CIE A Level Physics (9702) exams from 2022 Revision Notes YOUR NOTES, 1 LoL UT-l aCe) amo CONTENTS, 2.1.1 Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration 2.1.2 Motion Graphs 2.1.3 Area under a Velocity-Time Graph 2.1.4 Gradient of a Displacement-Time Graph 2.1.5 Gradient of a Velocity-Time Graph 2.1.6 Deriving Kinematic Equations 2.1.7 Solving Problems with Kinematic Equations 2.1.8 Acceleration of Free Fall Experiment 2.1.9 Projectile Motion 2.1.1 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION Defining Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration Scalar quantities F ruquree (value sine’ ‘+ Remember scalar quantities only have a magnitude (size) out ro © Distance: the total length between two points © Speed: the total clstance waveled et umitattine Rats & chrome & disbrea Vector quantities '* Remember vector quantities have both magnitude and direction © Displacement: the distance of an object from a fixed point in a specified direction © Walocity: the rate of change of displacement of an object © Acceleration: the rate of change of (lociyof an object Page 12.1 Equations of Motio YOUR NOTES Equations ‘SPEED AND VELOCITY ARE MEASURED IN METRES PER. SECOND (me) a CHANGE IN DISPLACEMENT | _ as VELOCITY = Ke & CHANGE IN VELOCITY |_ ay t ‘TIME at o> ACCELERATION IS NEASURED RY & ‘ACCELERATION = IN METRES PER SECOND EACH SECOND ins) O IN PHYSICS, THE SYMBOL A MEANS * fs = CHANGE IN DISPLACEMENT ‘t= CHANGE IN TIME ‘fv = CHANGE IN VELOCITY Equations linking displ Page 22.1 Equations of i a MOTION GRAPHS Motion Graphs xX x x ‘+ Three types of graph that can represent motion are displacementstime graphs, velocity time graphs and acceleration-time graphs © Onadisplacement-time graph... _graslint slope equals velocity © the y-intercept equals the initial displacement a straight line represents a constant velocity a curved line represents an acceleration © a positive slope represents motion in the positive direction © a negative slope represents motion in the negative direction © azero slope (horizontal line) represents a state of rest © the area under the curve is meaningless CONSTANT VELOCITY ‘VELOCITY Sra) |e abe) INCREASING, pease ION INCREASING INSTANT RATE g £ c t x a é 2 5 5 & § a a TIME t/e DISPLACEMENT —TIME GRAPH FOR CONSTANT VELOCITY DISPLACEMENT —TIME GRAPH FOR INCREASING VELOCITY DISPLACEMENT —TIME GRAPH FOR INCREASING ACCELERATION a Gendt dagnanechtine eek ghee ag yw theme tee A Ghatght Ln =) one enchort: gyedet— y speed YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 3YOUR NOTES, 2.1 Equations of M 1 '* Ona velocity-time graph... grodtocts slope egal acceleration © the y-intercept equals the initial velocity a straight line represents uniform acceleration © a curved line represents non-uniform acceleration © a positive siope represents an increase in velocity in the positive direction © a negative slope represents an increase in velocity in the negative direction © a zero slope (horizontal line) represents motion with constant velocity © the area under the curve equals the change in displacement L y L : i g > > > E és z g g g g g g st SG J THE ve THe va THe ve VELooTY—TRe VeLoory—Tne Secoety ree Graosi ron constanr| | Gaara FoR NeReASNG OR INCREASING vevoory vevoery ssepenarion Jy 3O accarlorction . 25 aeln— *# Tk grdiocd & vob ore oe Spd Ap Page 4Bien sido ug shnca_YOUR NOTES, 1 2.1 Equations of '* On an acceleration-time graph... © Slope is meaningless othe yintercept equals the intial acceleration © a zero slope (horizontal line) represents an object undergoing constant acceleration © the area under the curve equals the change in velocity ga pitas or Jom lt 3 Z 3| aomet 3 z z g S| aso § 8 8 s-——>__8 <0 ‘TIME t/s <0 TIME t/s < ee) Eegiosee) G Ca oa Page 52.1 Equations of Se ee Area under a Velocity-Time Graph ‘+ Velocity-time graphs show the speed and direction of an object in motion over a specific period of time '* The area under a velocity-time graph is equal to the displacement of a moving object displacement = area under a velocity-time graph Page 62.1 Equations of Motion YOUR NOTES D) Worked Example Oo The velocity-time graph of a vehicle travelling with uniform acceleration is shown in the diagram below. 