IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO.

2, FEBRUARY 2020 1161

Communication
A Miniaturized Dual-Band Implantable Antenna System
for Medical Applications
Farooq Faisal , Muhammad Zada , Asma Ejaz, Yasar Amin , Sadiq Ullah , and Hyoungsuk Yoo

Abstract— In this communication, a biotelemetry device for scalp scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands are preferred for
implantation is proposed with an ultraminiaturized and simple-structured data telemetry [2]. The data transmission and sleep/wake-up modes
implantable antenna that exhibits dual-band characteristics in the
at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively, not only prolong the battery
industrial, scientific, and medical bands (915 MHz and 2.45 GHz).
The proposed system incorporates two batteries and microelectronic lifetime, but also reduce the interference and security issues [3].
components in a total volume of 434.72 mm3 . The recommended antenna Similarly, to compensate the limitation of frequency detuning due
has a reduced volume of 9.8 mm3 (7 mm × 7 mm × 0.2 mm), which is to the heterogeneous surrounding environment, implantable antennas
the smallest antenna presented so far. In homogeneous and heterogeneous with wide bandwidth and tuning parameter are required. To achieve
environments, the designed antenna system has peak gain values of
−28.04 and −28.94 dBi, respectively, at 915 MHz, and −23.01 and high bandwidth, two π-shaped strips were used in the inverted-F
−23.06 dBi, respectively, at 2.45 GHz. For validation, the prototype of the antenna [4]. Similarly, a C-shaped ground and a monopole patch
antenna and corresponding system are immersed in a 3-D head phantom were coupled for bandwidth enhancement [5]. Biocompatibility and
(saline solution), and the measured results are found in close agreement prevention of short-circuit are particularly important for implantable
with the simulation results. Additionally, the data communication range
antennas intended for prolonged implantations.
is analyzed through a link budget calculation at several data rates and
an input power of −16 dBm. The radiation of the antenna system in the Recently, a variety of antennas have been suggested for
two principal planes (E and H) are similar to being omni-directional and biotelemetry applications. In [6], the use of a dual ring-slot
directed away from the anatomical human body model as mandatory implantable antenna operating at 2.45 GHz was reported for biomed-
for the telemetry applications. Hence, the proposed antenna system can ical applications. The 3 dBi gain improvement was attained by using
be employed in scalp implantation, especially for intracranial pressure
monitoring. a metamaterial array over the superstrate, but the antenna became
bulky owing to the metamaterial loading. Moreover, the proposed
Index Terms— Anatomical, biocompatible, dual-band, flexible,
implantable antenna.
antenna was not integrated with any system to observe the effect of
an IMD’s circuitry on the antenna’s performance. Scalp implantable
I. I NTRODUCTION systems integrated with implantable antenna were recently devel-
oped [3]. Initially, the antenna systems were simulated at 4 mm
With the advancement in biomedical telemetry, efficient devices
depth inside a homogeneous skin phantom (HSP) of dimensions
with compact sizes are required for medical applications. In the
200 × 200 × 200 mm3 . Furthermore, the results achieved in the HSP
past few decades, implantable medical devices (IMDs) have gained
were validated through measurements and gain values of −28.5 and
researchers’ attention. IMDs can be used in several remote
−22.8 dBi were obtained at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively.
patient monitoring applications such as glucose monitoring, capsule
However, the antenna volume is large and specific absorption rate
endoscopy, cardiac pacemakers, and intracranial pressure (ICP) mon-
(SAR) values are very high at both the frequencies. Moreover,
itoring. For bidirectional wireless connectivity, implantable antennas
the measurements were performed with a fabricated antenna only
are employed in these IMDs. These antennas have the ability of
(not the entire system). Liu et al. [7] proposed a multilayer helical
transmitting physiological data to the receiving device at the doctor’s
implantable antenna operating at 2.4 GHz. However, the antenna
end. The design of implantable antennas includes certain challenges
volume is still large (π × (5.5)2 × 3.18 mm3 ) and exhibits a single-
such as bandwidth enhancement, size restrictions, biocompatibility,
band functionality. Furthermore, the peak gain value at 2.4 GHz is
patient safety, and detuning phenomenon. Researchers are continu-
low (−32 dBi). Similarly, an implantable antenna aimed for high data
ously working toward overcoming these issues [1].
rate communication is optimized in [8] using four element multi-
Owing to the large size, narrow bandwidth, poor image quality, and
in multi-out (MIMO) technology and incorporating electromagnetic
low data rates of the low frequency band (MedRadio), the industrial,
bandgap (EBG) decoupling structures. The primary concern in this
Manuscript received February 13, 2019; revised July 2, 2019; accepted work is the size (434.6 mm3 ), which makes its deployment difficult
August 19, 2019. Date of publication September 6, 2019; date of cur- in the biomedical implantable devices. Implantable antenna system
rent version February 3, 2020. This work was supported by the National
Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science
developed by compromising on miniaturization (21 mm3 ) has triple-
and Technology through the Basic Science Research Program under Grant band operation, however, the study lacked device level measurement
2019R1A2C2004774. (Corresponding author: Hyoungsuk Yoo.) and design flexibility [9]. In [2], we recently proposed a dual-
F. Faisal, A. Ejaz, and Y. Amin are with the Department of Telecommuni- band flower-shaped implantable antenna operating at 928 MHz and
cation Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, 2.45 GHz. However, the antenna exhibits complexity in structure
Pakistan.
M. Zada and H. Yoo are with the Department of Biomedical and the gain and bandwidth at 2.45 GHz are small. Furthermore,
Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea (e-mail: the study is entirely focused on tuning the design parameters and
[email protected]). lacked validation of antenna performance on a system level.
S. Ullah is with the Department of Telecommunication Engineering, In this communication, a miniaturized antenna system with dual-
University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
channel (915 MHz and 2.45 GHz) communication is designed for
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. ICP monitoring. The proposed antenna with the smallest footprints
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2019.2938591 showed excellent performance in terms of enhanced gain, wideband,
0018-926X © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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1162 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020

