AS 1530.

4—1997

Australian Standard

Methods for fire tests on building

materials, components and
structures

Part 4: Fire-resistance tests of

elements of building construction
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee BD/18, Fire Tests. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 3 October 1997 and
published on 5 December 1997.

The following interests are represented on Committee BD/18:

Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Fire Authorities Council
Australian Institute of Building
Australian Wool Testing Authority
Building Research Association of New Zealand
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Cement & Concrete Association of Australia
CSIRO — Division of Building Construction and Engineering
Fire Protection Association of Australia
National Association of Forest Industries
New Zealand Fire Protection Association
Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association
Scientific Services Laboratory
Society of Fire Protection Engineers NZ
Testing interests (Australia)

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons
and amendments, and of wit hdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head offi ce of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate acti on taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 97282.

 AS 1530.4—1997

Australian Standard

Methods for fire tests on building

materials, components and
structures

Part 4: Fire-resistance tests of

elements of building construction

Originated as part of AS A30— 1935.

Previous edition AS 1530.4— 1990.
Fourth edition 1997.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 1545 1
AS 1530.4 — 1997 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee BD/18, Fire Tests, to supersede AS 1530.4 — 1990.
This Standard is the result of a consensus among the representatives on the Joint
Committee that it be produced as an Australian Standard.
The test method follows the basic principles and procedures contained in ISO 834: 1975,
Fire-resistance tests — Elements of building construction . Relatively minor departures
from the ISO recommendations have been made only where specific performance
requirements for elements of building construction have been traditionally acceptable in
Australia.
This edition addresses furnace control and furnace thermocouples so as to achieve
uniformity with ISO 834.
Technical changes in this edition have been made to Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10, and
changes of an editorial nature have been made to bring the Standard into line with current
Standards Australia style.
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.

 Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyri ght subsists in all Standards Australi a publi cati ons and software. Except where the
Copyri ght Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Austr alia may be
reproduced, stored in a retri eval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means wit hout pri or permission in writ ing from
Standards Australi a. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropri ate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information
on commercial software royalt ies should be directed to the head offi ce of Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia wil l permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia will also permit the inclusion of its copyri ght material in computer soft ware programs for no royalt y
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that materi al used is fr om the current editi on of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of materi al in pri nt form or in computer soft ware programs to be used commerciall y, wit h or wit hout payment, or in
commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be vari ed by Standards Austr alia at any ti me.
 3 AS 1530.4 — 1997

CONTENTS
Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. ... ... ..... 6
1.2 PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. . .... 6
1.3 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... . ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 6
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . ............ ... .. 7
1.5 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. .. .. ... ... .. ..... 7
1.6 LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ....... ... .. .. .. . 8

SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 FURNACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 MEASUREMENT OF TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 MEASUREMENT OF EMITTED RADIANT HEAT FLUX . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 RECORDING OF TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.8 LOADING AND RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.9 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.10 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.11 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.12 TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.13 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.14 REPORTING OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

SECTION 3 WALLS AND PARTITIONS

3.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . .. . . .. ... . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . 20
3.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. ... 20
3.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 20
3.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. 20
3.5 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . 20
3.6 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. ... 21
3.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . .. .. ... . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. 21

SECTION 4 FLOORS, ROOFS, FLOOR/CEILING SYSTEMS AND ROOF/CEILING

SYSTEMS
4.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.8 TEST RESULTS—INCIPIENT SPREAD OF FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.9 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
AS 1530.4 — 1997 4

Page

SECTION 5 COLUMNS
5.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 TEST SPECIMEN—SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5 TEST PROCEDURE—HEAT EXPOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.8 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

SECTION 6 BEAMS, GIRDERS AND TRUSSES

6.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.5 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.6 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.8 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

SECTION 7 DOORSETS, SHUTTER ASSEMBLIES AND DAMPER ASSEMBLIES

7.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.4 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.5 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.7 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.8 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

SECTION 8 GLAZING
8.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . ... . 36
8.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... 36
8.3 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .. 36
8.4 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . 36
8.5 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... 36
8.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—INTEGRITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... 36
8.7 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ..... 36
8.8 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. 36

SECTION 9 AIR DUCTS

9.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ....... ... ... . 37
9.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... .. .. .. .. ... 37
9.3 POSITIONING OF THERMOCOUPLES . . . . . .. .. .. ... ........... 37
9.4 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... ... 38
9.5 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... .. .. .. .. ... 38
9.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ..... ... .. .. .. 39
9.7 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. 39
 5 AS 1530.4 — 1997

Page

SECTION 10 ELEMENTS PENETRATED BY SERVICES

10.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. . ... . 40
10.2 TEST SPECIMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... 40
10.3 POSITIONING OF THERMOCOUPLES . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... 41
10.4 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... .. . . . . . ... . 41
10.5 OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... 41
10.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. . . . .. .. 42
10.7 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. 42

APPENDIX A RADIANT HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

AS 1530.4 — 1997 6

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and
structures

Part 4: Fire-resistance tests of elements of building construction

S E C T I O N 1 S CO P E A N D G E NE R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard applies to heating conditions, test procedures, and criteria
for the determination of fire-resistance of an element of building construction. In most
cases, a single test, carried out in accordance with this Standard, establishes the
fire-resistance for the element of construction concerned.
In addition to providing information on which the fire-resistance of an element of
construction can be assessed, the test report includes information which may be of use to
the designer. (Records of temperature at critical times may be used by a designer to assess
the fire-resistance of a variant of the tested prototype flexural member where the
procedure for such an assessment is defined in the appropriate design code.)
In certain cases, the test methods described herein provide information for the
determination of—
(a) resistance to the incipient spread of fire through ceiling systems;
(b) safe distances for the spacing of combustible materials from elements that provide a
separating function;
(c) radiant heat flux emitted from doorsets, shutter assemblies, damper assemblies and
glazing; and
(d) the free cross-sectional area of air ducts to provide functional operation while
providing fire-resistance.