150° VELocITY/ kmk* 100+ 50 Page 72.1 Equations of i THE DISPLACEMENT IS EQUAL TO THE AREA UNDER A VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH VELociTY/ seni? HEIGHT ss 9 WE mm 54 fo 4 HEIGHT = VELOCITY = 405 kmiv* eae presto rane $s oases ett sy DISPLACEMENT = veLoctry + THES 4. vase 064m OR 600m EACH DIVISION IS EQUAL TO] = TME/® 50, “il $2 = Simi Always check the values given on the y-axis of a motion graph - students often confuse displacement-time graphs and velocity-time graphs. ‘The area under the graph can often be broken down into triangles, squares and rectangles, so make sure you are comfortable with calculating area! YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 8YOUR NOTES, 1 2.1.4 GRADIENT OF A DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH Gradient of a Displacement-Time Graph '* Displacement-time graphs show the changing position of an object in motion. ‘+ They also show whether an object is moving forwards (positive displacement) or backwards (negative displacement) © Anegative gradient = a negative velocity (the object is moving backwards) '* The gradient (slope) of a displacement-time graph is equal to velocity © The greater the slope, the greater the velocity D Worked Example WV & Acar verses azar ahead and apples the rakes to binge cari ee What does the displacement-time graph lok ike? Oo? A Page 92.1 Equations of Motio YOUR NOTES VELOCITY IS EQUAL TO THE GRADIENT OF THE DISPLACEMENT—TIME GRAPH SN 1 1 THe GADENT DISPLACEMENT 1S. ' ' OF THE INCREASING AT A | | DISPLACEMENT —TIME CONSTANT RATE i GRAPH IS DECREASING Ki \ Ol ok be \ ' 1 ! va! ' I | ' 1 ! VeloorY 15 CONSTANT ' ' \ ' \ ort 2 Don't forget that velocity is a Vector: eo ee IF velocity is lly positive and then becomes es ive, then the object has changed direction. Page 10yaa ations of M fo} GRADIENT OF A VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH Gradient of a Velocity-Time Graph ‘+ Acceleration is any change in the velocity of an object in a given time jon = ‘iangeinveociy _ @-w acceleration = ‘anecinvelociy - O— '* As velocity is a vector quantity, this means that if the speed of an object changes, or its direction changes, then itis accelerating © Anat iat sos dontens oe descbed aacelating’ —-S* '* The gradient of a velocity-time graph is equal to acceleration oe O 2 Worked Example Sw C8 \What does te vloty-tme graph ook ike for this accelerant nA & SA ACCELERATION TIME YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 11YOUR NOTES, 1 WHEN THE ACCELERATION REACHES A MAXIMUM, THE GRADIENT OF THE VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH STOPS INCREASING ACCELERATION VELOCITY WHEN THE ACCELERATION "ACCELERATION INCREASES THE GRADIENT, :S THE GRADIENT| OF THE VELOCITY-TIME E VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH INCREASES. Page 122.1 Equations of 2.1.6 DERIVING KINEMATIC EQUATIONS Deriving Kinematic Equations of Motion '* The kinematic equations of motion are a set of four equations which can describe any object moving with constant acceleration ‘© They relate the five variables: © s= displacement © u= initial velocity © v= final velocity © t= time interval o> ‘+ It's important to know where these equations come from and how they enti L158 9 ae —O 5 hr ‘ Cee apfottal wlothg Setter [utot = v/ Ss Sg dart @ fF] > OOS ARS tase Formula con + (2 &sam —& only be used Shon _ a is constond- x Ir>$O, + Szeut+tat™ -@ Sz vt= Lot” 3=© * se (4Y)x2 —_.© any =e YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 13,FINAL ‘SPEED ? VELOCITY INITIAL, ‘SPEED FROM THE GRADIENT WE CAN. DEDUCE ACCELERATION IS EQUAL TO REARRANGING LEADS TO THE VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH SHOWS A STRAI THEREFORE, THE OBJECT'S ACCELERATION IS THE GRADIENT OF THE LINE IS EQUAL TO ACCELERATION A graph showing how the velocity of an object varies with time YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 14YOUR NOTES, 1 DISPLACEMENT IS THE AREA <—___.._ -—__ aa UNDER THE VELOCITY —TIME GRAPH VELOCITY TIME THE OBJECT'S AVERAGE VELOCITY IS HALF-W/ weu ney re Page 15YOUR NOTES, 1 v, > = 8 THE TWO TERMS wt AND gu 4/20? MAKE UP THE AREA g UNCER THE GRAPH ol TIME + 4 » TAKING THE EQUATIONS WE SUBSTITUTING EQU 2, ww DERIVED ABOVE aoa cveurat BRACKET BY t een tue SEPARATE THE AND +? TERMS Page 16TAKING THE EQUATIONS WE SUBSTITUTING (1) INTO (2) DERIVED ABOVE W+u), W-w Pen EU, eveutat > t= 2 MULTIPLY BOTH SIDES BY\Za 204%. a) + aut +208 9 RY a 7m al equate nb ered ram wf a thay SKK oO?