TABLE I
P ROPOSED A NTENNA C OMPARISON W ITH R ECENT W ORKS

Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed antenna (units: mm). (a) Front view.
(b) Rear view. (c) Side view.

and maximum allowable power for safety, compared to the existing

research on implantable antennas. The considerable miniaturized size
and impedance matching at the desired resonance bands (915 MHz
and 2.45 GHz) are obtained by adding open-ended ground slot,
shorting pin, and hexagonal and T-shaped slots in the radiator. More-
over, the performance comparison of the proposed antenna system in Fig. 2. Detailed architecture of the proposed biotelemetry device.
XFdtd based simulation environment in Remcom with some recently
reported studies is mentioned in Table I. It is obvious that regardless
added in the ground plane at suitable positions to achieve miniatur-
of its miniaturized volume, simple geometry, and flexible shape,
ization. Consequently, the total volume of the reported antenna is
the proposed antenna has a better performance and offers a dual-band
significantly confined to only 9.8 mm3 (7 mm × 7 mm × 0.2 mm).
functionality compared to those proposed in [10], [12], and [13]. The
The open-ended ground slot width (Wc ) and radius (Rc ) are crucial
little higher values of the SARs of the proposed antenna compared to
for impedance matching and tuning. For the initial design (antenna
those of the antenna proposed in [2], [9], and [14] may be attributed
without system), the value of Wc is 2.6 mm, while that of Rc is
to the small size and the slotted ground plane of the proposed antenna.
2.3 mm. Both the resonance modes can be moved toward the right
Additionally, the proposed antenna system is composed of dummy
and left side of the frequency spectrum by varying Wc . Similarly, both
electronic components, batteries, and biosensors to present the device
operating frequency bands can be easily shifted toward the higher side
architecture. Initially, the antenna simulations were performed at a
of the spectrum by decreasing Rc and vice versa. The diameters of
3 mm depth in a HSP of dimensions 150 × 150 × 150 mm3 . For
the coaxial feed and shorting pin are 0.6 and 0.4 mm, respectively,
a system-level study, the designed antenna was integrated/installed
and are placed at the two top corners on the ground plane.
with the ICP device and simulations were performed in the HSP.
Detuning occurred owing to the metallic electronic components of the
device, which was overcome by modifying the radius of the ground B. System Design
slot. Subsequently, the results of the device achieved in the HSP were Fig. 2 represents the implantable antenna system for ICP
validated through further simulations in the head of a realistic human monitoring. The proposed system contains an implantable antenna,
body in a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) based simulator microelectronic components, sensor packs, and two batteries within
(Remcom). For safety concern, the SAR of the device was also a compact volume of 434.72 mm3 . A perfect electric conductor
investigated in the head of the human model in the heterogeneous material is used for batteries [15], while Rogers RT/duriod 6010 is uti-
environment of Remcom. Based on the achieved peak gain values lized for the microelectronic components and sensor packs. To avoid
in the head, the link budget for the proposed device was calculated. direct contact with tissues, all the components along with the pro-
The testing of the fabricated prototypes of the proposed antenna and posed antenna are encapsulated in a biocompatible material, ceramic
the corresponding system in the 3-D head phantom shows a good alumina (Al2 O3 ), with thickness = 0.25 mm and εr = 9.8 [3].
agreement between the simulated and measured results. An implantation depth of 3 mm is considered in the HSP and realistic
head. For measurement, the proposed system is fabricated by an
II. M ETHODOLOGY advance 3-D printing technology and hermetically sealed after device
A. Antenna Design packaging.
The front, back, and side configurations of the designed dual-band
antenna are shown in Fig. 1(a)–(c), respectively. A flexible and C. Simulation and Measurement Environments
biocompatible material, Rogers ULTRALAM, with a total thickness The initial simulations of the proposed dual-band flexible
of 0.1 mm is utilized as the substrate and superstrate. Rogers antenna (with and without system) were performed in an HSP
ULTRALAM has a dielectric constant (εr ) and tangent loss (tanδ) (150 × 150 × 150 mm3 ) at 3 mm depth, through a finite element
of 2.9 and 0.0025, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1(a), a hexagonal- method (FEM)-based simulator (HFSS), as shown in Fig. 3(a).
shaped and four T-shaped slots are embedded on the radiator of the The electrical properties assigned to the HSP were adopted from
proposed antenna. The hexagonal-shaped slot in the radiator assists [2], where the skin phantom is characterized by using values of
in tuning. Similarly, an open-ended slot and a shorting pin (via) are permittivity (εr ) = 41.33 and 38, and conductivity (σ ) = 0.872 and