1.2 PRINCIPLE A representative specimen of an element of construction is

conditioned and then exposed to heat under controlled conditions in a furnace which is
operated to satisfy a specified time/temperature curve. In order to minimize the effect of
variation in ambient temperature on the outcome of the test, the heating curve is
expressed in terms of temperature increments above ambient rather than actual
temperature. Where it is not possible to model the element or system of construction
satisfactorily with one specimen, it may be necessary to test more than one specimen.
Observations are made on the performance of the specimen while it is subjected to
thermal and, where applicable, physical loading. The elapsed times at which various
failures occur are recorded.

1.3 APPLICATION
1.3.1 Fire hazard assessment The results of these fire tests may be used to directly
assess fire hazard, but it should be recognized that a single test method will not provide a
full assessment of fire hazard under all fire conditions.
Each test shall be performed in accordance with the general requirements of Section 2 and
with the following Sections, as appropriate:
(a) Section 3—Walls and partitions.
(b) Section 4—Floors, roofs, floor/ceiling systems and roof/ceiling systems.

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 7 AS 1530.4 — 1997

(c) Section 5—Columns.

(d) Section 6—Beams, girders and trusses.
(e) Section 7—Doorsets, shutter assemblies and damper assemblies.
(f) Section 8—Glazing.
(g) Section 9—Air ducts.
(h) Section 10—Elements penetrated by services.
The requirements in Sections 3 to 10 shall take precedence over the general requirements
of Section 2.
1.3.2 Building Code of Australia This Standard will be referenced in the Building
Code of Australia (BCA) by way of BCA Amendment No. 3 to be published by
1 July 1998, thereby superseding the previous edition of AS 1530.4 —1990.

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
1080 Methods of testing timber
1080.1 Part 1: Moisture content
1530 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures
1530.1 Part 1: Combustibility test for materials
1668 The use of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings
1668.1 Part 1: Fire and smoke control
1682 Fire dampers
1682.1 Part 1: Specification
1735 Lifts escalators and moving walks
1735.1 Part 1: General requirements
1905 Components for the protection of openings in fire-resistant walls
1905.1 Part 1: Fire-resistant doorsets
1905.2 Part 2: Fire-resistant roller shutters
2484 Fire— Glossary of terms
2484.2 Part 2: Fire protection and firefighting equipment
ISA
MC96 Temperature measurement thermocouples (ISA/MC96.1)
BSEN Thermocouples
Part 1: Reference tables

1.5 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions provided in
AS 2484.2 and those below apply.
1.5.1 Applicant—a company, corporation, organization, association, partnership,
individual or manufacturer’s registered agent that submits an element of building
construction to a testing laboratory for the purpose of fire-resistance testing in accordance
with this Standard.
1.5.2 Combustible—combustible when tested in accordance with AS 1530.1.
1.5.3 Damper assembly—a complete assembly defined as ‘fire damper’ in AS 1682.1.
1.5.4 Doorset—a complete assembly as defined in AS 1905.1.
NOTE: See also definition of terms related to fire-resistant doorsets in AS 1905.1.

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AS 1530.4 — 1997 8

1.5.5 Element, element of construction—either —

(a) a distinct part of a building constructed by assembling material or materials; or
(b) a test specimen representing such a part.
1.5.6 Fire-resistance—the ability of an element of construction, component or structure
to fulfil for a stated period of time the required structural adequacy, integrity, thermal
insulation or other expected duty specified, during exposure to a fire test specified in this
Standard.
1.5.7 Fire-resistance level (FRL)—the grading period in minutes determined in
accordance with this Standard for—
(a) structural adequacy;
(b) integrity; and
(c) insulation;
and expressed in that order (e.g. 60/60/30).
1.5.8 Glazing—an element or elements of construction intended for transmission of
light.
1.5.9 Lift landing door assembly—a complete assembly comprising a landing door (as
defined in AS 1735.1) and its associated frame and supports.
1.5.10 Loadbearing (in respect of an element of construction)—intended to support or
transmit loads additional to its own weight. (This does not include incidental loads such
as shelves.)
1.5.11 Resistance to the incipient spread of fire (in respect of a ceiling
membrane)—the ability to insulate the space between the ceiling and roof or ceiling and
floor above so as to limit the temperature rise of materials in this space to a level which
will not permit the rapid and general spread of fire throughout the space.
1.5.12 Restraint—resistance to movements resulting from shrinkage, expansion, or
rotation.
1.5.13 Shutter assembly—a complete assembly defined as ‘fire shutter’ in AS 1905.2.
1.5.14 Structurally critical temperatures—temperatures at locations that are judged to
be critical to the structural adequacy of a loadbearing element.
1.5.15 Test load—the load applied to the element when it is being tested in accordance
with this Standard.
1.5.16 Testing authority—an organization that—
(a) is described in the Building Code of Australia as a Registered Testing Authority;
and
(b) conducts a fire-resistance test in accordance with this Standard.

1.6 LINEAR DIMENSIONS All linear dimensions given in this Standard are nominal
values, unless tolerances are specified.

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 9 AS 1530.4 — 1997

S E C T I O N 2 G EN E R AL R E Q UI R E M E N T S

2.1 FURNACE The furnace chamber shall be faced with not less than 15 mm of
material having a value of (k c) not greater than 600 at 500°C —
where
k = thermal conductivity, in watts per metre kelvin
= density, in kilograms per cubic metre
c = specific heat capacity, in joules per kilogram kelvin.
Where, to accommodate a particular specimen, it is necessary to significantly extend the
walls of the furnace chamber, the extension shall be faced as specified.

2.2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE

2.2.1 Thermocouples
2.2.1.1 General All thermocouples used to measure specimen temperature shall be
Type K, in ‘standard’ tolerance, i.e. ±2.2°C or 1.5 percent, whichever is the greater,
complying with ISA MC96.1 or BSEN 60584.1. Each batch shall be calibrated by an
accredited laboratory, for example a laboratory with appropriate NATA registration.
2.2.1.2 Furnace All thermocouples used to measure furnace temperature shall be
Type K, in ‘standard’ tolerance complying with ISA MC96.1 or BSEN 60584.1. Each
batch shall be calibrated by an accredited laboratory, for example a laboratory with
appropriate NATA registration.
2.2.2 Furnace temperature measurement
2.2.2.1 Thermocouples The furnace thermocouples shall be mineral insulated, metal
sheathed (MIMS) with a stainless steel sheaf having wire diameter less than 1.0 mm and
an overall diameter of 3 mm, with the measuring junction insulated from the sheath to
minimize ground-loop problems. The MIMS thermocouple shall be supported by a heat-
resisting tube with the measuring junction protruding a minimum of 25 mm as shown in
Figure 2.1. The thermocouples shall be recalibrated every 40 hours and replaced when
they exceed the requirements of standard tolerance for thermocouples.

