11 —19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Berson11 — 19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Reed ot ess ects Sry Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, lan Bettison, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny, Dave Wilkins P PearsonContents @ contents Overarching themes Extra online content La 12 13 1s 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 2.6 3a 32 33 34 35 3.6 37 4a 42 43 44 45 Algebraic expressions Index laws Expanding brackets Factorising Negative and fractional indices ‘Surds Rationalising denominators Mixed exercise 1 Quadratics Solving quadratic equations Completing the square Functions Quadratic graphs The discriminant Modelling with quadratics Mixed exercise 2 Equations and inequalities Linear simultaneous equations Quadratic simultaneous equations ‘Simultaneous equations on graphs Linear inequalities Quadratic inequalities Inequalities on graphs Regions Mixed exercise 3 Graphs and transformations Cubic graphs Quartic graphs Reciprocal graphs Points of intersection Translating graphs vi 12 2B 15 18 19 22 25 27 30 32 35 38 39 41 42 46 48 51 53 56 59 60 64 66 68 1 46 Stretching graphs 4.7 Transforming functions Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 5 Straight line graphs SA y=mx+e 5.2. Equations of straight lines 5.3 Parallel and perpendicular lines 5.4 Length and area 5.5 Modelling with straight lines Mixed exercise 5 6 Circles 6.1 Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors 62 Equation of a circle 63 _ Intersections of straight lines and circles 6.4 Use tangent and chord properties 6.5 Circles and triangles Mixed exercise 6 7 Algebraic methods 7. Algebraic fractions 7.2 Dividing polynomials 73 The factor theorem 7.4 Mathematical proof 7.5 Methods of proof Mixed exercise 7 8 The binomial expansion 8.1 Pascal’ triangle 8.2 Factorial notation 83 The binomial expansion 8.4 Solving binomial problems 75 79 82 85 89 90 93 or 100 103 108 113 14 uz 121 123 128 132 137 138 139 143 146 150 154 158 159 161 163 16585 Binomial estimation Mixed exercise 8 9 Trigonometric ratios 9.1 The cosine rule 9.2 The sine rule 93 Areas of triangles 9.4 Solving triangle problems 9.5 Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent 9.6 Transforming trigonometric graphs Mixed exercise 9 10 10.1 Angles in all four quadrants 167 169 173 174 179 185 187 192 194 198 202 203 10.2 Exact values of trigonometrical ratios 208 10.3 Trigonometric identities 10.4. Simple trigonometric equations 10.5. Harder trigonometric equations 10.6 Equations and identities Mixed exercise 10 Review exercise 2 11 Vectors 11.1 Vectors 11.2. Representing vectors 11.3 Magnitude and direction 11.4 Position vectors 11.5. Solving geometric problems 11.6 Modelling with vectors Mixed exercise 11 12 ion 12.1 Gradients of curves 12.2. Finding the derivative 123. Differentiating x* 12.4. Differentiating quadratics 209 213 27 219 222 226 230 231 235 239 202 266 248 251 255 256 259 262 264 Contents 125 Differentiating functions with two or more terms 12.6 Gradients, tangents and normal 12.7 Increasing and decreasing functions 12.8 Second order derivatives 12.9 Stationary points 12.10 Sketching gradient functions 12.11 Modelling with differentiation Mixed exercise 12 13 Integration 13.1. Integrating x" 13.2 Indefinite integrals 13.3. Finding functions 13.4. Definite integrals 13.5. Areas under curves 13.6 Areas under the x-axis 13.7. Areas between curves and lines Mixed exercise 13, 14 — Exponentials and logarithms 14.1 Exponential functions 142 y=e 14.3 Exponential modelling 14.4 Logarithms 14.5 Laws of logarithms 14.6 Solving equations using logarithms 14.7 Working with natural logarithms 14.8 Logarithms and non-linear data Mixed exercise 14 Review exercise 3 Practice exam paper Answers Index 266 268 270 an 273 27 279 282 287 288 290 293 295 297 300 302 306 31 312 314 317 319 321 324 326 328 334 338 342 345 399Overarching themes e@ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathem: ‘ical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specly the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret ests + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence cote inirmaton + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t eanra J 3. Mathematical modelling ieprtsen termes + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the Equations and front of the book 3 inequalities Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up ° toexam standard = Challenge boxes 7 = give youa chance to _—* smu auunuus tackle some more reemtonen diffcutt questions Zs Each section begins with explanation and key learning points Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions you'll need to tackle Exam-style questions are flagged with © Problem-solving Each chapter ends Exercises are packed with a Mixed exercise questions are flagged 4. Summary of _With exam-style questions problem-solving boxes provide with © ey points to-ensure you are ready hints, tips and strategies, and for the exams Watch out boxes highlight areas where students often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare for the real thingExtra online content e@ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. ED hetveries suerte SEE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions ——————+ asa PDF or quickly find the solution you need online viExtra online content GeoGebra interactives Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding aa | with GeoGebra-powered _ interactives. \ Interact withthe maths you are learning using EEL csiore tne gradient of the GeoGebras easy-to-use chord AP using GeoGebra, tools Casio. pri ioiee ie tox te incon res @) © Casio calculator support Our helpful tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams, They cover both Casio's scientific and colour graphic calculators cmp See exactly which Work out each coefficient buttons tb press and quickly using the "C, and power what should appear on functions on your calculator. your calculators screen Access all the extra online content for FREE at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/p1maths an also access the extra online content by scanning this QR C viiPublished by Person Education Limited 80 tran, London WC2R ORL wwnepearsonschoolsandfecllegescouk Copies of oficial specications fo al Peerson qualifications may be found onthe website: ‘qualifications pearzoncom Text © Pearson Education Limited 2017 ited by Tech Set ta, Gateshead “Typeset by Techet Ld, Gateshead (Original ilustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2037 Cover iusration Marusewe-orsts, ‘The rights of Greg Attwood Jack Barraclough lan Bettson Alistair Macpherson Bronwen "Moran Su Nicholion, Dane Ove je Petra, Keith Pledge, Harry Smith, Geof Staley. 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Endorsement of a esoure does aot mean that the resources required to achieve this Pearson ‘qualification, nos does it mean that ls the only Suitable matelal avaiable to suppor the ‘qualification, and any resoure lists produce bythe awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources. viiiAfter completing this chapter you should be able to © Multiply and divide integer powers + pages 2-3 ‘© Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms > pages 3-4 © Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 ‘© Know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 ‘© Simplify and use the rules of surds “+ pages 12-13 © Rationalise denominators “> pages 13-16 simplify a Ginn + Sma? ~ 2m + mn? ~ 3mn® b 3x?-5x +2+3x?- 7x12 + GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: ax — b 26222 ¢ @ + GCSE Mathematics Expand: a3(v+4) — b 5(2-3x) © 6(2x-5y) © GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of: a 24and 16 b 6xand 8x? Computer scientists use indices to describe ¢ 4xy? and 3xy © GCSE Mathematics very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 2° values simultaneously. This is greater than a 10x ¢ 4x the number of particles in the observable 5 24 universe, + GCSE Mathematics Simplify_ @Q Index laws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + at atzanen 5 Tbsthebme, This is the index, power or ‘exponent. Simplify these expressions: a xrxx brx3P 6 e (al x 2a f Gx ext | b 2r2x 38 = 2x Bx rex) ——_____ =Gxr2*3 a6 e (a? x 2a xp! xe +: BYP gs, & HN Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: CEE ores - ce a -3x(7x-4) b 3-2) every term inside the brackets. © Axx-2x2+ 5x3) d n(x + 3)-SQ2x +3)Algebraic expressions a -3x(7x- 4) = 21x? + 12x b y°(3 - 29°) = 3y? - 2y9 © 4x(3x- 2x? + 53°) = 12x? - 8x8 + 20x4 d 2x(5x+ 3) - 5(2x+3) Ox? + Gx=10x= 15 | 1Ox? - 4x-15 Example @) Simplify these expressions: Sext y axta 6x8 20x74 15x * 2e coe 20x” + 15x* | 20 Set “5: 24 3x7? = dx + 3x oO emma 1 Simplify these expressions: axxt b 2x) x 3x oR 4p* 3x3 aS rs £ G2) g 10x52 h (py pt i QaP +20 21a*b? i Spt = 4p’ k 2a! x 3a8 Ve m 9x? x (x75 3x3 x 2x? x 4xo 0 Jat x Bat? D (yp + 2y° q 2a° + 3a? x 60° r Bat Qasx aChapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a x2) b x(x +9) © -3(4-3y) d x(y +5) e -x(Bx +5) f -Sx(4x +1) g x 45x hh -3y(5 - 2)2) i -2x(Sx-4) j Gx-5)x? k 3v+2)4(x-7) 1 5x-6-Gx-2) m 4(c+ 3d?) -3Qc+d2) om (FP +32 +9)- QP +3P-4) © x(3x? = 