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020 1163

TABLE II
L INK B UDGET I MPORTANT PARAMETERS

Fig. 3. Analysis setups for the proposed dual-band antenna system

(units: mm). (a) Initial simulation environment for the proposed antenna
and corresponding system. (b) Realistic human model used for performance
validation and SAR calculation.

Fig. 5. (a) Detuning effect due to metallic electronic components and its
restoration by ground slot modification. (b) Simulated and measured S11
comparison in different environments.

simulations were performed in the HSP. After integration with the

system, antenna detuning was observed owing to the presence of
metallic electronic components, which was retuned by increasing
Fig. 4. (a) Fabricated prototypes for the proposed antenna and system.
(b) Measurement setups for the reflection coefficient (S11 ) and radiation Rc from 2.3 to 2.5 mm. Subsequently, the results achieved after
patterns. modification in Rc were validated using Remcom in the head of a
realistic human model. Moreover, the measurements were conducted
1.45 S/m at frequencies of 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. For with the fabricated prototypes in a 3-D head phantom filled with
validation of the results obtained in the HSP, the antenna system saline solution.
was implanted in a realistic human head for further simulations Fig. 5(a) shows the detuning effect that occurred due to coupling
using Remcom, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The prototypes of the between the antenna and metallic components inside the device. It can
antenna and corresponding system were fabricated [Fig. 4(a)] and the be observed that integrating the antenna with the device produced a
measurement setup shown in Fig. 4(b) was used for the validation right-side shift in the operating frequencies. This detuning is restored
of the simulated reflection coefficient and radiation patterns. The by modifying the Rc of the ground slot. Similarly in Fig. 5(b),
measurements were performed by plunging the fabricated prototypes the S11 of the antenna under different realistic simulation conditions
in the 3-D head phantom containing saline solution. is compared with the S11 measured in the saline solution. It is
evident that the antenna provides two resonances in the 915 MHz
D. Link Budget Analysis and 2.45 GHz ISM bands. The simulated and measured (in saline
For far-field data communication, a link budget should be calcu- solution) −10 dB bandwidths without the system at 915 MHz are
lated while considering different type of losses, such as the cable 107.5 and 111 MHz, respectively, while at 2.45 GHz these are
losses, antenna mismatch and material loss, and path loss. Usually, 560 and 570 MHz, respectively. The simulated bandwidth attained
the link margin must be equal or greater than 0 dB for consistent in the HSP decreased to 89.6 MHz in the lower ISM band, while
communications [3]. Therefore, a 0 dB system margin is considered that in the higher ISM band increased to 750 MHz owing to the
in this research for ensuring communication reliability. The link integration of the antenna with the device. These bandwidth variations
budget is calculated by using the standard equations given in [16]. are due to higher current density at the edges of the ground slot,
Table II shows the important parameters considered in computing which couples with nearby closely spaced metallic components of the
the link budget, which includes the transmitter power (Pt ), resonance device. Moreover, the antenna system simulations in the head model
frequency ( fr ), free space loss (L f ), transmitter (TX ) and receiver show further bandwidth expansion in the upper frequency band that
(R X ) antennas gain (G t and G r , respectively), and the available and is due to the asymmetrical effect of the anatomical head model [14].
required powers (A p and R p , respectively). Another possible reason is the varying electrical properties of the
surrounding tissues in the heterogeneous environment of the head that
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION contribute toward impedance matching and bandwidth enhancement
Initially, the proposed compact and flexible dual-band antenna was in the higher resonating frequency [17]. Wide impedance bandwidth
designed and analyzed in the HSP at 3 mm depth. Additionally, is always preferred because of the high dispersive nature of the
the antenna was integrated with the designed system and further human body tissues [18]. It is noteworthy that irrespective of the

