RESPONDING TO THE

ENVIRONMENT- HUMANS

Search Bio-Logical Life Sciences Adapted from: www.bioats.weebly.com

First video https://youtu.be/yySxLnrkUx4

Nervous system 1 of 7:
Central, Peripheral and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
2 ways in which humans
respond to the environemnt:
▪ Nervous system (nerves)
▪ Endocrine system (hormones)

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Human nervous system

Need for a nervous system:

▪ Reaction to stimuli (changes in the
environment- external and internal)
▪ Coordination of the various activities of the
body
 Examples of responses

Voluntary actions Involuntary actions

▪ Walking - Your heart beat

▪ Eating a sweet - Breathing

- Removing hand
▪ Writing /typing
from a hot object
- Digestion
▪ Kicking a ball

▪ Coming to school

▪ - Blinking
 Central nervous system
Brain + Spinal cord
Protected by:
▪ Meninges (3 membranes)
▪ Skeleton (bone- cranium and vertebrae)
▪ Cerebrospinal fluid

Homework: Draw a labelled diagram of the section

of the brain/CNS, and annotate with the
functions.(ONLY cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus
callosum, Medulla oblongata and spinal cord
(without the skull etc.)
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

(CNS) 12 pairs cranial nerves
Brain + 31 pairs spinal nerves
Spinal cord

MOTOR NERVES SENSORY NERVES

Conduct impulses from the Conduct impulses from the
CNS to the effectors receptors to the CNS

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Conducts impulses from the CNS to the involuntary Conducts impulses from the CNS to the
muscles (smooth muscles and heart muscles) and voluntary muscles
certain glands

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Prepares the body for action, ‘fight or Enables body to return to normal
flight’
 Cranial+spinal

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psychology.jpg
https://miro.medium.com/max/1334/1*ZFDOVKyRYV6bC7t1_0VV7w.png
Sympathetic branch Parasympathetic
(Fight or flight) branch (rest & digest)
1. Increases heart rate 1. Decreases heart rate

2. Increased breathing 2. Decreases breathing

rate rate

3. Inhibits (stops/slows 3. Stimulates movement

down) movement in the in the digestive system
digestive system
4. Stimulates conversion 4. Inhibits conversion of
of Glycogen to glucose in Glycogen to glucose in
the liver. the liver.
5. Dilates pupils 5. Constricts pupils
Second video: https://youtu.be/ErHu5XvifjU

Nervous system 2 of 7 Brain,

nerves and reflex actions/arcs
• Controls voluntary actions
• Receives and interprets
sensations from sense organs
Brain structure Corpus
• Higher thought processes Connects the left and right
hemispheres of the brain Callosum
Cerebrum
allowing communication
between both hemispheres

cerebellum
• Coordinates all voluntary
movements
• Controls muscle tension
hypothalamus • maintain balance

Control centre for hunger,

thirst, sleep, body Spinal cord
temperature and emotions • Responsible for reflex
actions
• Carries messages to and
from the brain

Pituitary gland • Transmits nerve impulses

between the spinal cord
brain functions
Many endocrine functions
Medulla and the brain
• Controls involuntary
oblongata actions such as heartbeat
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aqBm5avo3TBRhrug64a4weUKaT8qZw8KPDMro5fF0pVCuA=s118
and breathing
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=eqTny3xtFcc
 Carries impulses
away from the cell
body Receives stimuli

0 and convert them

into impulses
Does normal
functioning
of the cell

• Speeds up the impulse transmission.

• Acts as an insulator preventing short
circuits

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7806d75cbfb5423977f/46-Figure1.2-1.png

State the functions of each of the following parts of sensory and motor
neurons: nucleus, cell body, cytoplasm, myelin sheath, axon and dendrites.
*only know lables specified
in the exam guidelines.