FIGURE 2.1 FURNACE THERMOCOUPLE ASSEMBLY

A visual inspection of thermocouples shall be made and any damaged thermocouples

likely to affect the accuracy of the measurement shall be discarded.

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AS 1530.4 — 1997 10

The calibration shall be done in situ with calibrated MIMS thermocouple placed alongside
the used thermocouple, tied together (using thermocouple or nichrome wire) at the tips
and at 100 mm intervals to maintain thermal contact. Both thermocouples shall be
connected to the same instrument and recorded during a subsequent test.
The temperature difference between the two thermocouples shall be established at the
same temperature points as the original calibration and the temperature difference added
to the original calibration results at these points.
If the resultant temperatures are outside the thermocouple specifications (see
Clause 2.2.1), corrections shall be applied to the test data (furnace temperatures) and the
furnace thermocouples should be replaced.
2.2.2.2 Number and location of thermocouples The minimum number of thermocouples
used to measure furnace temperature shall be the greater of 4 or —
(a) for planar or multiple specimen tests, the nearest whole number to the area of the
furnace opening in square metres multiplied by 0.6;
(b) for single, columns, beams, trusses and girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The thermocouples shall be arranged symmetrically relative to the face of the test
specimen(s), and shall be as follows:
(i) 100 mm ±10 mm from the face of the test specimen and maintained where practical,
at a distance of 50 to 150 mm during the test. The thermocouples used to measure
the temperature of the furnace shall be distributed so as to give a reliable indication
of the average temperature in the vicinity of the test specimen. The number and
position of thermocouples for each type of element is specified in this Standard. The
method of support shall ensure that thermocouples do not fall away or become
dislodged during the test.
(ii) Not closer than 100 mm to the furnace wall or the burner flames.
Furnace thermocouples shall be used at a single insertion depth only, as significant errors
can result from a change in the position of the temperature gradient on the thermocouple.
If the insertion depth needs to be varied (depending on the specimen arrangement), a
different set of thermocouples shall be used.
The insertion depth shall be marked on each MIMS thermocouple on initial use.
2.2.2.3 Mean furnace temperature The mean furnace temperature shall be taken to be
the mean of the temperatures measured by the thermocouples.
2.2.3 Measurement of temperature on elements providing a separating function
2.2.3.1 Thermocouples In addition to the requirement of Clause 2.2.1, thermocouples
used for insulation measurement shall have a wire diameter not exceeding 0.5 mm.
2.2.3.2 Positioning of the thermocouples The positioning of the thermocouples used for
insulation measurement shall be as follows:
(a) The thermocouples shall be positioned on the unexposed face of the test specimen,
excluding any glazing and the locations specified in Item (b).
(b) Thermocouples shall not be positioned opposite or on top of fasteners such as
screws, nails or staples if—
(i) the aggregate area of any part of such fasteners, projected to the unexposed
face, is less than 125 mm2 within any 125 mm square area; and
(ii) the fasteners do not extend through the assembly.

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(c) Each thermocouple shall have the tail of its measuring junction attached by silver
soldering to the centre of the face of a copper disc (see Figure 2.2) that has
dimensions of 12 mm diameter and 0.2 mm thickness.
(d) Each disc or thermocouple measuring junction shall be covered by an oven-dry pad,
not less than 30 mm square and manufactured from material having a value of
(k c) (see Clause 2.1) not greater than 600 at 150°C, and of such thickness as will
give a thermal resistance between 0.015 K/W and 0.025 K/W at 150°C.
(e) The disc and pad shall be pressed against the surface in such a way as will ensure
that the disc is in firm contact with the surface of the test specimen. For portable
thermocouples positioned during the heating period, the disc shall be in firm contact
with the specimen surface for at least 90 s.
(f) The thermocouple wires shall pass through a hole of 1.5 mm diameter in the centre
of the pad.
NOTE: A slit is permitted in the pad from one edge of the pad to the hole, to facilitate the
passing through of the thermocouple wires.
(g) The attached thermocouple wires shall be on the disc surface away from the surface
of the test specimen.
(h) Where it is necessary to attach a disc to timber—
(i) the disc shall be held to the timber by means of a single pin which shall have
a length of 10 mm and a diameter of 1 mm; and
(ii) the insulated wires of the thermocouple shall be held in place by two staples,
one at approximately 50 mm and the other at approximately 100 mm from
the disc.

FIGURE 2.2 TYPICAL SECTION SHOWING ATTACHMENT OF THERMOCOUPLE

WIRES TO COPPER DISC

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2.2.4 Thermocouples for structurally critical temperatures In addition to the

requirements of Clause 2.2.1, thermocouples used for measuring structurally critical
temperatures in appropriate elements (see also Clause 2.10.5) shall comply with the
following:
(a) The thermocouple wire diameter shall not exceed 0.5 mm.
(b) Each thermocouple shall be fitted by means of the following procedures, as
appropriate:
(i) The thermocouple wires shall be spot-welded or discharge-welded so that the
two wires are not more than 5 mm apart.
(ii) Where spot-welding or discharge-welding cannot be adopted, the measuring
junction shall be fixed in such a way as will ensure that it remains in
position throughout the test.
NOTE: For concrete specimens, the thermocouple wires should be tied to the reinforcement to
ensure that the thermocouple remains in position during placement of the concrete.

2.3 MEASUREMENT OF TIME The elapsed time during the test shall be measured
to an accuracy of ±0.5 min.

2.4 MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION Where deflection of a test specimen is

monitored, the deflection shall be measured to an accuracy of ±2 mm.