24 5) p 72 - 5p +392) 4 -2y°S - Ty + 3y2) 1 Tx = 2) + 3x + 4) = 6x = 2) 8 Sx-3(4-2x) +6 t 3 -aG-4x)+7 uw Axe 3)-2xGx-7) vv 32x +1) - 5S°Gx-4) 3. Simplify these fractions: 6x! 10x* b ¢ dina? Be ax 8x14 Se 9x5 — 5x8 anos ox @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. xx ——. (Xt 5) (x 2y + 3) = x(x — 2y +3) + 5(4x— 2p 43) NAA wher any + 3x + 20-109 + 15, 5x = 4x? — xy + 23x-10y + 15. ‘Simplify your answer by collecting like terms. {example @) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x4 S)(x+2) b (x= 2y)a2 +1) © (x-9P d (e+ ))Bx- 2-4) b (x- Ay? +1) ———Algebraic expressions =x? = xy say ty? d (x + y)(3x - 2y - 4) J] ey aera ee ——_ eee 2xy — 4x + Bxy - 2p? - Ay = Bx? + xy - 4x - 29? — Ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x(2v+3)x-7) b x(5x-3))2x-y +4) © (x= 4x+ e+ D a xx + 3) 7) (2x2 + 3x) b xiSx- 3y(2x (Sx? = Sxy2x = y+ 4) x(2x~y + 4)~ Bxyl2x-y +4) JOx? ~ Sxéy + 20x? — Grey + 3xy® = texy = 10x? ~ thx?y + 20x © (x= Alor + Byer + 1) nt — x 12)ie +1) Xt = xiv + 1) 1200 + 1) 12 0 Gz 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4x47) b (x= 3)(x+2) © (x-2y d (x-y)2x+3) © (x+3y)(4x-3) f Qx—4))3x49) g (2x-3)(x-4) h (Gx42yP i (2x +8y)2x+3) J (e+ 5)Qx+3y-5) Kk (x-NGx-4y-5) (v= 4y)Qe ++ 5) m (x +2y= r+ 3) n (Qx+2y 43x46) 0 (4-y)4y-x43) p (4y+5)Gx-y+2) 4 (Sy-2x+3x-4) or (4y—x-2)5-y)Chapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a Sixt w= 4) b 1x-2)2x+5) © 3(v-3)r-3) a x(x— yx +) ee x(2x + y)(3x +4) f y(x- 5x41) @ Gx —2y)(4x +2) h (7 -x)Qx-5) i xQx+y9Sx-2) j abe + r+ 3y-4) k yQx+y-1e45) 1 yGx+2y—3)2e+1) m x2x + 3x4 y= 5) m 2x(3x—14x—y-3) 0 3x(x-2y)Qv43y4 5) P (xt 3x + rH 1) g (OF 2x=4)Or43) or (V+ 3)(X- D(v-5) $ (x= 5) 4)or=— 3) t Qe Ie=2Hort]) uw Qx+3)Gx- Dw +2) ¥ Gx=2)2x+DGx=2) wet y= W- Ix Av 3y) © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. STP ers ‘The rectangle has length 3x — y+ 4 and width x +7. Use the same strategy as you would use ‘The square has length x— 2. Find an expanded and simplified expression Ibias cae ence for the shaded area. 6em_ xeT Toe Braye © 4 Acuboid has dimensions x + 2cm, 2x ~ lem and 2x + 3em. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x* + 1232 + 5x-6em’, ©) 5 Given that (2x + 5y)3x- y2x +») = ax? + bxty + exy? + dy, where a, b, cand dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) GED Se Expand and simplify (x + 9) ‘expressions lke (x + 3) quickly. + Section 8.3 @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. ee = Factorising is the opposite of expanding, Aiba el ge brackets. (xt 5 = x8 + 1522 + 75x + 125 (x + 2y)(xv= 53) = x2 = 3xy = 10) << Facts)Algebraic expressions Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x49 bxt-Sx © 8x7 + 20x d 9x%y + 1Sxy?@ 3x2 Oxy ————_ —_ Ezz a Bx +9 = 3(x +3) b x? - Sy= atv 5) © 8x? + 20x= 4x(2x + 5) | d Ox2y + 1Sxy? = SxyBx + 59) e 3x? - Oxy = 3x(x - 3y) | ® A quadratic expression has the form CESEDD Resi numbers postive ax? + bx + cwhere a, b and care real Se ae rae ere ea numbers and a0. ‘and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of ac that add up to b or thalespression 2x? har S-acm-6mnl x6 + Rewrite the b term asa sum ofthese two . vy s 6x3 factors + Factorise each pair of terms = x@x-1)+3@r=1) + Take out the common factor =(+3)@x-) wt ye (x4 yle-y) An expression in the form x? yi Called the difference of two squares. © 6x?=Ilv-10 dd x?- 25 e 4x27 9)? = a(x +) = le +1) x+ ix = 6) ——___,Chapter 1 bxetextd Sxt+2et 4x48 x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) (x + 2) + 4) ! © Gx? ~ Ite -10 = Gx? = 15x 44x = 10 = 3x(2x — 5) + 2(2x—- 5) = (2x 5)3x +2) | 25 5 = (x4 Silx- 5) ! @ 4x* — Sy? 2ex? — 32 = (2x + 3y)(2x - 39) Factorise completely: a2 b t= 25y © a+ 3-10 a 8- 2x2 = 4 -2) | 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a 4x48 b 6x-24 © 2x+15 ded © 4x°+20 f 6x? 18x g = 7K how +4y i 3v-x j 6x?-2x k loy?-sy 1 35x? - 28x mxe+ 2x n 3y°+2y 0 4x2 + 12x P 5y?-20y 4g 9xy7 + 12x4p ¥ bab ~ 2ab? s Sx2=25xy t Ide + 8x? uw 15y— 20y2? v 12x? 30 waxy ty x 12°=4pxAlgebraic expressions 2 Factorise: a etdy b © 4b +24 d e842 e f 8412 gets +6 h i x?-ar-10 j e+x-20 k 1 3x°+10r-8 im Sx 16x43 n cr mie PE TNSy CBD frente zonseome re-49 t 9x2 = 25)? wu 36x°=4 Ww 6x2 = 10x +4 x 15x'+ 420-9 3. Factorise completely: a S42x bd © Sx d 8-9 e f 84 11x? + 30x g 8-78 + 6x h i 2 -5x2-3x jo 2x? + 13x24 15 k 1 3x3 +2732 + 60x ©) 4 Factorise completely x4 ~ 4. (Q marks) ‘Watch out for terms that can be written as a function ofa function: x= (x2 © 5 Factorise completely 6x + 7x? - Sx. (2 marks) Write 4x4 — 13x2 + 9 as the product of four linear factors. @® Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. Rational hexte xt ‘Numbers are those that — can be written as where similarly xxx... cand bare intege's nterms ™ You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. aim atsthe positive square root of a. For example 9! = /9 =3 but 9iz—3._ 1 2 ‘ 2 baxvxx ee) d QxiSsay0 ee YT25x" t ws x Evaluate: EDD ise your calculator to enter negative and fractional powers. 10Given that ay} Algebraic expressions ig? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, bay 2 Evaluate: a 25: a4 g (7 iG) 3 Simplify: a (64x!) 2e+x? x © 4 a Find the value of 815, b Simplify x(2x-)y. = Bev (xy h sxtext 7 (xP x 3) x ree 3 z Problem-solvi ‘Check that your answers are in the correct form, If kand nare constants they could be positive or. negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds, © xixxd £ 3x05 x ayes i 3xtx 2s xP vx 1 © 5 Given that y = 42° express each of the following in the form kx", where k and 7 are constants. ayy 1 bb © (25x) 9x2 15x5 Sx+3x? a8 15x (1 mark) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) nChapter 1 (1.5) Surds IF is an integer that is not a square number, then Examples of surds are V2, y19 and 5y2. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending and never repeats, for example v2 = 1414213562. any multiple of V7 is called a surd. {rrational numbers cannot be written in the form 5 where a and bare integers. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. = You can manipulate surds using these rules: + Vab=Vaxvb WG — 2VGV4 + VE x V49 (6(5 - 2V4 + (48) G6 - 2x 2+7) —______ (68) 12 © 5v6 ~ 2/24 +294Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a VX(5-V3) b (2-V3\(5+\3) (5 + V3) - V3(5 + V3) =10 + 2/3 - 5/3 - V9 oO 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: a \28 b v7 ¢ ¥50 aR © 190 12 v27 ax 25° h 20 +80, i V200 +18 - 72, J VI7S + 63 + 2/28 k (28 -2V63 +V7 1 V80 - 2/20 + 3/45 mN80-2/20+5/45 nH 0 12+ N48 +V75 vir 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a V3(2+V3) b /5(3-v3) ¢ v2(4-V5) d (2-V2)34V5) e (2-v3)3-¥7) f (44V5)(24V3) g@ (5-3-3) h (44V3)(2-3) i (7-VIN2+VT1) © 3 Simplify 75 - 12 giving your answer in the form a/3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @® Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, itis sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. ™ The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -+., multiply the numerator and denominator by a. va’ + For fractions in the form ae multiply the numerator and denominator by a - \ ae + For fractions in the form —* sr multiply the numerator and denominator by a+ 0. v b. Bb 13Chapter 1 Goo Rationalise the denominator of: at r— d 3 34v2 (= V3P 1 1x @-V2) 3402 B+V28-V2) 3-2 9-32 43/2 -2 Zz | ) a YE +V2 _ WS + V2W5 + V2) V5-V2 WS -V2W5 4/2) 5+ V5V2 + VBS +2 . 5-2 | 7+ 2V10 w 1 1-V3-3 +9 "4-28 1x4 42/3) © (4 = 2134 + 2V3) 14Algebraic expressions oO eta 1 Simplify: 1 a . °2B 4s ‘ ia we 8 Vis6 1G 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: a ro ex a ex led 245 3-7 3-8 3-8 ¢ 3a 5 b 22 ; tt i ¥3-V7 4-05 8a BF 34/0 Vaa7 viv -vit + 3 ee 7 ae vi7+Vi vat - ¥29 ¥3-v2 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 4 = b os *G-aP arise ° one L 2 e ‘———_ (S+V2)(3-V2) (5 -v3)(2+v3) “ giving your answer inthe form p + qV5, where p and q are rational Noun chsh inet your oneal 3 i te cotter nomtecs nae (marks) ffm by writing down the values of p and q and checking that they are rational numbers. o 1 Simplify: a yxy b 3x2x 2x5 ¢ (4x23 + 2x5 d 4B x 33 x bt 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (v+3)@-9) b Qx-7Gx41) © (2x+5)3x-y+2) 3 Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x +4)(r= 1) b&+2e-I+7) — € Qv+3)|v-2GN-1) 4 Expand the brackets: a Sy +4) b Sx°B—Sx+ 2x) © SxQv+3)—2v1- 3x) d_ 30 + 3x) 20-2) 15Chapter 1 5 Factorise these expressions completely: a Sat 44x b 4y? + Loy e Stayt xy? @ 8x9? + 10x7y 6 Factorise: a xt43r42 b 3x2 + 6x © x2 2x35 d 22-33 e Sxt-13v-6 ff 6-Sx-x? 7 Factorise: a 2x3 + 6x b x - 36x © 2x34 7x? - 15x 8 Simplify: a 9x3 4 3x3 b (4 © 3x? x 2x4 d 3x53 6x7 9 Evaluate: 8)! 2253 « (3) » (355) 10 Simplify: 3 a b 20 + 245 - 80 v63 11 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x - 48 when x = 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors, 12 Expand and simplify if possible: a (2(3+V5) b (2-V5\5+V3) © (6-V2\4-V7) 13 Rationalise the denominator and simplify: at r—t «3 4 V3 -V37 é 1 f 1 3 2-1 v3-2 V2 4V37 (24437 (-v7P 14 a Given that x3 — x? — 17y— 15 = (x + 3x2 + bx + 6), where band c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x ~ x? - 17x ~ 15. © 15 Given that y= x" express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, ay (1 mark) b 4y (1 mark) © 16 Show that => can be written in the form /a +5, where aand b areintegers. (S marks) © 17 Expand and simplify (11 — 55-11). (2 marks) © 18 Factorise completely x ~ 64x. (3 marks) ©) 19 Express 272+! in the form 3», stating y in terms of x. (2 marks)Algebraic expressions Solve the equation 8 + xV/T2 = 7 Give your answer in the form av where a and b are integers. (4 marks) ©® 21 A rectangle has a length of (1 +V/3)em and area of /T2.em*. Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a + 5/3, where a and b are integers to be found. Q-vxF © 22 Show that can be written as 4x-$=4 + x', (2 marks) GB) 23 Given that 2433 = 3+, find the value of a. (3 marks) Saxt ©) 24 Given that“ can be written in the form 4x* +x", write down the value of @ i and the value of b. (2 marks) a Simplify (Va + Vb) (Va - vb). 1 1 1 1 Wie ead Baie Vanes Bee 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. © atxareanen easaeann © sam © (aby'= abn b Hence show that 2. Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3. A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + c where a, b and c are real numbers and a #0. & x-y= (x4 y)e-y) 5 You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. eak=Var e@a=1 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: © ab = Jax ib 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: va b Vb © Fractions in the form —L., multiply the numerator and denominator by Va. va © Fractions in the form — Multiply the numerator and denominator by a—VB. a+) @ Fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by a + Vb. WyAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square ~> pages 19 ~ 24 © Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions ~> pages 25-27 © Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function > pages 27 -30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression ~ pages 30-32 © Use and apply models that involve quadratic functions “> pages 32-35 Solve the following equations: a 3x+6=x-4 b 5(x+3) =6(2x—1) € 4x?= 100 d (x-8) = 64 ‘© GCSE Mathematics 2 Factorise the following expressions a 248x415 b x243x-10 © 3x¢- 14-5 d x*-400 «Section 1.3 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: a y=3x-6 © x+2y=18 © GCSE Mathematics Quadratic functions are used to model 6 projectile motion. Whenever an object axe8<1l beax-5 is thrown or launched, its path will - © 4x-7=2(x-1) d4-x< & approximately follow the shape of a © GCSEMathematics “parabola. ~ Mixed exercise Q11 Ps [ES _ Solve the following inequalities:@) solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + by + Quadratics = 0, where a, b and c are real constants, and a # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +.c= + Factorise the left-hand side CEEEED tre solutions toan ‘equation are sometimes called the roots of the equation. * Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of ex) Solve the following equations: a e- 2-15 b t= 9x © 6e413y-5=0 d xe-Sx+18=243 a x?-2x-15=0 (w+ 3) - 5) =0~ Then either x +3 =O x=-3 or x-5s05x=5 So x=-3 and x of the equation. b x x= 9x= xix - 9) Then either x =O or x-9=05x=9 The solutions are x = O and x = 9. © Gx?#138x-5=0 Gx- (2x +5)=0 Then either 3x -1=O = x or 2x4+5=0—x= The solutions are x and x 4 5x4 x - Bx +16 (x= Ayr 4 Then either x ~ 4 or x-4 5 are the two solutions [— Factorise the quadratic. Section 1.3 Ifthe product of the factors is zero, one of the factors must be zero. CEEED the symbol > means implies that’ This statement says'If.x +3 =0, then x =—3 "__ Aquadratic equation with two distinct factors has two distinct solutions, The signs ofthe solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor. Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x. {may have the value 0. Instead, rearrange into the form ax? + bx +¢=0. Factorise. L Factorise. Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. The quaratc equation (x +g) +) = Owi have solutions x=—4 and x =—% 3 L_ Rearrange into the form ax?+ bx +.¢=0. ‘— factorise. CHEE wren a quadratic equation has exactly one root itis called a repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots. 19Chapter 2 Jn some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, GX) a Qx-3P=25 b (x-3P=7 statements in one line of working, You say ‘plus or minus. a (2x - 3F = 25 2x 3 = 5 ~———_Take the square root of both sides. ax=325- Remember 5? = (-5)*=25. Then either 20= 3 +54 | at eens as ‘Add 3 to both sides. The solutions are x = 4 and » 7. Take square roots of both sides. +7 x=3aV7 The solutions are.x=3 + V7 and x=3-V7 ‘You can leave your answer in surd form. OG=x® 1 Solve the follo ax +3x4+2=0 bv 4Sy44=0 © +704 10=0 et-8xt15=0 ff xt-9x4+20=0 gg x?-Sx-6=0 1g equations using factorisation: 2. Solve the following equations using factorisation: b xe =25x f 6° -7x-3=0 equations: b (2x-3P=9 © (x-7P = 36 d 2x=8 e 3x5 g Gx-1P=1 h 5x2 Tex4x? j 4x2 + 17x = 6x- 29? © 4 This shape has an area of 44 m?. <—xm- { Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of x t ce+3)m 1__|. © 5 Solve the equation Sx +3 = 3x47. 20Quadratics ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. ® The solutions of the equation CED 00 need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 are given by the formula: into the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 before reading off +/B eae the coefficients. 2a by using the formula, 5 5 ange = a Put brackets around any negative values. xo Teor 3 x (-1) = 412 744 - vei Then x= 2426! 9 pa 7 é Or.x = 2.47 (3 sf) or x = ~0135 (8 sf) eae 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. a e4+3r41=0 b xt-3x © 46x46=0 dd e-Sx-2=0 e38+10x-2=0 0 f 4x°-4v-1=0 0g 4x°-7x=2 h llx?+2x-7=0 2. Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers to three significant figures. axvttdee2=0 9b -8r4l f 2x? 3y et+llx-9=0 0 d xt-7x-17 248= 16x b 24 Iv = © 5x4 9x 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures. ae+8rt12=0 b at+9y-11=0 © ¥-9x-1=0 d 2x? + 5x42=0 GD 100 can use any method ae peeaiaio i you are confident with to solve f these equations. g 2x¢- I= 7x h x= 8-15 6x? + a1Chapter 2 4 This trapezium has an area of 50 _ Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(v5 — 1) m. rs Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —C+1m—> Crs CED Wiite the equation in the Form even (eee weesvereonient , ax? + bx + ¢=0 before using the quadratic iven that xis positive, solve the equation Caoane @) completing the square Itis frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: by _ (by = t+ b= (x+2)*-(2) You can draw a diagram of this process when x and b are positive: x The original rectangle has been rearranged intothe = *——*—>+ b> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. form plx+ q)? +r where p,q and r are real constants is in completed square form. xe + bx = ‘Complete the square for the expressions: a x24 8x b xe-3x 12x Begin by halving the coefficient of x. Using the rule given above, b=8 50> = 4. a x? + Bx= (r+ 4) - 4! = (v4 4-16 _ 2 y n Be careful ifs a fraction. Here (3) = Here the coefficient of x? is 2, so take out a factor | of 2. The other factor is in the form (x? + bx) so = 2l(x — 3? - 34) you can use the rule to complete the square. = x - 3F - 9) = a(x - 3° - 16 ~—___ Expand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form. © 2x? — 12x = 2x? - 6x) 22Quadratics Write 3x2 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, q and rare integers to be found. B+ exel CEE this isan expression, so you cant divide every term by 3 without changing its value. = B(x? + 2x) +1 Instead, you need to take a factor of 3 out of = 3x4 1-1) 41 3x? +6. = 341-341 melas You could also use the rule given above to complete the square for this expression, but it is safer to learn the method shown here. de rars 0 DD in cuestonse, 1 Complete the square for the expressions: ite the expression as 4x2 ~ 16x + 10 then 2 a 2 2 2a axvtdy bxe-6r © x-l6r dxtx ext 14 ee enn 2 Complete the square for the expressions: a caacinte @ 2x24 16x b 3x2 24x © Sx2+20x d 2x?