SEISMIC ISOLATORS AND
DAMPERS FOR THE
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF
BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
How can seismic isolators and
dampers minimize damage even in a
strong earthquake?
48th PICE NATIONAL
CONVENTION
November, 2022
NAMAZU
2
HOW EARTHQUAKES ARE GENERATED
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF PAGODAS
Fuente´https://medium.com/konsiteo-today/shinbashira-pagodas-exceptional-earthquake-resistance-9d7e3eac1d6d 4
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF PAGODAS
①
① Sliding between the stones of the base and columns.
② Friction in the joints.
Fuente´Nakahara et al., “Earthquake response of ancient five-story pagoda structure of Horyu-ji temple in Japan, Proceedings of the 12 WCEE,
5
2000
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION
CONVENTIONAL
EARTHQUAKE- 耐震
RESISTANT DESIGN
SEISMIC ISOLATION 免震
VIBRATION
CONTROL 制振
6
CONVENTIONAL
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
DESIGN
Copyright © Kawakin Holdings Group. All rights reserved.
CONVENTIONAL EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN
External demand Structural capacity
(Forces and deformations) (Resistance and deformability)
↑ Resistance
↑ Deformation capacity
↑ Dimensions
↑ Number of structural
elements
Earthquake-resistant building ↑ Ductility
8
NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
Main risks
Life safety
Property loss
Loss of function
CHRISTCHURCH EARTHQUAKE (NEW ZEALAND, 2011)
Only 2 buildings collapsed.
70% of the buildings in the
downtown have been demolished.
Did the structures designed
following the structural code
provide the expected response?
Structural engineers: YES
Owners/ Users/ General public: NO
Source: Ron Mayes, USRC, 2015 Presentation
10
SEISMIC
ISOLATION
Copyright © Kawakin Holdings Group. All rights reserved.
SEISMIC ISOLATION
External demand Structural capacity
(Forces and deformations) (Resistance and deformability)
↓ Seismic energy
transmitted to the structure.
↓ Seismic energy dissipated
by the structural elements.
Separate the structure and
the ground motion.
Earthquake- Seismically
Install energy dissipation resistant building isolated building
devices.
12
SEISMIC ISOLATION IN BRIDGES
Deck Deck
Fixed Seismic
bearing isolation
(Hinge) bearings
Pier Pier
Pier
With conventional With seismic
bridge bearings isolation bearings 13
SEISMIC ISOLATION IN BRIDGES
Testing of a seismically isolated bridge
(Real scale model) 14
SEISMIC ISOLATORS
Necessary characteristics:
Vertical load bearing capacity.
Capacity to accommodate rotations (bridges).
Flexibility in horizontal direction.
Energy dissipation capacity.
Re-centering capability after an earthquake.
15
SEISMIC ISOLATORS
Laminated structure
Connection plate
Rubber layer
Rubber cover
Steel shim
Internal structure of an elastomeric bearing
-Fmax Fmax
-δmax δmax
16
SEISMIC ISOLATORS
High vertical rigidity.
Flexibility in horizontal direction.
Rubber ce-centers the structure.
Energy dissipation through the plastic
deformation a lead plug.
Lead Rubber Bearings
Structure of a Lead
Rubber Bearing
Connection plate
Rubber layer
Steel shim
Lead plug
17
SEISMIC ISOLATORS
High vertical rigidity.
Flexibility in horizontal direction.
Rubber ce-centers the structure.
Energy dissipation through the deformation of a
special rubber compound (high damping rubber).
High Damping Rubber Bearings
Structure of a High Damping
Rubber Bearing
Connection plate
High Damping
Rubber layer
Steel shim
18
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What validates the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
19
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Spectral accelerations
Period
Design seismic response spectra (accelerations)
20
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Conventional structure
anon-isol
Conventional
structure 5% damping
Spectral accelerations
↑ Accelerations
↑ Forces
Tnon-isol Period
Design seismic response spectra (accelerations)
21
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Period increase
Conventional structure
anon-isol
Seismically
Damping increase
Isolated Structure 5% damping
Spectral accelerations
10% damping
15% damping
20% damping
↓ Accelerations aisol
↓ Forces Seismically isolated structure
↓ Displacements Tnon-isol Tisol Period
Design seismic response spectra (accelerations)
22
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What validates the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
23
TESTING OF ISOLATED BUILDINGS
Seismically isolated Earhtquake-resistant
buildings building
Seismic response of a hospital
(Real scale model) 24
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What validates the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
25
RESPONSE OF A SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDING
Maximum accelerations registered in
East-West direction during 1995 Kobe
Earthquake (cm/s2)
6th Floor
(103 cm/s2)
1st Floor
(106 cm/s2)
Foundations
300 cm/s2
East - West
Fuente: JSSI (Japanese Society of Seismic Isolation)
Response of a seismically isolated building. 1995 Kobe earthquake.