2.5 MEASUREMENT OF EMITTED RADIANT HEAT FLUX

2.5.1 General Where measurement of the radiant heat flux emitted by the specimen or
any particular feature of the specimen is required in the relevant section, a radiometer
shall be used.
2.5.2 Positioning of radiometer The radiometer shall be positioned along an axis
normal to the centre of the specimen and at a distance so that the angle of complete vision
just covers the diagonal of the specimen. Radiometers having an angle of complete vision
in excess of 50 degrees shall be cosine corrected. The radiometer shall be positioned so as
not to receive heat flux from sources other than the specimen and its surrounding
structure.
NOTE: Where a particular feature of the specimen is to be tested, the term ‘specimen’ in this
Clause refers to that feature.

2.6 RECORDING OF TEMPERATURE Temperature-recording equipment shall be

capable of interpreting the output of the thermocouple assembly to an accuracy of ±1
percent or ±3°C, whichever is the greater.

2.7 TEST SPECIMEN

2.7.1 Size Where the test equipment is of sufficient size, the test specimen shall be the
full-size element of construction.
2.7.2 Form and composition The test specimen shall be—
(a) representative of the element of construction; and
(b) made of materials and to standards of workmanship representative of those applying
in practice and as defined in relevant Australian Standards.
NOTE: Examples are —
(a) a partition should include at least one example of each type of joint (if any), and the
method of fixing and supporting the components (including the fixing of the edges of the
partition to the surrounding construction), the finishes, and the workmanship used should
be as intended in practice; and
(b) a unit of a pre-fabricated, fire-resistant floor system should be supported as it would be in
practice.

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2.7.3 Properties of materials The testing laboratory may request or carry out tests to
establish those properties of the materials concerned that may be necessary for
interpretation of the results of a fire-resistance test.
2.7.4 Conditioning
2.7.4.1 General Conditioning may be under either natural or artificial conditions, but
artificial conditioning shall not be carried out if, in the opinion of the testing laboratory, it
will result in abnormal properties of the test specimen.
NOTE: Conditioning temperatures above 60°C are not recommended.
2.7.4.2 Strength and moisture content The test specimen shall not be tested until both
the strength and the moisture content approximate to the values expected to be attained in
the element when in service. For specimens of timber the moisture content as determined
in accordance with AS 1080.1 shall be not greater than 15 percent.
NOTE: It is desirable that the moisture content of timber be between 10 percent and 15 percent.
2.7.5 Clearances inside the furnace
2.7.5.1 General Specimens other than walls and floors but including services
penetrating walls and floors shall have clearances as follows:
(a) To the furnace wall . . . not less than 300 mm; however, this clearance may be
reduced subject to the conditions given in Clause 2.7.5.2.
(b) To the furnace ceiling . . . not less than 200 mm.
(c) To the furnace floor . . . not less than 300 mm.
2.7.5.2 Reduction of clearances to the furnace wall For beams and columns tested fully
submerged in the furnace and ducts tested for external fire, the clearance specified in
Clause 2.7.5.1(a) may be reduced to not less than 200 mm provided that furnace
temperature is monitored by thermocouples located at approximately 100 mm from the
surface of the specimen and not more than 250 mm from the roof of the furnace. Any
additional thermocouple positioned for this purpose shall comply with Clause 2.9.2.2(e)
but it shall not be considered for average furnace temperatures.
For services penetrating walls or floors, the following additional conditions shall apply:
(a) The edge of the penetrated element that is nearest to the relevant face of the service
shall not extend beyond the furnace opening and that edge shall be insulated against
heat loss by not less than 25 mm of ceramic fibre for its full thickness.
(b) Under no circumstances shall the clearance between the service and the furnace wall
be less than twice the thickness of the floor or wall.
(c) The distance for which the supported edge of the specimen projects beyond the
furnace opening shall not exceed the thickness of the floor or wall.

2.8 LOADING AND RESTRAINT

2.8.1 General A loadbearing element shall be subjected to the test load determined in
accordance with Clause 2.8.2 and restrained in accordance with Clause 2.8.3 for a total
time comprising the following:
(a) A preloading period of not less than 30 min.
(b) The heating period.
2.8.2 Determination of test load The testing authority shall indicate clearly the basis
on which the test load has been determined.

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The test load may be determined on the basis of one of the following:
(a) The actual material properties of the test specimen and a design method specified in
the appropriate Australian Standard or, where this does not exist, in a recognized
structural Standard.
(b) The characteristic material properties of the test specimen and a design method
specified in the appropriate Australian Standard or, where this does not exist, in a
recognized structural Standard. The relationship between the actual material
properties and the characteristic material properties of the test specimen shall be
given or shall be experimentally determined.
(c) A service load given in a code of practice on the use of the construction or
indicated by the sponsor for a particular use. Wherever possible, the relationship
between the service load and the load determined on the basis of the actual material
properties of the test specimen shall be given or shall be experimentally determined.
2.8.3 Application of restraint The role of the elements in service shall be considered
so that the methods adopted for supporting or restraining the ends or sides of a test
specimen during a test are, as far as possible, similar in nature to those which would be
applied to a similar element in service. If restraint is applied in the test, then the restraint
conditions shall be specified with regard to free movements of the element and, so far as
possible, those external forces and moments which are transmitted to the element by
restraint during the test.
Where the result is intended for general application, the specimen shall be tested in the
least favourable condition as specified in the relevant Section.
2.8.4 Accuracy of loading and restraint For accuracy of loading and restraint, the
loads applied by deadweights, hydraulic jacking systems or any combination thereof, shall
remain within ±5 percent of the intended value.

2.9 TEST PROCEDURE

2.9.1 General
2.9.1.1 Furnace ignition The furnace shall be deemed to be ignited when all the
burners to be used have been lit.
2.9.1.2 Standard heating conditions The temperature of the furnace shall be controlled
to vary with time, as closely as possible in accordance with the following relationship:
Tt − T o = 345 log 10 (8t + 1)
where
Tt = furnace temperature at time t, in degrees Celsius
To = initial furnace temperature, in degrees Celsius, not less than 10°C nor more
than 40°C
t = time into the test, measured from the ignition of the furnace, in minutes.