— Sy @ Bx-22 ORLA EAD FID, So p= 3,q=1and 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, g and r are constants to be found: a Qt+8rt1 — b Sx2- 15x43 € 3x2+2x-1 dd 10-16 4x3 @ 2x-8x? +10 © 4 Given that x? + 3x + 6 = (x + a) + b, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) © § Write 2 + 0.8% ~ 0.043? in the form 4 ~ B(x + C), where A, Band C are constants to be determined. (3 marks) Solve the equation x2 + 8x + 10 =0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. x? + 8x4 10=0 Check coefficient of x? = 1. x? + Bx = “10 Subtract 10 to get the LHS in the form .x° + bx: (w+ 4 -— 4? = 10 Complete the square for x2 + 8x. (r+ 4P =-10416 ‘Add 4* to both sides. w+ 4Pe 4 4)eave Take square roots of both sides. x=-42V6 Subtract 4 from both sides. So the solutions are x=-4 +6 and x Leave your answer in surd form. 23Chapter 2 Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. eee This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its. 2x? - Ox +7 =0 4x4 220 eo ae ‘own. The right-hand side is 0 so it is unchanged. &- er - 2 & es L complete the square for x? - 4x. (x 2¥ | add 2? to both sides. ‘— Take square roots of both sides. So the roots are | Add 2 to both sides. xa2¢Landx=2- EHD Usisrcicineroenen solutions to quadratic equations quickly. Oo 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form. axv+6r+1=0 bxttl2x+3=0 © xt+4y-2=0 @ 2-10x=5 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, a 2x? +6x-3=0 b Sx? + 8x-2=0 © 4x2 -x-8=0 d 15- 6x - 2x? © 3 ¥- 14x +1 = (x +p)? +g, where p and gare constants. a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation x? - 14x + 1 = 0 can be written in the form r + s/3, where r and s are constants to be found. (2 marks) G@®) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Senn) the equation x? + 2bx + c= 0 are given by the formula PaiamtnScanesene sete orl ~btVP (Aimarks) if the coefficients were numbers. Challenge Show that the solutions to the equation bs) GED start by dividing the whole equation by a. ax? + 2bx + ¢= O are given by x = b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx + ¢= 0 can be written as ELLED You can use this aN TiS ine ‘method to prove the quadratic formula + Section 7.4 26Quadratics QS Functions A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs to asi The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. ™ The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain. = The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = values in its domain to values in its range. = The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. Domain —14 ind the roots of the function f(x) = x6 + 7x3 = 8, x ER. fo) =0 cue S86 f(s) can be written asa function ofa function. The only powers of xin fx) are 6,3 and 0 so you 3 + 7(x3) 8 2 0- SIE SAA) = Ci ‘canwrite it as a quadratic function of x?. (2 = Dix? +8) =0 So x8 = 1 or x° ‘Treat x° asa single variable and factorise. Solve the quadratic equation to find two values Ffierreckoref are Tendl= for.x, then find the corresponding values of x. Alternatively, let u fa) = x6 + 7x - 8 ‘You can simplify this working with a substitution. (2? + 7043) - B ares Replace x? with w and solve the quadratic equation in w. u- thu + 8) So when f(x) = 0, w ustoxt= IF CEEITEED the solutions to the quadratic equation will be values of u. Convert back to The roots of fix) are 1 and -2. values of x using your substitution OG=x: 8x5 1. Using the functions f(x) = 5x + 3, g(x) =a? - 2 and h(x) = + T, find the values of: a fil) b 23) © h(8) d f(s) e g(V2) 4) f het) gf4)+92) bh 0) +e) +h) i 3 ® 2 The function f(x) is defined by fx) = x? - 2x, x ER. Seen ned Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. ASO 3. Find all of the roots of the following functions: Seb resulting expleasiel coual ee a fix) = 10-15 b g(x) = (x + 9x-2) © h(x)= d jy = Md-2 © K(x) = xr + Sixt 7) £ mix) +6x—40 + 5x2 24v 26Quadratics 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) 3x and q(x) = 2x-6,xER. Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(x). 17x, xER. 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x5 + 30x and g( Find the three values of «x for which f(x) = g(x). © 6 The function f is defined as f(x) = x? - 2x +2, xER. ‘a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? + q, where p and q are constants to be found (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the mini value of f(x), (1 mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a fx)= x +905 +8 b g(xy= t= 1207432 YD) the functionin © h(x) = 27x + 26x3 - 1 ds j(x) = 32x - 33x5 +1 part b has four roots. © k(x) =x- Wx +10 f m(x) = 2xi + 2x5 - 12 8 The function fis defined as f(x) = 3° ~ 28(3") + 27, ER. e function f is defined as f(x) (3) + 27,xE ETT a Write f(x) in the form (3* - a)(3* - b), where a and 6 are real constants, b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) anal Consider f(x) asa @maris) function ofa function @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the graph of y = f(x) has a curved shape called a parabola You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x determines the overall shape of the graph. When a is positive the parabola will have this shape: \/ ‘When ais negative the parabola will have this shape: /\ The graph crosses the y-axis when ; x= 0. The coordinate is equal to ‘@ The graph crosses the x-axis when y=0.The a x-coordinates are roots of the function f(x). © Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, et Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots. 3 OF = You can find the coordinates of the turning point ‘The graph of y = alx-+p)2+q of a quadratic graph by completing the square. isa translation of the graph of If F(x) = a(x + p)? +g, the graph of y = F(x) has a yaxby(7). + Section 4.5 turning point at (-p, 9). q 27Chapter 2 Sketch the graph of y = ~ 5x +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. Use the coefficient of x? to determine the general As a= lis positive, the graph has a rf a Ms shape of the graph. shape and a minimum point. When x = 0, y = 4, 80 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 4). When y =O, 2 -Sx+4=0 We Mx 4) = X= 1orx = 4, 0 the graph crosses the x-axis at (1, O) and (4, O). Completing the square: —______ x? -Sxt4=(x- 9) - 344 ‘This example factorises, but you may need to use the quadratic formula or complete the square. Complete the square to find the coordinates of the turning point. So the minimum point has coordinates 6 CED 1 use symmetry to rd the Alternatively, the minimum occurs when coordinate of the minimum point, you need to x is half-way between 1 and 4, substitute this value into the equation to find the -coordinate of the minimum point. 50 the minimum has coordinates (3, - 9). The sketch of the graph is: ‘You could use a graphic calculator or substitute some values to check your sketch, When.x=5,y=52-5x5+4=4, y= (e+ pF + q changes as the values of p and q change using GeoGebr EDD cvivenonineranor CP @ 28Quadratics Sketch the graph of y = 4x ~ 2x? — 3, Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. As a= -2 is negative, the graph has a /\. shape and a maximum point. L When mimi0liys=: 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + If? - 4ac = 0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + If 5? - 4ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots. 30You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of y = f(x) where f(x) = ax? + bx + 6, bac > 0 Two distinct real roots Quadratics a : b-4ac=0 ‘One repeated root 3 Be hac <0 No real roots aI e Find the values of & for which f(x) = x? + kx +9 has equal roots. x +kx+9=0 Herea=1,b=kandc=9 For equal roots, b? — Aue = 0 K-4x1x9=0 Use the condition given in the question to write a statement about the discriminant, “— one unknown. Substitute for a,b and c to get an equation with Find the range of values of k for which x? + 4x + k = 0 has two distinct real solutions. 4x+k=0 Here a= 1,b=4 ande=k For two real solutions, b? — 4ac > O: 4 -4x1xk>O 16-4k>0 16 > 4k 4>k Sok <4 ___ This statement involves an inequality, so your answer will also be an inequality. __ For any value of k less than 4, the equation will have 2 distinct real solutions. EE Exoiore how the value of the 31Chapter 2 Oc emo a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: i fO)=x +8043 Hi g(x) = 2x? - 3x44 h(x) ==x7 + T= 3 iv j(x) =x? - 8x + 16 v k(x) =2x-3x7-4 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs Av AY Find the values of k for which x? + 6x + k = 0 has two real solutions. (2 marks) Find the value of 1 for which 2x 3x +1= 0 has exactly one solution. (2 marks) Given that the function f(x) = 5x? + 8x + y has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s. (2 marks) Find the range of values of k for which 3x? - 4x + k = 0 has no real solutions. (2 marks) @ @ 4 ee) @ ‘The function g(x) = x° + 3px + (14p — 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p. (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (14p — 3) = 0. (2 marks) h(x) = 2x? + (k + 4)x + k, where kis a real constant, eeu ‘a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. @ marks) fa question part says hence or b_ Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct _otherwise' itis usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. Gmarks) _ answer to the previous question part. Challenge a Prove that, if the values of a and c are given and non-zero, its always possible to choose a value of bso that f(x) = ax? + bx + c has distinct real roots. b Isit always possible to choose a value of h so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer. @ Modelling with quadratics A mathematical model is a mathematical description of a real-life situation. Mathematical models use the language and tools of mathematics to represent and explore real-life patterns and relationships, and to predict what is going to happen next. Models can be simple or complicated, and their results can be approximate or exact. Sometimes a model is only valid under certain circumstances, or fora limited range of inputs. You will lean more about how ‘models involve simplifications and assumptions in Statistics and Mechanics. Quadratic functions can be used to model and explore a range of practical contexts, including projectile motion. 