26
THE BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What makes seismic isolation an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Design freedom
b) Smaller sections
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
27
THE BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What makes seismic isolation an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Design freedom
b) Smaller sections
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
28
COST OF A SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BRIDGE
Total cost
Cost study of Mexicali Interchange
29
THE BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What makes seismic isolation an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Design freedom
b) Smaller sections
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
30
THE BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What makes seismic isolation an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Design freedom
b) Smaller sections
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
31
SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGS
Photo Courtesy of DIS – Dynamic Isolation Systems, Inc.
University of Southern California (USC) Hospital
32
SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGS
USC Hospital (Isolated)
1 km No damage
LAC General Hospital (Non-Isolated)
USD 389 Million in damage
Photo Courtesy of DIS – Dynamic Isolation Systems, Inc.
Performance during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
33
THE BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What makes seismic isolation an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Design freedom
b) Smaller sections
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
34
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF BRIDGES
Golden Gate Bridge (USA) 35
THE LIMITATIONS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What can reduce the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Geotechnical conditions
2. Building height
3. Need to secure space/ allow movement
4. Time-consuming analysis
36
APPLICATION IN SOFT SOILS
Hard soil
Spectral accelerations Medium soil
Soft soil
Period
Design response spectra (accelerations)
37
THE LIMITATIONS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What can reduce the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Geotechnical conditions
2. Building height
3. Need to secure space/ allow movement
4. Time-consuming analysis
38
APPLICATION IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
Conventional structure
Low or medium- anon-isol
rise building
Spectral accelerations
Seismically isolated
anon-isol structure
Tnon-isol Period
Tisol
Design response spectra (accelerations)
39
APPLICATION IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
High-rise
buildings
Spectral accelerations
Conventional structure
anon-isol
Seismically isolated
aisol structure
Tnon-isol Tisol Period
Design response spectra (accelerations)
40
THE LIMITATIONS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What can reduce the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Geotechnical conditions
2. Building height
3. Need to secure space/ allow movement
4. Time-consuming analysis
41
NEED TO ALLOW THE BUILDING TO MOVE
Source: JSSI (Japanese Society of Seismic Isolation)
42
NEED TO ALLOW THE BUILDING TO MOVE
Source: JSSI (Japanese Society of Seismic Isolation)
43
THE LIMITATIONS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION
What can reduce the effectiveness of seismic isolation?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Geotechnical conditions
2. Building height
3. Need to secure space/ allow movement
4. Time-consuming analysis
44
OVERALL VIEW OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
Preliminary
structure design
Preliminary • Equivalent Lateral Force
design of the (Static) analysis is useful
isolation system
Detailed design • Time History Analysis *
of the structure
Final Design
45
ANALYSIS REFERENCES – ISOLATED BUILDINGS
46
ANALYSIS REFERENCES – ISOLATED BRIDGES
47
ANALYSIS REFERENCES – ISOLATED BRIDGES
48
VIBRATION CONTROL
Copyright © Kawakin Holdings Group. All rights reserved.
VIBRATION CONTROL
External demand Structural capacity
(Forces and deformations) (Resistance and deformability)
↓ Energy dissipated by the
structural elements.
Install energy dissipation
devices (dampers).
50
VIBRATION CONTROL DEVICES
Necessary characteristics:
Stable energy dissipation.
Easy and reduced maintenance.
Long life cycle.
51
OIL DAMPERS
Hydraulic devices that consist of a piston head contained in
a cylinder filled with oil.
The flow of the fluid through the piston is controlled by relief valves
installed in the orifices of the piston head.
This produces a pressure, which creates a force, and seismic energy is
transformed into heat, dissipating into the atmosphere.
Damping force F
Sealing ring Relief valve
Fm
Cylinder Oil
Viscous fluid
⊿ C2
Fr
⊿ C1
Rod Rod Velocity v
Accumulator
vr vm
Internal structure of an oil damper Damping Force – velocity
relationship
52
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIBRATION CONTROL
What validates the effectiveness of using dampers?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
53
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Conventional structure
Conventional affixed base
Earthquake-
Damping increase
5% damping
Spectral accelerations
resistant design 10% damping
15% damping
20% damping
T Period
Design seismic response spectra (accelerations)
54
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Conventional structure
Structure with affixed base
dampers
Damping increase
5% damping
Spectral accelerations
10% damping
avib 15% damping
20% damping
Structure with dampers
T Period
Design seismic response spectra (accelerations)
55
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIBRATION CONTROL
What validates the effectiveness of using dampers?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
56
DYNAMIC TESTING
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIBRATION CONTROL
What validates the effectiveness of using dampers?
1. Theoretical studies
2. Physical testing
3. Observations during earthquakes
58
BUILDING WITH DAMPERS SUBJECTED TO STRONG EQs
59
BUILDING WITH DAMPERS IN THE 2009 SURUGA BAY EQ
60
THE BENEFITS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What makes using dampers an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Smaller sections
b) Installation without affecting daily operations
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
61
CASE STUDY: HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Overview of the Structure
33-story office building with a 3-story basement
and a 2-story penthouse.