NOTE: The relationship is illustrated by the points in Table 2.1, calculated by means of the
above equation to give the standard time/temperature rise curve.

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TABLE 2.1
RELATION BETWEEN FURNACE
TEMPERATURE AND TIME

Temperature rise in
Time (t)
furnace (Tt − To)
min
K
5 556
10 659
15 718
30 821
60 925
90 986
120 1 029
180 1 090
240 1 133
360 1 193

FIGURE 2.3 STANDARD TIME vs TEMPERATURE RISE CURVE

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2.9.2 Control of furnace temperature

2.9.2.1 Measurement The furnace temperature shall be measured at intervals not
exceeding 1 min.
2.9.2.2 Accuracy of control The accuracy of furnace control shall be as follows:
(a) At the end of the first 10 min of test, the area under the curve of mean furnace
temperature shall not vary by more than ±15 percent of the area under the standard
curve.
(b) At any time after the first 10 min, the mean furnace temperature shall not differ
from the standard curve by more than ±100°C.
(c) At the end of the first 30 min of the test, the area under the curve of mean furnace
temperature shall not vary by more than ±10 percent of the area under the standard
curve.
(d) For any period after the first 30 min of the test, the area under the curve of mean
furnace temperature shall not vary by more than ±5 percent of the area under the
standard curve.
(e) After the first 10 min of test, no furnace thermocouple shall deviate from the
standard curve by more than—
(i) for specimens of materials not deemed combustible . . . . . . . . . 100 K; and
(ii) for specimens containing combustible materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 K.
Notwithstanding the requirements of Items (c) and (d) for the testing of glazing, ducts,
uninsulated doorsets, shutters, and dampers, the maximum tolerance given in Item (b) is
permitted for tests of any duration.
2.9.3 Furnace pressure differential
2.9.3.1 General A linear pressure gradient exists over the height of the furnace, and
although the gradient will vary slightly as a function of the furnace temperature, a mean
value of 8.5 Pa per metre height may be assumed in assessing the furnace pressure
conditions.
The value of the furnace pressure shall be the nominal mean value, disregarding
fluctuations of pressure associated with turbulence etc., and shall be established relative to
the pressure outside the furnace at the same height. The mean value of the furnace control
pressure shall be monitored and controlled continuously and 5 min from the
commencement of the test shall be achieved at ±5 Pa, and 10 min from the
commencement of the test shall be achieved and maintained at ±3 Pa over each
subsequent 10 min period.
The requirements specified in Clause 2.9.3.2 and Clause 2.9.3.3 are mandatory for
separating elements only.
2.9.3.2 Vertical elements The furnace shall be operated such that a pressure of zero is
established at a height of 500 mm above the notional floor level. When testing service
penetrations through vertical elements the furnace pressure level with the centre of the
penetration shall be 15 Pa above the laboratory atmosphere.
2.9.3.3 Horizontal elements The furnace shall be operated such that a pressure of 20 Pa
is established at a position 100 mm below the underside of the test specimen.
2.9.4 Duration of test The test specimen shall be heated in the prescribed manner until
failure has occurred under all the applicable criteria, except that the heating period may be
concluded at any time, by arrangement between the applicant and the testing authority.

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2.10 OBSERVATIONS
2.10.1 General Throughout the course of the test, observations shall be made of the
behaviour of the specimen with particular emphasis on structural adequacy, integrity and
insulation.
All significant events shall be recorded, and the time of their occurrence shall be noted.
Measurements shall be recorded at sufficient frequency to produce a plot that will permit
reliable interpolation.
2.10.2 Structural adequacy The following aspects of structural adequacy shall be
noted:
(a) The deflection of the specimen following the commencement of heating.
NOTE: The relevant Section of this Standard indicates the location where deflection is to be
measured in each particular case.
(b) Dislodgment or detachment of any part.
(c) Collapse or deflection in excess of that specified in the relevant Sections of this
Standard.
(d) Any other factor which could affect structural adequacy.
2.10.3 Integrity In elements that have a separating function, the presence of cracks,
fissures, other openings or other relevant occurrences shall be noted.
2.10.4 Insulation The following requirements apply to elements that have a separating
function:
(a) The temperature of the unexposed face shall be recorded at intervals not exceeding
1 min.
(b) When emitted radiant heat flux is to be measured, the radiometer readings shall be
recorded at intervals not exceeding 1 min.
2.10.5 Structurally critical temperatures Where design codes specify methods of
assessment of fire-resistance based upon temperature, the temperature shall be measured at
locations that are judged to be critical to the structural adequacy of loadbearing elements,
subject to the following:
(a) The applicant and the testing laboratory shall determine, prior to the test, the
particular steel bars, tendons and the like whose temperatures are to be monitored
throughout the test.
(b) The procedures shall be carried out as detailed in the applicable Section of this
Standard.
These temperatures shall be recorded at intervals not exceeding 1 min.
NOTE: By reference to the appropriate design code, the fire-resistance of a column or beam
may be deduced, account being taken of the particular grade of steel used, the degree of applied
loading, the condition of support and other relevant factors.
2.10.6 Additional observations During loading and throughout the test, observations
shall be made of changes and occurrences which, although not criteria of performance,
could create hazards or impair performance if occurring in a building.
NOTE: Examples of such effects include cracking, fusing, change of colour, falling of material,
spalling, explosive spalling, melting, flaming, charring, and the emission of appreciable volumes
of smoke or noxious vapours from the unexposed face of a separating element.
2.10.7 Computation of radiant heat flux Where required, the average intensity of
radiant heat flux emitted by the specimen shall be determined by the following equation:
Ir
Io =
φ

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where
Io = average intensity of radiant heat flux emitted by the specimens, in kilowatts
per square metre
Ir = intensity of radiant heat flux recorded by the radiometer, in kilowatts per
square metre
φ = configuration factor applicable to the measurement.
NOTE: For radiant heat flux measurement, see Appendix A.