32Quadratics A spear is thrown over level ground from the top of a tower. The height, in metres, of the spear above the ground after 1 seconds is modelled by the function: A(t) = 12.25 + 14.71 - 4.97, 120 a Interpret the meaning of the constant term 12.25 in the model. b After how many seconds does the spear hit the ground? ¢ Write h(z) in the form 4 - B(t- C), where A, B and C are constants to be found. Using your answer to part ¢ or otherwise, find the maximum height of the spear above the ground, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. a The tower is 12.25 m tall, since Problem-solving this is the height at time O. Read the question carefully to work out the ‘meaning of the constant term in the context of b When the spear hits the ground, the model. Here, / = 0 is the time the spear is the height is equal to 0. thrown. 12.25 + 14.71 - 49° Using the formula, where a = b= 147 and ¢ = 12.25, f= -0.679 or 1=3.68 (to 3 5) As 120, t= 3.68 seconds (to 3 sf). © 12.25 + 1471 - 490° 4.2(P ~ 31) + 12.25 4.O(t — 15? - 2.25) + 12.25 A(t — 1.57 + 11.025 + 12.25) = 23.275 - 4.9(0 - 1.5% So A = 23.275, B= 49 and C=15. d The maximum height of the spear is 23.275 metres, 1.5 seconds after the spear is thrown, Explore the trajectory of the C3 8 spear using GeoGebra. 33Chapter 2 Oa GP) 1 The diagram shows a section of a suspension bridge carrying a road over water. Geant For part a, make sure your answers in the context of the model. The height of the cables above water level in metres can be modelled by the function h(x) = 0.000 12x? + 200, where xis the displacement in metres from the centre of the bridge. a Interpret the meaning of the constant term 200 in the model (1 mark) b Use the model to find the two values of at which the height is 346m. (3 marks) © Given that the towers at each end are 346m tall, use your answer to part b to calculate the length of the bridge to the nearest metre. (1 mark) G@®) 2 Acar manufacturer uses a model to predict the fuel consumption, y miles per gallon (mpg), for a specific model of car travelling at a speed of x mph. y= 0.0142 + 0.975x + 16,.«>0 a Use the model to find two speeds at which the car hasa fuel consumption of 32.5 mpg. (3 marks) b Rewrite y in the form A ~ B(x - CP, where A, Band Care constants to be found. (3 marks) ¢ Using your answer to part b, find the speed at which the car has the greatest fuel efficiency. (1 mark) Use the model to caleulate the fuel consumption of a car travelling at 120 mph. ‘Comment on the validity of using this model for very high speeds. (2 marks) A fertiliser company uses a model to determine how the amount of fertiliser used, f kilograms per hectare, affects the grain yield g, measured in tonnes per hectare. = 6 + 0.03f - 0.000062 a According to the model, how much grain would each hectare yield without any fertiliser? (1 mark) b One farmer currently uses 20 kilograms of fertiliser per hectare. How much more fertiliser ‘would he need to use to increase his grain yield by 1 tonne per hectare? (4 marks) GP) 4 A football stadium has 25000 seats. The football club know from past experience that they will sell only 10000 tickets if each ticket costs £30. They also expect to sell 1000 more tickets every time the price goes down by £1. The number of tickets sold 1 can be modelled by the linear equation r= M~ 1000p, where £p is the price of each ticket and M is a constant. Find the value of M. (1 mark) 34Quadratics ‘The total revenue, £r, can be calculated by multiplying the number of tickets sold by the price of each ticket. This can be written as r = p(M - 1000p). b Rearrange r into the form A ~ Bp ~ CP, where A, B and Care constants to be found. (3marks) ¢ Using your answer to part b or otherwise, work out how much the football club should charge for each ticket if they want to make the maximum amount of money. (2 marks) Cer EDD start by setting up three Ree ai er simultaneous equations. Combine ‘cident investigators are studying the stopping distance es ceets pa'or eationsts of a particular car. . a eliminate c. Use the results to find When the car is travelling at 20 mph, its stopping distance the values of a and b fist. is 6 feet. When the car is travelling at 30 mph, its stopping distance is 14 feet. When the car is travelling at 40 mph, its stopping distance is 24 feet. The investigators suggest that the stopping distance in feet, d, is a quadratic function of the speed in miles per hour s. 2 Given that d(s) = as? + bs + c, find the values of the constants a, b and c. b Atan accident scene a car has left behind a skid that is 20 feet long. Use your model to calculate the speed that this car was going at before the accident. 0 a= 1 Solve the following equ: ays3y+2=0 b3x2413v-10=0 5 '$ Without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form where necessary. lOv=4v+3 0 d Qv-SP=7 2 Sketch graphs of the following equations: } Sxt4 0b y=2xt+x-3 © y=6~10x- 4x7 d y= 15x— 2x2 © 3 flx)=x° + 3x-S and g(x) = 4x + k, where k is a constant. a Given that {(3) = g(3), find the value of k. (3 marks) b Find the values of x for which f(x) = (0). (3 marks) 4 Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: a R+1lk-1=0 b 2°-Sr+1=0 e¢ 10- =7 d (Gx-1) z- 5 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a 2+ 12x-9 b Sx 40x +13 © 8x27 d 3x2 -(x + IP © 6 Find the value k for which the equation 5x2 — 2 + k= 0 has exactly one sol marks) 35Chapter 2 © 7 Given that for all values of »: 3x2 + v4 S= p(x tg? tr a find the values of p, q and r. (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x? + 12x + 5=0. (2 marks) 8 The function f is defined as f(x) = 2% — 20(2') + 64, ER a. Write f(x) in the form (2* — a)(2* — b), where a and b are real constants. (2 marks) b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) 9 Find, as surds, the roots of the equation: 2ee + r= 4) == 10. Use algebra to solve (x ~ I)(x + 2)= 18, 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool seconds after launch can be modelled by the following function: h(s) = 5-102 + 10,0 = 0 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver ¢ Rearrange h(i) into the form 4 ~ Br ~ C) and give the values of the constants the water. (3 marks) A, Band C (3 marks) d_ Using your answer to part ¢ or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) GP) 12 For this question, f(x) = 4k? + (4k + 2)x + 1, where k is a real constant. a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinct real roots for all non-zero values of k. (2 marks) ¢ Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinct real roots when k = 0. (1 mark) 13. Find all of the roots of the function r(x) = x8 ~ 17x4 + 16. (S marks) GP) 14 Lynnis selling cushions as part of an enterprise project. On her first attempt, she sold 80 cushions at the cost of £15 each. She hopes to sell more cushions next time. Her adviser suggests that she can expect to sell 10 more cushions for every £1 that she lowers the price. a The number of cushions sold c can be modelled by the equation c = 230 ~ Hp, where Ep is the price of each cushion and #7 is a constant. Determine the value of H. (1 mark) ‘To model her total revenue, £r, Lynn multiplies the number of cushions sold by the price of each cushion, She writes this as r = p(230 - Hp). b Rearrange r into the form A ~ B(p ~ C), where A, B and Care constants to be found. GB marks) ¢ Using your answer to part b or otherwise, show that Lynn can increase her revenue by £122.50 through lowering her prices, and state the optimum selling price of a cushion. (2 marks) 36Quadratics Challenge a The ratio of the lengths of the lengths bse. in this line is the same as the ratio —> Show that this ratio is +4 'b Show also that the infinite square root +5 el === \is\1e{14ievt+.. = Buk du 1. To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx + « Factorise the left-hand side + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x 2 The solutions of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = Owhere a #0 are given by the formula: bx Vb hac x 2a 3 stebr=(xo2)*-(8)° 6 axtsbrrcna(x+b)'s(c-2 5. The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain, The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. 6 The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. 7 You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. If f(x) = a(x + p)? + g, the graph of y = f(x) has a turning point at (~p, 4) 8 For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, the expression b2 — 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If 6? ~4ac > 0 then a quadratic function has two distinct real roots. + If 6% — ac = 0 then a quadratic function has one repeated real root. + IF 6? ~4ae <0 then a quadratic function has no real roots 9 Quadratics can be used to model real-life situations. 