Exam guidelines 2021

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xam-guidelines-2021.html
http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/opre640/neurons.gif
▪ Reflex action: quick, automatic response to a
stimulus.
▪ Reflex arc: The nerve pathway taken in a reflex
action
 A reflex arc

http://www.sivabio.50webs.com/cns032.jpg
Reflex arc

▪ Stimulus → receptor (converted to

impulse) → sensory nerve → Spinal cord
(via dorsal root) → synapse → interneuron
→ synapse → (via ventral root) motor
neuron → effector
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=wLrhYzdbbpE
The knee jerk reflex action

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4963411/16/images/24/Spinal+Reflex+Arc+sensory+neuro
n+motor+neuron+stretch+receptor.jpg
Another reflex action
Significance of a reflex action
▪ Protects the body from further damage by reacting
quickly (from spinal cord not brain)
Third video https://youtu.be/bJuERoVAFRQ

Nervous system 3 of 7
Synapses, diseases of the CNS
and receptors
 Significance of synapses
▪ It allows messages to be passed from one neuron to
the next.
▪ Allows impulses to travel in one direction only.
▪ Allows nerves to join or split (1 → many or many→1)
▪ Removes continual background stimuli.

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 Disorders of the CNS
Alzheimer’s disease
Causes
Loss of neurons and synapses in the
brain’s cortex. There are clumps of
protein (plaques) and tangled
bundles of fibres

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sets/site_images/articles/health_and_medical_reference/
brain_and_nervous_system/understanding_alzheimers_di
sease_basics_Alzheimers_Brain_Cells.jpg

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 Disorders of the CNS
Alzheimer’s disease
Symptoms

https://www.kabblaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Alzheimers-Symptoms-min.jpg
Multiple Sclerosis
Causes
Immune system attacks the
myelin sheath of neurons

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Saltatory_Conduction.gif

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tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQU8RKGVfLdliOkBthaV5CGlz9Dkojo266iy1H
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Al8yLG_tW2RsvZA&s
Multiple Sclerosis
Symptoms

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 Receptors
▪ the body responds to a variety of different
stimuli, such as light, sound, touch,
temperature, pressure, pain and chemicals
(taste and smell).
▪ receptors, neurons and effectors function
together in responding to the environment.

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images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_9000,w_1200
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Fourth video: https://youtu.be/V5ZcZjwYsM8

Nervous system 4 of 7
Binocular vision, Eye
structure & function and
accommodation
Human eye

▪ Draw a section of the human eye, provide all

labels and functions.

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nEVDRvL2e8nQWGhfFCGD9F4OaFpxN29QbgbdujaKJQ7rUIWYL6pd=s93
 Binocular vision
2 eyes
▪ Use of two eyes with overlapping fields of vision.
▪ It allows interpretation in 3D (stereoscopic vision)
Stereoscopic vision
illustration video

https://youtu.be/nKdUD8lIGJY
 Cross section of the eye

Yellow spot
Pupil Blind spot

Conjunctiva

Ciliary muscle
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 Structure and function 1of 2
Clear, flexible structure that can
change its shape (convexity) in order Tough protective
to allow clear focus for near and layer that maintains
distant vision (accommodation the shape of the eye

Allows light through and

allows for refraction of
light onto the retina Clear gel, maintains the shape
of the eyeball and plays a role Yellow spot
in refraction
Pupil Area with only cones
Blind spot
(high concentration).
Hole in the center of the Area with the
iris that allows light to clearest vision
enter.
Conjunctiva

Carries nerve impulses

Clear fluid that keeps the shape of the
Ciliary muscle
cornea and plays a role in refraction
from the retina to the
cerebrum.
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 Structure and function 2 of 2
Has photoreceptors
(rods and cones)
Coloured muscle that
which convert the light
controls the amount of light
stimuli into impulses
that passes into the eye
buy adjusting the size of Has many blood vessels
the pupil. which provide nutrition to
the eye. Is darkly
pigmented to prevent
Clear gel, maintains the shape
of the eyeball and plays a role Yellow spot
reflection of light within the
eye.
in refraction
Pupil Blind spot
Point where optic
nerve leaves the
eyeball. It has no
Conjunctiva rods or cones.
Transparent membrane
which protects the eye
surface and lining of the
Adjust the tension on the lens
eyelids.
adjust its convexity (roundness) to
focus the light on the retina (during
accommodation
Ciliary muscle
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 Image formation

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▪ Light reflected from objects passes through the

cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens and vitreous
humour and falls on the retina where an image is
formed.
▪ All the structures named above but pupil bring about
refraction such that the image is focused on the retina
Bending light (refractions)

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Structure responsible for
refraction are the cornea
and lens.
Rods and cones pick up
the images accordingly
as per their specific
adaptations.
In this way light stimulus https://www.thomasbond.co.uk/js/plugins/imagemanager/files/
Eye_cross_section.jpg

is converted into a nerve

impulse on the retina. Rods work in
dull light and
These impulses are assist for gray
scale vision
carried by the optic
nerve to the cerebrum to Cones
be interpreted. provide colour
vision in
bright light
 Accommodation
▪ Refers to the ability of
the eye to change the
shape (convexity) of the
lens to ensure a clear
image is formed on the
retina whether the
http://fractalontology.wordpress.com/2009/
11/21/new-translation-of-laruelles-
biography-of-the-eye/

image is near or distant.