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1164 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020

TABLE III
A NTENNA P ERFORMANCE S UMMARY IN S IMULATIONS AND
M EASUREMENTS

Fig. 6. Comparison of far-field polar gain patterns. (a) 915 MHz.

(b) 2.45 GHz.
Fig. 8. Current distributions on the radiating patch and ground plane at
(a) 915 MHz and (b) 2.45 GHz.

Fig. 9. Simulated distribution of 1 g SAR at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz.

Fig. 7. Antenna system direction of radiation propagation from the

anatomical model at (a) 915 MHz and (b) 2.45 GHz. patterns are nearly omni-directional, however, the small deterioration
at the higher operating frequency is due to the inhomogeneity and
asymmetrical effect of the anatomical body model. Furthermore,
simulation and measurement environments, the S11 curves are almost the slight difference between the results (S11 and radiation patterns)
indistinguishable; however, the achieved bandwidths in the different achieved through simulations and measurements may be attributed to
situations cover the two targeted ISM bands. the fabrication tolerance. However, the measured results still agree
The comparison of the measured far-field polar gain patterns with well with the simulation results. The performances of the antenna and
the simulated patterns in the HSP and heterogeneous head is shown its system in the measured and different simulation environments are
in Fig. 6. Regardless of the environment, the patterns are almost summarized in Table III.
indistinguishable; however, their maximum values depend on the The current distribution plots of the suggested antenna at 915 MHz
environment. The peak gains at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz were found and 2.45 GHz are shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b), respectively.
to be −28.32 and −23.91 dBi, respectively, for the measurements At 915 MHz, the current density is higher on the upper and center
without system in the saline solution, and −28.57 and −23.98 dBi, parts of the radiator following the path from the feed point toward
respectively, for the measurements with system. The polar radiation the shorting pin. Moreover, strong currents can be detected around
patterns in both the XY and X Z planes are similar to being nearly the edges of the T-shaped slots of the radiator and the slotted ground
omni-directional. Fig. 7(a) and (b) represent the 3-D radiation patterns plane for the lower frequency. Similarly, at 2.45 GHz, the currents
and directions of maximum propagation from the anatomical human mainly concentrate on the center portion of the radiator and at the
body model at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. It is obvious edges of the open-ended ground slot. Furthermore, a significant cur-
that the radiations are directed outside the human body, which is rent density can be found around feeding and shorting pin positions
essential for IMDs to communicate with external devices. The 3-D for both the resonance frequencies. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 9,

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 68, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020 1165

TABLE IV 3-D printing technology and the measured results obtained from the
M AXIMUM SAR VALUES ( FOR 1 W I NPUT P OWER ) AND A LLOWABLE head phantom filled with saline solution are in good correlation with
M AXIMUM I NPUT P OWERS the simulated results. To validate reliable wireless connectivity for
in-body to off-body communication, the link budget calculation is
carried out by considering three different data rates (7, 100, and
10 Mbps) for determination of transmission range. The results verified
that the proposed antenna system is a good choice for the intended
biotelemetric applications.

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