37After completing this chapter you should be able to © Solve linear simultaneous equations using elimination or substitution > pages 39-40 © Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic > pages 41-42 © Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically > pages 42 - 45 © Solve linear inequalities > pages 46 - 48 © Solve quadratic inequalities + pages 48 -51 © Interpret inequalities graphically > pages 51-53 © Represent linear and quadratic inequalities graphically -> pages 53 ~55 aid 1 A= {factors of 12} B= {factors of 20} Write down the numbers in each of these sets: a ANB b (AUB) ‘© GCSE Mathematics ‘Simplify these expressions. a v5 b se 6 « Section 1.5 Match the equations to the correct graph. Label the points of intersection with the axes and the coordinates of the turning point. -* b y=(v-22+4 x— Tex +5) i Food scientists use regions on i » z \ Pee Me eepistocptinieaiiersy nutritional intake and ensure ol I they satisfy the minimum dietary requirements for calories and + Section 2.4 vitamins,Equations and inequalities @Q Linear simultaneous equations Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x =5, y=2 n dx-5y=10 @) x43) 543@)=5+6=11V 4(5) ~ 52) =20-10=10V = Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. a) Solve the simultaneous equations: a 2v+3y=8 b 4x-sy=4 3x-y=23 6x + 2y = 25 eee a one Bx-y=23 @ | @ The solution is x = 7, y = -2 - Ea bo 4x-5y=4 0 GEE eS) le tax-15y=12 3) tax+4y=50 4) ~19y = -36 1 4y-10=4 4x=14 x=3$ The solution x = 34, yGn Solve the simultaneous equations: 2e-ysl 4x+2y Es Ax + 2y ye ex-1 4x + 22x - 1) =-30 4x + 4x-2=-30 8x = -28 2-33) - The solution is x 0 Gx) 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination: a 2v-y=6 4x43y=22 _ 3x- ly = 26 f 3x+8y=33 6x=345y 2. Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: axd+3y=1 b 4x—3y=40 4x-Ty x+y 3 Solve these simultaneous equations: ade-2ye5200 BAG Sart y= O41) Wwe 3ye © 4 3xtky=8 ky = 5 are a Show that x= 3. b Given that p @®) 5 2x-py=5 4x4 Spt q=0 © 3x-y © 3y=5ir-2) wultaneous equations where k is a constant. } determine the value of k. @ 2y=2x-3 3yax-1 QED Fist ccarrange both equations into: ‘the same form: Mw-D+y44=0 — egartby=c Geen ‘kisa constant, so it has the (3 marks) same value in both equations. (1 mark) lox + 3y, are simultaneous equations where p and g are constants. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x = q, y= Find the value of p and the value of g. 40 (5 marks)Equations and inequalities @® Quadratic simultaneous equations You need to be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. = Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x = 4, y=-3 and x=5.5, y 1.5. x-yeT Q) Beeysexs5 — @————|_ (53-4 3) +216) =9-12 +825 and (1.5) + (5.5)(-1.5) + 26.5) =225-8.25+ 11=5 Vv Solve the simultaneous equatioi ao. ae x24 Bay = 10 x+2y=3 0 x24 3xy = 10 2) x=3-2y (3 - 2yF, + 373 - 29) = 10 SSeS 9 - lay + 4y? + Oy - Gy? = 10 -2y2 = By-1=0 2y? + 3y41=0 4-(3)=7 ¥ and55-(-15)=7¥ y+ ny + pectors Sox=4 ork Solutions are x= 4, y= and x =5,y O =r 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: axty=ll b 2xty=l ay =30 REPS d 3a+b=8 e Qutv=7 3a? +b = 28 w=6 2. Solve the simultaneous equations: bxty=9 ¢ Sy-4x=1 x= 3xy+2y?=0 wap st Sra 41Chapter 3 3 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: CESED Use brackets when you are substituting an expression into an equation. @®) 4 Solve the simultaneous equations: xtys3 (6 marks) @®) 5 a Bycliminating y from the equations ye2-4x 3x +ay+ ll =0 show that x* - 2x~11 =0. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations ye2-4x Bxttay+ = giving your answers in the form a + 6/3, where a and b are integers. (5 marks) © 6 One pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations SSS a ae IF (1, p) isa solution, then x = 1, » an satisfies both equations. is (1, p) where k and p are constants. a Find the values of k and p. b Find the second pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations. yoxsk 4 Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that kane @® Simultaneous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. = The solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. ax) a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: b Use your graph to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations. 42Equations and inequalities COTE Find the point of intersection 2@ graphically using GeoGebra. b The solution is (7, 2) or. x = 7, a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qxty=3 yext-rel b Use your graph to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations. Sa FG a ty (ott td ic ext yes Ls b The solutions are (-1, 5) or x y=5 and (2, =I) or. x = 2, Plot the curve and the line using ‘GeoGebra to find the two points of intersection. The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a quadratic equation can either: * intersect twice + intersect once + not intersect After substituting, you can use the diseriminant of the resulting quadratic equation to determine the number of points of intersection. 43_ ™ For a pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form ax? + bx +¢=0: + B-4ac>0 + b= 4ac=0 + Ba hac<0 two real solutions ‘one real solution no real solutions wm VA UN The line with equation y = 2 + 1 meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k-2) = 0 at exactly one point. Given that k is a positive constant a find the value of & b for this value of k, find the coordinates of CESIRED) explore how the value of k affects ey 8 the point of intersection, the line and the curve using GeoGebra. a year+! kx? + 2p + k-2)=0 kx? + 22x + 1) + (k= 2)=0 kx? + 4x4 24hk- 220 kx? + vk =O You are told that the line meets the curve at ‘exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic. There will be exactly one solution, so b= 4ac=0. 42-Axkxk=0 Ra4e (k= 20k +2) = | k=2ork Sok=2 b 2x*+4x+2=0 x24 2x41=0 (e+ r+ =O vet ys 2) 412] Foint of intersection is (-1, -1).Equations and inequalities O Gz» 1 In each case: i draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes ii find the coordinates of the point of intersection, -5 b =x ay ye 2x-7 © ya3x+2 ye8-3r Bxty+ 2 a Use graph paper to draw accurately the graphs of 2y = 2x + 11 and b Use your graph to find the coordinates of the points of interse ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution, 2x 3x—S om the same axes n. 3 a On the same axes sketch the curve with equation x? + y=9 and the line with equation 2x + y = 6. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution. 4 a On the same axes sketch the curve with equation y= (x2)? and the line with equation y = 3x2. b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. LLL You need to use algebra in part b to find the coordinates. ~4 intersects the curve 5 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y with equation y* = 2x? ~ 17. 6 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x — 1 intersects the curve with equation y? = xy + 15. ©® 7 Determine the number of points of intersection for these pairs of simultaneous equations. a y=6x243x-7 b y=4x?— 18x +40 © y=3xt-2r44 y=2r+8 10x-9 Txty4+3=0 Given the simultaneous equations 2v-y=l x24 dky + 5k =0 where k is a non-zero constant a show that x + 8kx +k =0. Given that x7 + 8kx + k = 0 has equal roots, b find the value of k (3 marks) ¢ for this value of k, find the solution of the simultaneous equations. (3 marks) (2 marks) @®) 9 A swimmer dives into a pool. Her position, pm, underwater can be modelled —_p: in relation to her horizontal distance, x m, from the point she entered the water as a quadratic equation p = 3x? ~ 3x. The position of the bottom of the pool can be modelled by the linear equation p = 0.3x-6. Determine whether this model predicts that the swimmer will touch the bottom of the pool. (Smarks) 45Chapter 3 3.4) Linear inequalities You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. = The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. Find the set of values of x for which: a Sy t9> 420 b 12-3x<27 QQIEEED vou can write the solution to this © 3(x-5)>5-2%x-8) ‘inequality using set notation as {x:.x = 2.75). ‘This means the set of all values x for which xis a 5x4+92>x420 ‘greater than or equal to 2.75. © 3ir-5)>5-2lr-8) Bx-15>5-20416 Sx>S 416415 5x> 36 x>72 ‘You may sometimes need to find the set of ae o values for which two inequalities are true '< is witen (es-2 3is written (x: x <-1U {ei x>3) For example, in the number line below the solution set is x >-2 and x = 4, a a is used for < and > and means the end value is not included is used for < and > and means the end value is included. These are the only real values that satisfy both equalities simultaneously so the solution is ~2 < x <4. Here there is no overlap and the two inequalities have <_——e oo tobe written separately as x <—1orx>3.Equations and inequalities Find the set of values of «x for which: a 3x-Sx-8 b x-S>1-xorlS-3x>5+2x. © 4y+7>3and 17 x-8 2x-5<8 4x>-8 2x <8 x>-2 x<65 So the required set of values is -2 i-x 15-3x>5 42x ax-5>1 10-3x> 2x 2x>6 10> 5x x>3 2>x xed o> <3 mm —o x>2 The solution is x > 3 or x <2, 0 G=xD 1 Find the set of values of x for which: a Qv-3<5 b Sx+4=39 © 6x-3>2x47 d Sx+6<-12-x e IS-x>4 f 21-2v>843x g l+x<2543x h Ix-7<7-7x i 5-05x21 j Syt4>12-2n 47Chapter 3 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a 2%x-3)=0 b 81 -a)>x-1 d Ax—3)-(e+1Q<0 — € 1+ 1x) < 10-4) g 12x- 3-3) <45 h x-2642x)<11 j xG-x) >34x-8 Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a 3(x-2)>x—4and 4x4 12>2x417 b 2x-S23-x © 2v-3>2and Hx +2)< 1245 a e f 15 =x < (11 =x) and S(3x~ 1) > 12x +19 3x +8 <20 and 2Gx-7)>x+6 Sx+3<9 or S(2x + 1)>27 g 43x +7) < 20 or 3x5) = Challenge A=(e:3x+5>2) Be{x +1<3} Kk 3x42x(v- 3) S25 +x°) © xt) <8-x f %x-5)=H4—-x) i xQv-4 = +2 4x(x+ 3) => 1 xQx-5)s C=e:M<2x-0) Given that 49 (BU C) = (x: p- A, find the values of p,q and r. (3.5 } Quadratic inequalities * To solve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function + Use your sketch to find the required set of values. The sketch shows the graph of f(x) The solutions to f(x) = 0 are x=—landx=5. ; ‘These are called the critical values. ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality 284-5 > Oare the x-values when the curve is above the x-axis (the darker part of the curve). Ths is when x< ~1 or x>5.In set notation the solution is (x X<-1}U fx:x> 5) The solutions to the quadratic inequality xe —4x-5.-Land x<5or-1<.x<5.in set notation the solution is (x: ~1 << 5}.Equations and inequal God Find the set of values of «x for which: 3-Sx-2x°<0. 3 - 5x- 2x* =O ____________ Quadratic equation. 2x? + Bx =~ 3 = (2x- e+ 3)=0 Multiply by -1 (so it’s easier to factorise). }and ~3 are the critical values. Draw a sketch to show the shape of the graph and the critical values. Since the coefficient of x? is negative, the graph is ‘upside-down U-shaped It crosses the x-axis at =3and}, ‘©Section2.4 3—5y ~ 2x? <0 (y’<0) for the outer parts of the graph, below the x-axis, as shown by the paler parts of the curve. In set notation this can be written as (eix<-3Ubeix> dD, a Find the set of values of x for which 12 + 4x > 2°. b Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4x > x? and $x-3 > 2. a 124 4x>x2 You can use a table to check your solution. O>x?- 4x-12 ye xe = 4x-12.<0 ~2ex<6 Use the critical values to split the real number ae 4-120 line into sets. (+ 2K - 6) ~2orx=6 Sketch of y= x? — 4x — 12 =a = = 7 x-6 = = + (e+2e-6) | + = + For each set, check whether the set of values, makes the value of the bracket positive or negative. For example, if.x<—2, (x-+ 2) is negative, (x ~6) is negative, and (x + 2)(x—~6) is x= 4x-12<0 (neg) x (neg) = positive. Solution: -2 x* gives -2 2 gives x > 1 42024 66 -2 2, x #0 cues ‘This question is easier if you represent the ‘information in more than one way. Use a sketch ‘graph to solve the quadratic inequality, and ‘use a number line to combine it with the linear inequality. | _x could be either positive or negative, 'so you can't multiply both sides ofthis inequality by x: Instead, multiply both sides by x2, [Because x? is never negative, and x # 0.50 x0, the inequality sign stays the same. O Gzzz) 1 Find the set of values of x for which: ax-lr+24<0 a e+ Ix412>0 £ 48-843 <0 j 6+ 11x-10>0 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a vc l0-3x ¢ xG-2x>1 50 b 12-x-x7>0 © 74 13x-27>0 h -2+7x-3x7<0 k 2-5Sx>0 b ll0 f 10+x-22<0 i @-9<0 1 2e+3xs0Equations and inequalities 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a xt-7x+100and 10-20<5 © 4x? = 3x1 0and3x+17>2 f x2-2x-30 ©® 4 Given that x= 0, find the set of values of x for which: 2 atc b sot a6+3>8 © 25> 5 a Find the range of values of k for which the Tomar saree equation x? ~ kx + (k +3) = 0 has no real roots.” has real roots if h? ae > 0. «Section 2.5 b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px ~ 2= 0 are real. © 6 Find the set of values of x for which x2 ~ Sx ~ 14 > 0. (4 marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 2Gx-1)<4-3x (2 marks) b 2x?-Sx-3<0 (4 marks) © both 23x ~ 1) <4~3x and 2? 5x-3 <0. (2 marks) Problem 8 Given that x + 3, find the set of values for which Sh <2. Multiply both sides of the (6 marks) inequality by (x3). ‘The equation kx? = 2kx + 3=0, where & is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0 = k <3. (4 marks) (3.6) Inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the solutions to inequalities by considering the graphs of functions that are related to them. = The values of x for which the curve y’= f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality F(x) < gt). = The values of x for which the curve y'= f(x) is above the curve y= g(1) satisfy the inequality f(x) > Bt). 51Chapter 3, f(x) is above g(x) when x <2 and when .x > 5. These values of x satisfy flx) > g(x). (x) is below g(x) when 2.<.x <5. These values of x satisty flx) < gv. LL re soatons to fla) = gla) are x= 2 and x =5. L, has equation y = 12 + 4x. Ly has equation y = x2, The diagram shows a sketch of L; and L; on the same axes. a Find the coordinates of P, and P,, the points of intersection. b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 12 + 4x >.°, ge (w= G+ 2)=0 x= Gand x substitute into 6 PG, 36) when x =-2,y=4 P,(-2, 4) b 12 4.4x> x2 when the graph of Ly is above the graph of Le 2x6 OG=x) 1 Ly has equation 2y + 3, Ls has the equation x — The diagram shows a sketch of Ly and L>. a Find the coordinates of P, the point of intersection. b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 2y43x> x=. when x= Lz dy+3v=6 52Equations and inequalities 2. For each pair of function: i Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = Find the coordinates of any points of intersection. {ii Write down the solutions to the inequality f(x) < g(x). (x) on the same axes. a fix) =3x-7 b f(x) =8-Sx © fix) g(x) = 13-20 g(x) = 14-3 g(x) = 5-2 d fix) =3-7 © flxy=e-5 f flx)=7-2 a(x) = 2x12 a(x) = 7x +13 g(x) = 20-8 ® 3 Find the set of values of x for which the curve with equation y = f(x) is below the line with equation y = g(x). a fia) =3x°- 2x1 b fx) = 20-4041 © fx) =5x-2x?-4 aiay=x45 a0) =3x-2 ex) =-20-1 d fiay=2,x40 eftiye 3-4 xe0 f tyes ved gay=l 20) =-l 20) =8 ‘The sketch shows the graphs of fx) = x?@—4y- 12 etx) =6+5x—x2 a Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. b Find the set of values of x for which f(x) < glx). Give your answer in set notation. @® Regions You can use shading on graphs to identify regions that satisfy linear and quadratic inequalities. = y f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). All the shaded points in this region satisfy the inequality y > f(x). All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the inequality » < f(x). 53_ = Ify> f(x) ory < f(x) then the curve y = f(x) is not included in the region and is represented by a dotted line. = Ify > f(x) or y 0. Gano 5 On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: 54 2ytx-2. 3 On acoordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: y>G-aQ+a)and y+x>3. 4 On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: y>ax?-2andy < 9-2 5 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: y>(x-3P,yp+x= Sandyex=1. 6 The sketch shows the graphs of the straight lines with equations: yextly=7-xandx=1. a Work out the coordinates of the points of intersection of the functions. b Write down the set of inequalities that represent the shaded region shown in the sketch. 7 The sketch shows the graphs of the curves with equations: ye2-Sx-x2ety=0and x+y =4. Write down the set of inequalities that represent the shaded region shown in the sketch. 8 a Onacoordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities yextdptSx+3 20, p> -Land x <2. 1b Work out the coordinates of the vertices of the shaded region. © Which of the vertices lie within the region identified by the inequalities? d Work out the area of the shaded region. Equations and inequalities Gece A vertex is only included if both intersecting lines are included. 55Chapter 3 OGz=x» 56 are two simultaneous equations, where k is a constant. a Show that y=—2. b Find an expression for.x in terms of the constant k. Solve the simultaneous equations: x+2y=3 = 4y? = -33 Given the simultaneous equations x-2y=l Bxy-y2=8 a Show that Sy?+3y~ 8 =0. b Hence find the pairs (x, y) for which the simultaneous equations are satisfied. a By eliminating y from the equations x+ show that x7 - 6x +3=0. b Hence, or otherwise solve the simultaneous equations giving x and y in the form a+ b 6, where a and b are integers. a Given that 3° = 9"! show that x= 2y 2. b Solve the simultaneous equations: xe2y-2 eaye47 Solve the simultaneous equations: x+2y=3 x= 2y 4 4p? = 18 ‘The curve and the line given by the equations kx — xy (k+ Dx=1 k aaxtyel where k is a non-zero constant, intersect at a single point. a Find the value of k. b Give the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line and the curve. (3 marks) (1 mark) (7 marks) (2 marks) (5 marks) (2 marks) (5 marks) (1 mark) (6 marks) (7 marks) (5 marks) 3 marks)Chapter 3 Cars 1. Find the possible values of k for the quadratic equation 2kx? + Skx + 5k-3=0 to have real roots. 2 Asstraight line has equation y = 2x—k and a parabola has equation yy = 3x? + 2kx +5 where k is a constant. Find the range of values of & for which the line and the parabola do not intersect. Pemeo da 1_Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. 2 Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs: of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. 3. The solutions of a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. 4 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form axt+bx+c=0: +b —4ac>0 — tworeal solutions + #-4ac=0 one real solution + —4ae<0 _ noreal solutions 5 The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. 6 Tosolve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function + Use your sketch to find the required set of values. 7 The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality fx) < ga). The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is above the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality f(x) > BQ). 8 f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). 