2.11 CRITERIA OF FAILURE

2.11.1 Structural adequacy Failure in relation to structural adequacy shall be deemed
to have occurred when either—
(a) collapse occurs; or
(b) following commencement of the heating, deflection or rate of deflection occurs
which is in excess of that specified in the Section of this Standard that is applicable
to the element of construction under test.
2.11.2 Integrity For an element intended to separate spaces and resist the passage of
flame from one space to another, failure in relation to integrity shall be deemed to have
occurred upon collapse, the development of cracks, fissures, or other openings through
which flames or hot gases can pass, or upon other occurrences as set out in the relevant
Section.
2.11.3 Insulation Failure in relation to insulation shall be deemed to have occurred
when either—
(a) the average temperature of the relevant thermocouples attached to the unexposed
face of the test specimen rises by more than 140 K above the initial temperature; or
(b) the temperature of any of the relevant thermocouples attached to the unexposed face
of the test specimen rises by more than 180 K above the initial temperature.
NOTE: The criterion of failure in relation to resistance to incipient spread of fire for ceilings is
given in Clause 4.7.4.
2.11.4 Radiation Failure in relation to radiation shall be deemed to have occurred
when the received radiant heat flux reaches 10 kW/m 2.

2.12 TEST RESULTS The test results shall be stated in terms of the time in whole
minutes from the start of the test—
(a) until failure has occurred under each or any of the criteria in Clause 2.11, as
applicable; or
(b) if no failure has occurred, until the test is terminated.
NOTE: As an example, the following test results would indicate that a floor/ceiling system
failed in respect of resistance to incipient spread of fire, insulation and integrity at the stated
times, but complied with the requirements for structural adequacy when the test was terminated
at 136 min:
(a) Structural adequacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . no failure at 136 min.
(b) Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 min.
(c) Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 min.
(d) Resistance to incipient spread of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 min.

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2.13 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE Unless otherwise indicated in the

relevant Section, the fire-resistance of an element shall be determined in accordance with
each of the three failure criteria given in Clause 2.11.

2.14 REPORTING OF RESULTS

2.14.1 General The test report shall include the statement ‘The results of these fire
tests may be used to directly assess fire hazard, but it should be recognized that a single
test method will not provide a full assessment of fire hazard under all fire conditions.’
2.14.2 Test report The test report shall contain the following information:
(a) The name of the testing authority.
(b) The name of the applicant.
(c) The date of the test.
(d) The name of the manufacturer and the trade name, if any, of the element.
(e) The general construction and dimensions of the assembly as tested, together with
the identifying numbers of any drawings or specifications of the specimen.
NOTE: Where required for special circumstances and with the agreement of the applicant,
the following additional information may be included:
(a) Details of construction and conditioning of the test specimen, together with drawings.
(b) Important physical properties of materials, together with each source of information.
(c) The identity of the manufacturer of the principal material and the Australian Standard,
if any, with which it complies.
(d) The identity of the constructor of the specimen and date of construction.
(f) The ambient temperature of the test area at the commencement of the test.
(g) Where appropriate, the critical observations during the test as required in
Clause 2.10 together with records of—
(i) temperature versus time; and
(ii) location, time and magnitude of deflections considered relevant to the
performance of the element in service.
(h) The test results as mentioned in Clause 2.12 and, if the test was terminated before a
failure had occurred under all of the applicable criteria, an appropriate statement to
that effect.
(i) Any information as required in the relevant Section of this Standard.
(j) Where appropriate for the relevant specimen—
(i) the method of support and the type and degree of restraint, if any, during the
test;
(ii) the test load, if any, and the relation of the theoretically induced stresses to
those permitted for such a member by the appropriate design code;
(iii) for asymmetrical separating elements, the direction in which the specimen
was tested and the reason for adopting any unusual procedure; and
(iv) the significance of any modelling upon the future use of the element or
system of construction.
(k) Where radiant heat flux is measured—
(i) a description of the radiometer including its angle of complete vision and
cut-off angle;
(ii) the distance the radiometer was located from the surface of the specimen;
(iii) a curve of the received radiant heat flux recorded by the radiometer versus
time; and
(iv) a curve of the average emitted radiant heat flux versus time.
NOTE: Appendix A provides guidelines on the measurement of radiant heat flux.

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S E C T I O N 3 W A L L S A N D P A R T I T I O N S

3.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2.

3.2 TEST SPECIMEN

3.2.1 Size Where any dimension of the full-sized element exceeds that which can be
accommodated by the test equipment, the testing laboratory shall test a representative
portion of the full-sized element in which the curtailed dimensions including any
necessary edge clearance shall be not less than 3000 mm.
3.2.2 Construction Stiffeners or the like which form part of a wall or partition shall be
incorporated in the test specimen.
NOTE: In-built features such as access panels, light fittings, power outlets and any openings
should be included in the specimen.

3.3 INSTRUMENTATION
3.3.1 Thermocouples
3.3.1.1 General Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned in
accordance with Clause 2.2.3 at the locations given in Clauses 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.1.3.
3.3.1.2 Measuring points for average temperature Not less than five thermocouples
shall be positioned on the unexposed face of the test specimen, one at approximately the
centre of the area and one at approximately the centre of each quarter-section.
3.3.1.3 Additional measuring points Additional thermocouples shall be positioned as
follows:
(a) Before the heating period—at any point, including a joint, which, in the opinion of
the testing authority, is likely to become hotter than those points specified in
Clause 3.3.1.2.
(b) During the heating period—at any time during the test, at any point, including a
joint, that appears to be hotter than those being measured.
3.3.2 Measurement of deflection Where information on the free movement and
deformation of the specimen is required, in order to assist in the interpretation and
application of the test results, the movement of the specimen shall be monitored at
appropriate locations.

3.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT

3.4.1 Loadbearing elements In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.8, the vertical
edges of a test specimen subjected to vertical loading shall be free from restraint.
3.4.2 Non-loadbearing elements Non-loadbearing test specimens shall normally be
restrained on all sides, except that, where an allowance for thermal movement is specified
for an element in service, the appropriate edge conditions shall be simulated in the test
specimen. The restraint may be deleted from one or both ends of the specimen if, in the
opinion of the testing authority, this condition more clearly resembles the actual situation.