RC dual system building with reinforced
concrete core walls, designed as per the
National Seismic Code of the Philippines.
Analytical Model
The columns and beams are included in the
model as nonlinear elements.
The structural model is excited with a total of 5
ground motion time histories artificially
generated and matched to the design spectra.
Performance Criteria
Maximum inter-story drift < 2%
CASE STUDY: HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Study case: Conventional Design
Floor SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4
SW4 SW3 ～29F 650 650 700 700
22～28F 650 650 800 800
SW2 SW1 12F～21F 800 800 1,000 1,000
8F～11F 800 800 1,000 1,000
SW4 SW3 3F～7F 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
B2F～2F 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
T.O.F 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200
Core walls thickness (in mm)
Floor Plan
CASE STUDY: HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Study case: Design with dampers
43% reduction in concrete volume.
28% reduction in steel volume.
Floor SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4
SW4 SW3 ～29F 400 400 500 500
22～28F 550 550 650 650
SW2 SW1 12F～21F 700 700 800 800
8F～11F 800 800 900 900
SW4 SW3 3F～7F 1,000 1,000 900 900
B2F～2F 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
T.O.F 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200
Core walls thickness (in mm)
Floor Plan (from 8th Floor)
THE BENEFITS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What makes using dampers an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Smaller sections
b) Installation without affecting daily operations
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
65
TOGGLE-BRACE-DAMPER CONFIGURATION
Government Office (Japan) 66
INSTALLATION WITHOUT AFFECTING DAILY OPERATIONS
Government Office (Japan) 67
THE BENEFITS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What makes using dampers an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Smaller sections
b) Installation without affecting daily operations
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
68
REDUCTION IN ACCELERATIONS
EQ resistant
With building
shear walls Building
With with dampers
toggle-brace-dampers
0.5
0.4
Acceleration (G)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-0.2 Time(sec)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Acceleration time histories on the 30th floor
Conventional EQ resistance Building with dampers
69
THE BENEFITS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What makes using dampers an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Smaller sections
b) Installation without affecting daily operations
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
70
THE BENEFITS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What makes using dampers an attractive option?
1. In the Design Stage
a) Smaller sections
b) Installation without affecting daily operations
2. During and After an Earthquake
a) Reduced trauma and injuries
b) No or minimal structural & non-structural damage
c) Continuous operation
71
DAMPERS IN BRIDGES
Meiko Nishi Bridge
72
DAMPERS IN BRIDGES
Meiko Nishi Bridge
73
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
74
OVERALL VIEW OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
Preliminary
structure design
Preliminary • Simplified Dynamic Analysis
evaluation of the • Approximated quantities
damper system and cost
Detailed design • Nonlinear Time History
of the structure Analysis
Final Design
75
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
76
INSTALLATION ON THE FACADE
77
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
78
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
79
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
80
THE LIMITATIONS OF VIBRATION CONTROL (DAMPERS)
What can reduce the effectiveness of vibration control?
What are the typical concerns related to its adoption?
1. Time-consuming analysis
2. Affects the appearance of the building
3. Reduction of forces could be lower than isolation
4. Need to secure space/ allow movement
5. Building height
6. Geotechnical conditions
81
ONE FINAL NOTE ON
QUALITY CONTROL
Copyright © Kawakin Holdings Group. All rights reserved.
THE OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY CONTROL
A testing program will:
1. Confirm the physical properties of the seismic
devices used in the design process.
2. Demonstrate acceptable behavior under the
design earthquake loading.
3. Provide a means of quality control over the
properties of the seismic devices to be installed
in the structure.
83
THE OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY CONTROL
A Quality Control program of isolators/dampers usually
includes:
1. Material tests
2. Prototype testing: Confirm the performance of
the device under different conditions.
a) Temperature dependency
b) Large number of cycles, etc.
3. Production testing
1. In Japan, 100% of the production units
84
TESTING OF ISOLATORS
Shear deformation of 250% in a Shear deformation of 400% in a
HDR isolator LRB isolator
85
DYNAMIC TESTING OF DAMPERS
PHILIPPINES DPWH BLUE BOOK
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CONVENTIONAL VIBRATION
EARTHQUAKE- SEISMIC ISOLATION
RESISTANT DESIGN CONTROL
• Rigidity and ductility. • Flexibility and energy • Energy dissipation.
dissipation.
• Avoid collapse of the • Minimum or no seismic
structure. • Minimum or no seismic damage and no
damage and no repairs. repairs.
• Structural and non-
structural damage. • Time-consuming analysis • Time-consuming
• Need of costly repairs. methods might be required. analysis methods.
• Reduced effectiveness in • Affects the external
soft soil or tall buildings. appearance. 88
SEISMIC ISOLATORS AND
DAMPERS FOR THE
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF
BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
How can seismic isolators and
dampers minimize damage even in a
strong earthquake?
48th PICE NATIONAL
CONVENTION
November, 2022