9 If y> f(x) or y f(x) ory < f(a) then the curve y = (x) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line. 58Chapter 3 Cars 1. Find the possible values of k for the quadratic equation 2kx? + Skx + 5k-3=0 to have real roots. 2 Asstraight line has equation y = 2x—k and a parabola has equation yy = 3x? + 2kx +5 where k is a constant. Find the range of values of & for which the line and the parabola do not intersect. Pemeo da 1_Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. 2 Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs: of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. 3. The solutions of a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. 4 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form axt+bx+c=0: +b —4ac>0 — tworeal solutions + #-4ac=0 one real solution + —4ae<0 _ noreal solutions 5 The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. 6 Tosolve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function + Use your sketch to find the required set of values. 7 The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality fx) < ga). The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is above the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality f(x) > BQ). 8 f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). 9 If y> f(x) or y f(x) ory < f(a) then the curve y = (x) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line. 58After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Sketch cubic graphs > pages 60-64 © Sketch quartic graphs » pages 64-66 © Sketch reciprocal graphs of the form y=<.and y=4 + pages 66 - 67 © Use intersection points of graphs to solve equations > pages 68-72 © Translate graphs ~> pages 71-75 © Stretch graphs + pages 75-78 © Transform graphs of unfamiliar functions ~> pages 79-81 Factorise these quadratic expressions: a 246x45 b xe 4x43 € GCSE Mathematics Sketch the graphs of the following functions: a y=(x42)(x-3) b y=x?-6x-7 Section 2.4 Copy and complete the table of values for the function y=? +x 2 ; Tee =15 | -1 |-05] 0 | 05 15] 2 | Jany complicated functions can be understood by transforming 12|-6875] SIRE J simpler functions using b Use your table of values to draw the graph of stretches, reflections and yavan-2 translations. Particle physicists + GCSE Mathematics ‘compare observed results with Solve each pair of simultaneous equations transformations of known a y=2x by functions to determine the xty ye2x+l nature of subatomic particles. + Sections 3.1,3.2Chapter 4 Cubic graphs A cubic funetion has the form f(x) = ax? + bx? + ex +d, where a, b, cand dare real numbers and a is non-zero. ‘The graph of a cubic function can take several different forms, depending on the exact nature of the function. y, s, y y For these two functions a is positive. For these two functions w is negative. «= Ifpisa root of the function f(x), then the graph of » = f(x) touches or crosses the x-axis at the point (p, 0). You can sketch the graph of a cubic function by finding the roots of the function. Sketch the curves with the following equations and show the points where they cross the coordinate axes. a y= (v= 2\(1-a)(1 +) b y= xr Dor+2) eee Dianne Y= (= pile glx —r) where p,q and rare 7 es a 4 ane ; Constants using GeoGebra. (2, 0), (1, O) and (-1, O). When x=0.y=-2a 1x1» So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, -2). X 4 00, y+ 00 x +00, y+ 00 O= xix + x + 2): Ox Sox 4 or xSo the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0), (1, O) and (-2, 0). pomernil | Sketch the following curves, a y=(x- I+ 1) a yar r+) O= (x= 1 + 1) —— Sox orx=-t So the curve crosses the x-axis at (4,0) | and touches the x-axis at (1, O). Whenx=O,y= (I? xt=1 So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 1). x 00,9 4 00 X + ~00, ¥ + ~00. eee b yax8-2x?- 3x b» 2x° - 3x x(x? = 2x ~ 3) = xox 3)ix +1) O=xte- 341) Sox=O,x=3orx So the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, O) (3, 0) and (+1, 0) X= Oy 00 X00, y + =00) 7 Graphs and transformations You know that the curve crosses the x-axis at (0,0) soyou don't need to calculate the intercept separately. Check what happens to y for large positive and negative values of x. The x? term in the expanded function would be xx.x x x= x? 50 the curve has a positive x? coefficient. (x- 2p ey Put y'=O and solve for x. (r= 1) is squared so x = 1 isa ‘double’ repeated root. This means that the curve just touches the aeaxis at (1,0). Find the value of y when x =0. CCheck what happens to for large positive and negative values of x. xoeyoe Lisa ‘double’ repeated root. Xs, poe First fact CCheck what happens to » for large positive and negative values of x. This is a cubic curve with a positive coefficient of 2? and three distinct roots. 61Chapter 4 © y= (v-2P O=(w-2p Sox = 2 and the curve crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) only. When x = 0, y= (-2) = So the curve crosses ae X00, 4 00 Sketch the curve with equation y = or D(x 4x42). (r= No? +x + 2) (e= N07 + x42) So x= 1 only and the curve crosses the x-axis at (1, O). Carp C219) A cubic graph could intersect the x-axis at 1, 2 or 3 points. When x =O, y= (-1N2) = So the curve crosses the y-axis at ( X40, y +00 X00, 7 + -00, OG=x® 1 Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes: a y=(x-3)(x- or 1) b = I(x + 2yer+ 3) © ya(x4 Dirt 243) d y= (vt DU -x(x43) © y= (x-2(x- 34-2) f yax(x-2)r4 I) g year+ DOr- 1) heyea(r+ =) i ysQ@-2Qx-NAx+D fj y=aQQx-1(v+3) 62® 5 The graph of y =.x' + bx? + cx + dis shown opposite, where b, cand d Graphs and transformations 2 Sketch the curves with the following equations: a y=(v+ x=) b y= (e+ 2)(0=1P © ys(2-xyxt IP x = 1px vQ-3) = 20+ 1 1-xV3 +2) (x= 2) (r+ 2) f (x- 1G -x) the following equations and then sketch the curves: b yax84 S24 dy 4. Sketch the following curves and indicate the coordinates of the points where the curves cross the axes: x-2y =o + 29 {x-2) © y=(x-13 d y=(x+2) g y=(x-3P hey=(1-xp are real constants, a Find the values of b, cand d. (3 marks) b Write down the coordinates of the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. (1 mark) Secu Start by writing the equation in the form y= (x— pix g)(x-1). ® 6 The graph of y= ax + bx? + cx + dis shown opposite, where a, b, cand d y are real constants. Find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (4 marks) o m3 © 7 Given that f(x) = (x ~ 10)(x?- 2x) + 12 a Express f(x) in the form x(ax? + bx + ¢) where a, b and ¢ are real constants. (3 marks) b Hence factorise f(x) completely. (2 marks) ¢ Sketch the graph of y= f(x) showing clearly the points where the graph intersects the axes, (3 marks) 63Chapter 4 @ Quartic graphs A quartic function has the form f(x) = ax! + by? + cx? + dv +e, where a,b,c, dand e are real numbers and ais non-zero. The graph of a quartic function can take several different forms, depending on the exact nature of the function. ” m 7 Thisisa [repeated root : LL__these roots x ‘are distinct For these two For this function functionsais Lt ais negative. positive. You can sketch the graph of a quartic function by finding the roots of the function. Sketch the following curv a y= (x4 D(x + Bw Dr-2) b y=ax(r + 2°G-2) a y= Or x + Qie- New 2) EEN xpiore tne graph of CF O= (w+ Hox + 2hex— Nw 2) Y= (= p)lx—Dle—Noe—s) where p, q.r 8 5 and sare constants using GeoGebra. OKs -2,10r2 The curve cuts the x-axis at (-2, 0), (1, 0) (, O) and (2, O). When x =O, paix 2x (1) x (2)=4.—15 So the curve cuts the y-axis at (O, 4). X00, + 00 x 4 =90, y 00Graphs and transformations x(x + 2)(3 = x) (x + 2)°(3 - x) Sox =0,-20r3 The curve cuts the x-axis at (0, 0), (-2, 0) and (3, 0) X00, y+ -90 Xx no, y+ =90 ¢ y=ir- (x= Poe = BF Sox=tor3 The curve touches the x-axis at (1, 0) and 3,0. When x =O, = 9. So the curve cuts the y-axis at (0, 9) X00, 9 00 XN -00, » + 00 0 a= 1 Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes: a y= (xt Dlx t 2x4 3x t4) bya ae Dor 3)x-2) © yaa(x+ Ix +2) d y= (2x- I(x + 2(x- 1)(x-2) - y= (x = 4x = 2)? @ y= x%(4e+ I4x-1) f yae-4yx- 2 QED in partttne coerce g (x= 3x + DP h y=(v+2)x-3) of x* will be negative. i y=-(2x- 1x45) j y=(e+ay 2. Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes: a ya(rt2x=Doe= 3x42) b y= (v+3PO2-Sx+ 6) CED rectors the © (x = 4°22 = Lx + 30) y= (x? 4x ~ 32)(0? + 5x - 36) ‘quadratic factor first. 65Chapter 4 3 The graph of y = x* + bx* + ex? + dx + e is shown opposite, y where b, ¢, d and ¢ are real constants. 4 a Find the coordinates of point P. (2 marks) b Find the values of b,c, dand e. B marks) Ajo : G@) 4 Sketch the graph of y = (x + 5x4)? + Sx+ 14), (3 marks) Lac eri ng Consider the discriminant of the quadratic factor. The graph of y=ax*+ bx? + ex? +dx +e ” is shown, where a, b, ¢, dand e are real constants. Find the values of a, b, ¢, dand e, @ Reciprocal graphs You can sketch graphs of reciprocal functions such as y 2 by considering their asymptotes. = The graphs of y=“ and y = where & is areal constant, have asymptotes at x= 0 and y=0. An asymptote isa line which the ‘raph approaches but never reaches.Graphs and transformations Sketch on the same diagram: ay=tandy=2 b y=—tand y= . Explore the graph of y= \ different values of a in GeoGebra. 0 G=x® 1 Use a separate diagram to sketch each pair of graphs. alte a y=2and y= a y=and y= 2 Use a separate diagram to sketch each pair of graphs. 3 eI 2 3 3 a y= Sand y= b y= Sand p= 67