burglar gated doors and burglar proofed
window opening sections.
Three female toilets, two showers and corner bench.
Two male toilets, two showers, two urinals and corner bench.
Paraplegic toilet.
The weighbridge hut will be constructed of face brick and tile roof structure, plastered
and painted inside, rhino board ceilings, quarry tile floor finish, steel window frames,
burglar gated doors and burglar proofed window opening sections.
3.1.7 Sorting Facility (Buy Back Centre), 262 square metre, (4,8m high)
The client has commissioned to create sustainable opportunities in the recycling and
waste management sector by setting up a multi recycling Buy-Back Centre. These
business- recycling initiatives are intended to play a vital role in implementing “Buyisa-
e-Bag” strategy, which aims to encourage the collection, re-use, and recycling of plastic
shopping bags and other recyclable materials that are discarded in the waste stream,
as well as making provision for the collection of recyclables from environmentally
sensitive areas, including rural areas, hotspots, taxi ranks, tourist areas and high
density, low socio-economic urban areas.
Buy-Back Centres were originally intended for collection and recycling of only plastic
bags, but it became very clear through research that such a business model will not be
financially viable and sustainable. In this light the centre has been designed as a multi-
recycling facility, for the buying in, sorting and resale of various plastics materials and
other recyclables such as paper, cans and glass/bottles.
Warehouse structure, IBR roof sheeting on steel purlins and structural beams. IBR or
corrugated iron walling with face brick sections that ties up visually with the face brick
buildings where necessary and appropriate.
For entrance area, parking lot, weighbridge area, maintenance shed area, and around
sorting facility – interlocking concrete brick paving with concrete kerbing and storm-
water drainage system.
6m wide road with spec as for external paving under 8 above. The access road covers
a length of some 30 metres outside main gate and road leading to organic waste
dumping (and composting) site, to the sorting facility and to the landfill cell.
3.1.10 Fencing
1660 metres of diamond mesh razor wire fence 1, 8 m high, and 5 strands of wire.
Corner posts, gate posts and attendant stays in 15 Mpa concrete foundations.
Intermediate posts at 30 metre centres and stays with 150mm x 150mm base plates.
T-bulg section standards at 10 metre centres with T-section droppers at 2, 5 metre
centres.
Water reticulation infrastructure to the spaces indicated in space program above. Water
supply, sewerage, storm water.
4 ELCTRICAL DESIGNS
It is intended that the document be revised during the detailed design development so
that it remains a concise record of the current status of the Electrical and Electronic
systems design.
The local municipality will supply the site with an 11kV electrical supply tee off from the
existing Municipal power line that is currently passing in front of the landfill site. The
Municipality confirmed that the line has capacity to supply the landfill site .A 200kVA
mini-substation will be installed at site. The mini-substation will supply a free standing
kiosk housing the main LT panel.
From the main LT panel electricity will be reticulated to various buildings around the
site as well as external lighting. Reticulation will be through underground cables.
No standby generator or emergency power will e provided
All boards will have the normal side only. The front panels of normal power supply shall
be labelled correctly and painted in distinctive colours as follows:
Normal supply : Light Orange, colour B26 of SABS 1091
External lighting has been provided along the perimeter fence of the landfill to
serves the two main purposes of general area lighting as well as security lighting.
The lighting will be designed to provide a general minimum lighting level of 50 lux.
The lighting will be controlled by photo-sensing devices and switched centrally from
the LV distribution board supplying it.
The total project cost is estimated at R59million including vat, The detailed bill of
quantities is attached with the reort. See table below for the project cost breakdown.
Establishment of new Landfill Site in Qwaqwa in Maluti-a-Phufong
Estimated Project
Cost
5 Add: Contigency amount (5% of Value of Builder's work) VAT 5,00 R 2,298,858.57