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8PSF%29.svg/2000px-
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 Near vision (<6m away)

• the ciliary muscles contract

• the sclera is pulled forward
• the suspensory ligaments slacken
• the tension on the lens decreases
• the lens becomes more convex http://www.pdxeyes.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/presbyopia_optic.jpg

• the refractive power of the lens increases

• a clear image is formed on the retina

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 Distant vision (>6 m away)
▪ Ciliary muscles relax
▪ Sclera goes back to normal
position
▪ Suspensory ligaments
become taut
▪ Tension on the lens
increases
▪ The lens becomes less
convex
▪ The refractive power of the
lens decreases https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/zRJkIZ8cPLdcXQh1UVicFfrKqV3qAGSBno-lT_fZBVCct3FhKter5-
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▪ The clear image is formed

on the retina

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Look More Close Look Long distance

Close Far
Ciliary Ciliary
Contract Relex
Suspensory Suspensory
Slacken Taut
Lens More Lens Less Convex
Convex
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Fifth video: https://youtu.be/8v_pdOodiS8

Nervous system 5 of 7 Pupil

reflex (pupilllary mechanism)
and disorders of vision.
Pupil reflex/
pupillary mechanism

▪ Your eye can be

damaged by http://www.case.edu/think/breakingn

harsh light. ews/retinalgrant.html

▪ Your iris controls

light allowed into
the eye by
changing the size
of the pupil

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https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.ZKaDI1exvgephx8lvAGkegEsDh
In bright light

▪ The circular muscles of the iris contract

▪ The radial muscles of the iris relax
▪ The pupil constricts
▪ The amount of light entering the eye is
reduced
In dim light
▪ The circular muscles of the iris relax
▪ The radial muscles of the iris contracts
▪ The pupil dilates

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In dim light
▪ The circular muscles of the iris relax
▪ The radial muscles of the iris contracts
▪ The pupil dilates
▪ The amount of light entering the eye is
increased

http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-e-neurobiology-and-2/e5-the-human-brain.html
Bright Dull/dim
RR RC
CC CR
PC PD
 Visual defects
▪ Short-sightedness
� Causes:
■ Eyeball being too long
■ Inability of the lens of the eye to become less
convex (rounded).
▪ Treatment
■ Wear glasses with a concave lens.
■ Contact lenses
■ Laser treatment.

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http://omc.bg/sick/miop.jpg

http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/images/vision-myopia.jpg
Long-sightedness
(farsightedness)
� Causes
■ Eyeball being too short
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■ Inability of the lens to become more convex –

common in the elderly
▪ Treatment
� Wear glasses with convex lens

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 ▪ Astigmatisation
� The front surface of the cornea is curved more in one
direction than \in the other.

http://www.stantonoptical.com/get-an-eye-exam-to-check-for-astigmatism/

http://www.improveeyesightfast.com/astigmatism-correction-naturally-
causessymptoms-and-prevention /

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Symptoms:
Distortion or blurring of images at all
distances
Headache and fatigue squinting and eye
discomfort and irritation

Treatment
Prescription glasses are required if the
degree of astigmatisation is great enough to
cause eye strain and head ache, or
distortion of vision.
https://musculoskeletalkey.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/09/B9780323059213100126_f12-16ac-9780323059213.jpg
▪ Cataracts
� Refers to: The
clouding of the lens.
� not clear
understanding of its
causes.
▪ Treatment:
� Surgical removal of
the lens.
� replacing the lens
with a synthetic lens.
https://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18012.jpg
VISION WITH A CATARACT

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live/uploads/production/images/53965/cataract_vision.png
Sixth video https://youtu.be/JLiUPQdObWA

Nervous system 6 of 7 Ear

structure and function and
hearing
The ear

▪ Draw label and give functions

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g
Main functioning of the ear