3.5 TEST PROCEDURE

3.5.1 Fire-resistance from either direction Where an element is required to resist fire
from either direction, specimens shall be tested from each direction, except that where the
testing laboratory considers that one particular direction will give a lower fire-resistance,
the first test shall be conducted in that direction and the testing authority may, at its
discretion, waive the second test.

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3.5.2 Fire-resistance from one direction Where an element is permitted by the

regulatory authority to resist fire in one direction only, the test specimen shall be tested in
that direction.

3.6 OBSERVATIONS In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.10, temperatures

shall be measured on the unexposed face, including the temperatures and locations of the
additional thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 3.3.1.3(b).

3.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE The element shall be judged on compliance of the test
specimen with the three criteria specified in Clause 2.11. For the purpose of insulation,
the following requirements shall apply:
(a) Average temperature For the purpose of Clause 2.11.3(a), the average temperature
shall be the mean of the temperatures measured only by those thermocouples
specified in Clause 3.3.1.2.
(b) Maximum temperature For the purpose of Clause 2.11.3(b), the maximum
temperature shall be the highest temperature measured by the thermocouples
specified in Clauses 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.1.3.

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S E C T I O N 4 F LO O R S , R O O F S ,
F L O O R / C E I L I N G S Y S T EM S A N D
R O O F / C E I L I N G S Y S TE M S

4.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2.
NOTE: Where beams, girders or trusses are incorporated in the element, Section 6 also applies.

4.2 TEST SPECIMEN

4.2.1 Size Where any dimension of the full-sized element exceeds that which can be
accommodated by the test equipment, the testing authority shall test a representative
portion of the full-sized element, subject to the following restrictions:
(a) The curtailed dimensions of a specimen including any necessary edge clearance
shall be not less than 3000 mm × 3000 mm.
(b) Where an element is composed of adjoining narrow one-way sections, the test
specimen shall include sufficient sections to observe the behaviour of the joints.
4.2.2 Construction
4.2.2.1 Ceilings Where a ceiling treatment or a suspended ceiling is intended to
contribute to the fire-resistance of a floor or a roof, the test specimen shall incorporate the
ceiling. Any rods or the like which penetrate a suspended ceiling to support services shall
also be incorporated in the test specimen together with any other relevant features such as
access panels, air-handling registers and light fittings.
4.2.2.2 Floor or roof systems incorporating beams Where a floor or roof system is to
incorporate one or more beams and such beams are accordingly included in the test
specimen, the test specimen shall be constructed so that the beams within it act
compositely or otherwise, according to the design concerned.

4.3 INSTRUMENTATION
4.3.1 Thermocouples for insulation measurement
4.3.1.1 General Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned in
accordance with Clause 2.2.3 at the locations given in Clauses 4.3.1.2 and 4.3.1.3.
4.3.1.2 Measuring points for average temperature Not less than five thermocouples
shall be positioned on the unexposed face of the test specimen, one at approximately the
centre of the area and one at approximately the centre of each quarter-section.
4.3.1.3 Additional measuring points Additional thermocouples shall be positioned as
follows:
(a) Before the heating period—at any point, including a joint, which, in the opinion of
the testing authority, is likely to become hotter than those points specified in
Clause 4.3.1.2.
(b) During the heating period—at any time during the test, thermocouples at any point,
including a joint, that appears to be hotter than those being measured.
4.3.2 Thermocouples for structurally critical temperatures
4.3.2.1 Reinforced or prestressed concrete elements Where temperature-measurement
procedures in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted for reinforced or prestressed
concrete elements, thermocouples shall be positioned on the steel surface, nearest the
heated face of the element, on not less than four representative tendons or bars at not less
than three positions. One position shall be located within 100 mm of the centre of the test
specimen and two other positions shall be located not less than 500 mm from the wall of
the furnace. In addition, not fewer than two thermocouples shall be positioned on at least
one stirrup, if any, at each end of the test specimen.

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4.3.2.2 Beam, girder or truss Where a beam, girder or truss is incorporated in the test
specimen, thermocouples shall be positioned in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 6.3.1.
4.3.3 Thermocouples for incipient spread of fire Where a ceiling system is required
to have a resistance to incipient spread of fire to a space between ceiling and roof, or
ceiling and floor above, the following requirements shall apply:
(a) Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned in accordance with
Clause 2.2.3, except that pads shall not be used to cover the thermocouple discs.
(b) The testing authority shall select five locations, preferably one at approximately the
centre of the area and one at approximately the centre of each quarter-section, at
which to position thermocouples on each of—
(i) the unexposed face of any ceiling material not complying with Item (c);
(ii) a superstructure (including the soffits of timber members in contact with the
ceiling) not complying with Item (c), if any; and
(iii) the underside of sarking, insulation, or any material not complying with
Item (c), if any.
NOTE: Typical locations of thermocouples are given in Figure 4.1.
(c) Temperatures measured on—
(i) any members or material not determined to be combustible when tested in
accordance with AS 1530.1;
(ii) any thin surface finish not greater than 1 mm thick where the surface
material has a spread of flame index of not greater than 0; or
(iii) any materials deemed non-combustible by the Building Code of Australia;
shall not be considered relevant to the assessment of resistance to incipient spread
of fire.
(d) In cases where the roof/ceiling system only incorporates material complying with
Item (c) but it is required to demonstrate resistance to incipient spread of fire, a
1-metre length of 50 mm × 50 mm timber shall be placed within the plenum space
resting over the ceiling surface and the temperature at three points of the interface
shall be measured.
4.3.4 Location of deflection measurements Deflection shall be measured at the
following points:
(a) Midspan of the floor or midspan between supporting beams.
(b) Midspan of each beam incorporated in the floor.
(c) Any other point where, in the opinion of the testing authority, a significant
deflection is likely to occur during the test.

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FIGURE 4.1 TYPICAL LOCATION OF THERMOCOUPLES TO DETERMINE INCIPIENT

SPREAD OF FIRE IN CEILING SYSTEMS

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4.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT

4.4.1 Loading In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.8, a static load may be
applied to any suspension rod or the like which penetrates suspended ceilings, where such
suspension devices in service support loads that may influence the behaviour of these
devices during a fire exposure and consequently affect the fire endurance of the ceiling
system.
Determination of the test load in accordance with Clause 2.8.2 shall take into account the
particular span and edge conditions.
4.4.2 Restraint Where the restraint conditions required under Clause 2.8.3 cannot be
defined, the test specimen shall be simply supported and unrestrained.