“ S sme oS Woh ‘Summary of the four equations of uniformly accelerated motion YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 17YOUR NOTES 2.1 Equations of 1 2.1.7 SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH KINEMATIC EQUATIONS Solving Problems with Kinematic Equations '* Step 1: Write out the variables that are given in the question, both known and unknown, and use the context of the question to deduce any quantities that aren’t explicitly given 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 © eg, for vertical motion a = + 9.81 ms*, an object which starts or finishes at rest will : haveu=Oorv=0 : '* Step 2: Choose the equation which contains the quantities you have listed : © eg. the equation that links 5, u, a and tis s = ut + Yat” ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘© Step 3: Convert any units to SI units and then insert the quantities into the equationand rearrange algebraically to determine the answer Page 18D) Worked Example oO ‘The diagram shows an arrangement to stop trains that are travelling too fast. speed50mst maximum speed crn ear —_> ‘rain marker 1 marker 2 Trains coming from the left travel at a speed of 50 ms", At marker 1, the driver must apply the brakes so that the train decelerates uniformly in order to pass marker 2 at no more than’ 10 ms The train carries a detector that notes the times when the train passes each marker and will apply ‘an emergency brake ifthe time between passing marker 1 and marker 2is less than 20 s, How far from marker 2 should marker 1 be placed? ¥ step 1 [oun OWN er svssonet Ne Y> Pas SOS Mo osrnes ster 2 [So THE EQUATION THAT LINKS u,v,t AND « IS gouty aad STEP 3 | NO REARRANGING IS REQUIRED SO WE SIMPLY PLUG IN THE VARIABLES: += {824101 39 = 20420 = 600m YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 192.1 Equations of Motion YOUR NOTES + This is arguably the most important section of this topic, you can always be sure there will bbe one, or more, questions in the exam about solving problems with the kinematic equations + The best way to master this section is to practice as many questions as possible Page 202.1 Equations of Moti Se ee Poe: P COV Vie RO masa Meco 1 1 Acceleration of Free Fall Experiment ' a 1 1 1 1 '* Acommon experiment to determine acceleration ofa falling abject which can be carried out inthe lab lge toms Apparatus aml 2 [ee '* Metre rule, ball bearing, electromagnet, electronic timer, trapdoor Page 21yaa uations of M Method ‘+ When the current to the magnet switches off, the ball drops and the timer starts ‘+ When the ball hits the trapdoor, the timer stops '* The reading on the timer indicates the time it takes for the ball to fala distance, h ‘+ This procedure is repeated several times for different values of h, in order to reduce random error '» The distance, h, can be measured using a metre rule as it would be preferable to use for, distances between 20 cm - 1m Analysing data '* To find g , use the same steps as in the problem solving section '* The known quantities are © Displacement s = h © Time taken = ¢ © Initial velocity u = 0 © Acceleration a= 9 ‘© The equation that links these quantities is. ossutt%at™ oh=%ot '* Using this equation, deduce g from the Gradient of the graph of h agair Sources of error ‘+ Systematic error: residue magnetism after the electromagnet is switched off may cause the time to be recorded as longer than it should be ‘* Random error: large uncertainty in distance from using a metre rule with a precision of ‘Imm, or from parallax error YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 22when an obyeot (sth capword » ide velpei ore] anc at{ mas height we® origentes sbi ited. remit conch — x ely sale — Ys atReotecd “4 geavitetiona | acclration,2.1 Equations of Se ee 2.1.9 PROJECTILE MOTION Projectile Motion '* The trajectory of an object undergoing projectile motion consists of a vertical component and a horizontal component © These need to be