�Hearing
�balance

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 Structure and function
▪ The ear consists of three regions:
� Outer ear

� Middle ear

� Inner ear

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 Structure labels
Oval
Ossicles window

Sacculus and
utriculus Auditory nerve

Round window

http://www.sciencemadesimple.co.uk/files/bionic_ear2-150x150.jpg

Oval window

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 Functions 1 of 2
Oval
Ossicles window
Traps sound waves Filled with fluid.
Transmits vibrations Contains
Sacculustheand Contains the
and directs them to
from one to the next. receptors (cristae)
utriculus Auditory
receptor nerve
of hearing
the auditory canal
Amplify the sound which assist in (organ of corti)
maintaining balance

Releases the
pressure created
within the cochlea.

Connects the middle ear to

the pharynx.
Round window Allows air to move in and out
of the middle ear, thus
maintaining equal pressure on
Oval window either side of the ear drum.
Vibrates causing
pressure waves in the
fluid of the cochlea
http://www.biographixmedia.com/human/ear-anatomy.jpg
 Functions 2 of 2
Oval
Ossicles window
Transmits vibrations Sacculus and
to the oval window. utriculus Auditory nerve
Contains the Carries impulses for
receptors (maculae) hearing and balance
which assist in to the cerebrum and
maintaining balance cerebellum
respectively.

Round window

Oval window

Separates outer and middle Vibrates ear. causing

Vibrates in response to sound pressure
waves waves in the
fluid of the cochlea
andhttp://www.biographixmedia.com/human/ear-anatomy.jpg
transmits these to the hammer
 Hearing
Oval
Ossicles window

Auditory nerve

Round window

Oval window

http://www.biographixmedia.com/human/ear-anatomy.jpg
Hearing
Path of sound
▪ Sound waves → Pinna →auditory canal
→tympanic membrane (vibrates) →hammer
→anvil →stirrup →oval window (now
amplified)→ fluid of the cochlea (as pressure
waves) →organ of Corti converts stimuli to
impulses → auditory nerve→ brain
(cerebrum)
Amplification

▪ Decreasing size of structures as you move to

inner ear causes amplification.
See video

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Video

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oPb1Q

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c
First video https://youtu.be/exAOX9TPGMQ

Nervous system 7 of 7 Balance

and disorders of the ear
 Balance

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 http://goldenb

Balance aychiropracti
cworks.com.a
u/wp-
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ds/2015/01/b
alanced-
elephant.jpeg

The ear is responsible for balance in the following ways:

1. The cristae in the semi-circular canals are stimulated by
changes in the direction and speed of movement
2. The maculae in the sacculus and utriculus are stimulated
by changes in the position of the head
When stimulated, the cristae and maculae convert the
stimuli received into nerve impulses.
The nerve impulses are transported along the auditory
nerve (vestibular branch) to the cerebellum to be
interpreted.
The cerebellum then sends impulses to the muscles to
restore balance.
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Hearing defects

Middle ear infection

Cause:
▪ Excess fluid in the
.
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middle ear caused by pathogen infection.

Treatment:
▪ Antibiotics
▪ Inserting grommets
http://www.kidshealth.org.nz/images/Grommet
%20photo.jpg
Deafness
Cause:
• Injury to parts of the ear, nerves or parts of brain
responsible for hearing.
▪ Hardened wax
▪ Hardening of ear tissues (e.g.ossicles).
Treatment:
▪ Hearing aids

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 Cochlear implants

https://media.giphy.com/media/CAI4E1meFPhew/giphy.gif

http://blog.lib.umn.edu/farre212/f11psy1001ds1415/Cochlear%20Implant.jpg

http://www.asiaone.com/A1MEDIA/news/01Jan13/others/20130131.105500_cochlear_implant.jpg
 Video cochlear implant

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmFDzeQ6H_s
SELF MARKING Multiple Choice tests

Brain & CNS

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdauatQu0ejFjEo3dxYj
ZnG6lb1RTSxjzNY1NbOfgkHLAaSSg/viewform

Eye and ear

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc3t9NTNFTBAKhwnlg
_3cMcc80xkletQTFnW91_CJ56qTPxjQ/viewform

Link to self marking MCQ topic tests for all sections.

https://bioats.weebly.com/self-marking-mcq-tests.html