evaluated separately '* Some key terms to know, and how to calculate them, are: © Time of flight: how long the projectile isin the air © Maximum height attained: the height at which the projectile is momentarily at rest © Range: the horizontal distance travelled by the projectile ~ Cc j 5 ee 2 x 1 1 to bet ' to be i go ass 1 bs oe tomis E=4 i velvety demeinee - aan calon an doget cs thom wear ' I sons *55,, gedasetion is Gloays acting daonward - tel boot wo_ggloom “e oe JE aaniourd - Ad max hash» velar [spose voll O° Page 23,dot Oo sera veloc vain oO: vaore Verigental velo ay Hor {gente cae eran, constant vertical veloc i Y js otferted2.1 Equations of Moti Sr VERTICAL MOTION (1) INTIAL SPEED, u= usin ACCELERATION, a= 9.81me-? DISPLACEMENT = 0 HORIZONTAL MOTION (=) INTIAL SPEED, u=ucos8 ACCELERATION, a=0 DISPLACEMENT = FANGE, ‘TIME OF FLIGHT u=ush@ ve0 o=-9 t=? THE EQUATION THAT RELATES THESE eee ce Onuid-st THE THE TO natn fear se ot eee tec NYA 2 = Dud wuss v=o THE EQUATI quanrine vew RANGE u=ucore THE EQUATION THAT RELATES THESE QUANTITIES 1S DISTANCE = SPEED « TIME R= lucos0it ee USING THE TRIG Dear el \DENTITY: pave encod = sin29 How to find the time of flight, maximum height and range YOUR NOTES, 1 Page 242.1 Equations of M OUE NETS '* Remember: the only force acting on the projectile, after it has been released, is gravity ‘© There are three possible scenarios for projectile motion: © Vertical projection © Horizontal projection © Projection at an angle ‘© Let's consider each in turn: D) Worked Example To calculate vertical projection(free fall) A Science museum designed an experiment to show the fall ofa feather n a vertical glasévaculrn ube, The time of fall from rest is 0.5 s pense erty What the lena Ce LP) IN THIS PROBLEM, WE ONLY NEED TO CONSIDER VERTICAL MOTION. FIRST WE MUST LIST THE KNOWN VARIABLES. 0 = 9.84 ms? +=05s l=? THE EQUATION THAT LINKS THESE VARIABLES IS seut + Sot" ae 42m 4 2 #981 + 05' Page 25,YOUR NOTES, 1 2.1 Equations of Motion srutegat™ 2 Worked Example base ont +4x98iKt™ tas yp To calculate ee Ea ae A motorycle stuntider moving€erizontally take of int 1.25 m above the ground, _Armotoreye er moving Gerizontalytaked off fm a pont 1.25 m above the grou Tanding 10 m away as shown. Airarwosie speed ttakeot? ores. [HEHE =t a Rt IN THIS PROBLEM, WE NEED TO CONSIDER mes Ao HORIZONTAL MOTION. LET'S CONSIDER THE VERTICAL MOTION VARIABLES. ARE ey eto Se eS THE EQUATION THAT LINKS Ties css 5] saute do? © vo ee NEXT LET'S CONSIDER THE HORIZONTAL MOTION. THE KNOWN VARIABLES ARE s=10m a=0 ¢ SINCE THE ACCELERATION IS ZERO, WE CAN USE DISPLACEMENT vevociry = 40 = 20 met v= JB =20 Page 262.1 Equations of Motio YOUR NOTES D) Worked Example oO To calculate projection at an angle Aballis thrown from a point P with an initial velocity u of 12 ms* at 50° tothe horizontal, What is the value ofthe maximum height at Q? Q Path ofthe ball UP TO THE POINT Q. FIRST WE MUST LIST THE Kt Lo) IN THIS PROBLEM, WE ONLY NEED TO CONSIDER TON eka U=12sin(50) a= -9.84ms? oe ot waa 42 QS oe rae He ">* 984 = ("2sin 507 _ He"962 ~*3™ Page 272.1 Equations of Motion YOUR NOTES sly See (yz Exam Tip y Make sure you don't make these common mistakes: + Forgetting that deceleration is negative as the object rises + Confusing the direction of sin @ and cos 8 + Not converting units (mm, cm, km etc.) to metres An object moves directly from X to Z Ina shorter time, a second object moves from X to Y to Z. Which statement about the two objects is correct for the journey from X to Z? A they have the same average speed B_ they have the same average velocity C they have the same displacement D they travel the same distance Page 282.1 Equations of Motion YOUR NOTES A sphere is released and falls. Its initial acceleration reduces until it eventually begins to travel at constant terminal velocity. Which displacement-time graph best represents the motion of the sphere? Displacement Diepiacement Time ° Tike Displacement Displacement Page 292.1 Equations of Motion YOUR NOTES A body having uniform acceleration a increases its velocity from u to vin time t. Which expression would not give a correct value for the body's displacement during time f? A 1, ut + Sat! B 1, vt— Sat Cc (@w+ww-w 2a Page 30