4.5 TEST PROCEDURE The test specimen shall be exposed to heat on its underside.

4.6 OBSERVATIONS
4.6.1 General In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.10 the following shall be
observed and recorded during the test:
(a) Temperatures on the unexposed face, including the temperatures and locations of the
additional thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 4.3.1.3(b).
(b) Temperatures for the determination of incipient spread of fire. (See Clause 4.3.3.)
4.6.2 Structurally critical temperatures Where temperature-measurement procedures
in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, a record shall be made of temperature
versus time for all the thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 4.3.2.
4.6.3 Loadbearing capacity The ability of the test specimen to retain its loadbearing
capacity shall be observed. In addition, the loadbearing capacity of any rods or the like
which are incorporated to support services shall be observed.

4.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE

4.7.1 General The element shall be judged on compliance with Clause 2.11.
Clause 4.7.2 shall apply to structural adequacy, Clause 4.7.3 shall apply to insulation and
Clause 4.7.4 shall apply to incipient spread of fire.
4.7.2 Structural adequacy For the purpose of Clause 2.11.1(b) the test specimen shall
be deemed to have failed if it is no longer able to support the test load. For the purpose of
this Standard, failure shall be taken as either of the following, whichever is exceeded
first—
(a) a deflection of L/20; or
(b) where the rate of deflection (in millimetres per minute), calculated over 1 min
intervals, starting at 1 min from the commencement of the heating period, exceeds
the limit set by the following equation:
L2
rate of deflection =
9000 d
where
L = is the clear span of specimen, in millimetres;
d = is the distance from the top of the structural section to the bottom of the
design tension zone, in millimetres.
However, this rate of deflection limit shall not apply before a deflection of L/30 is
exceeded.

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4.7.3 Insulation
4.7.3.1 Average temperature For the purpose of Clause 2.11.3(a), the average
temperature shall be the mean of the temperatures measured only by those thermocouples
specified in Clause 4.3.1.2.
4.7.3.2 Maximum temperature For the purpose of Clause 2.11.3(b), the maximum
temperature shall be the highest temperature measured by the thermocouples specified in
Clauses 4.3.1.2 and 4.3.1.3.
4.7.4 Incipient spread of fire Failure in relation to incipient spread of fire shall be
deemed to have occurred when the average temperature of the five thermocouples at any
one of the locations specified in Clause 4.3.3(b)(i), (ii) or (iii) has risen by more than
180 K above the initial temperature.

4.8 TEST RESULTS—INCIPIENT SPREAD OF FIRE In addition to the

requirements of Clause 2.12, where Clause 4.3.3 applies, the test results shall be stated
also in terms of the time in whole minutes from the start of the test until failure has
occurred under incipient spread of fire.
NOTE: Incipient spread of fire is not taken into account in the determination of fire-resistance.

4.9 TEST REPORT In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.14, the test report
shall include the test results specified in Clause 4.8.

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S E C T I O N 5 C O L UM N S

5.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2.

5.2 TEST SPECIMEN—SIZE Where the length of the full-sized element exceeds that
which can be accommodated by the test equipment, the testing authority shall test a
representative portion of the full-sized element in which the curtailed length is not less
than 3000 mm.
Where a series of columns is to be tested to determine the effectiveness of different
thicknesses of protective materials, it shall be permissible to use specimens of minimum
length of 1 m subject to the requirements of Clause 5.4.

5.3 INSTRUMENTATION
5.3.1 Thermocouples for structurally critical temperatures Where temperature-
measurement procedures in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, the positioning of
thermocouples shall be as follows (see also Clause 2.2.4):
(a) For a 3 m steel specimen, a minimum of four transverse sections shall be selected.
At each of these sections, a minimum of two thermocouples shall be positioned. For
a steel specimen less than 3 m long a minimum of two transverse sections shall be
selected not closer than 300 mm from the ends of the specimen. At each of these
sections a minimum of four thermocouples shall be positioned.
NOTE: Figure 6.1 gives recommended locations for thermocouples.
(b) For other than a steel specimen, thermocouples shall be positioned at all locations
considered to be critical.
5.3.2 Deflection measurement For a specimen to be tested under lateral loading (see
Clause 5.4.2), deflection-measuring equipment shall be positioned so as to measure the
maximum deflection.

5.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT

5.4.1 Axial loading Where the specimen is tested under axial load conditions, it shall
be permitted to expand during the test.
5.4.2 Transverse loading For steel specimens exposed to heat on all sides, the
specimen may be tested under transverse load as a beam (see Section 6).
5.4.3 Loading of specimens subject to temperature-measurement procedures Where
temperature-measurement procedures in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, the
loading may be waived subject to the following conditions:
(a) It shall be demonstrated by means of tests conducted in accordance with Section 4,
Section 5 or Section 6 that the applied fire insulation system will remain
substantially in place throughout the test.
(b) Where a series of columns is to be tested to determine the effectiveness of different
thicknesses of protective materials, loading shall be applied to those specimens
having the thickest and the thinnest protection in range.
NOTE: Insulation system includes materials, fixings, joints and applications techniques.
(c) The requirements for loading specimens with the maximum and minimum protection
thicknesses may be waived subject to agreement between the test laboratory and
sponsor in which case the following shall apply:
(i) The columns shall be subject to primarily axial load in service.
(ii) The test specimens shall be 3 m high ±200 mm.

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5.5 TEST PROCEDURE—HEAT EXPOSURE The specimen shall be exposed to

heat on all faces except that where the column forms part of a wall, the specimen may be
suitably shielded to represent the reduced exposure. Transversely loaded specimens shall
be exposed to heat on all faces.

5.6 OBSERVATIONS
5.6.1 Axially loaded specimens For axially loaded specimens, the longitudinal
movement versus time shall be recorded.
5.6.2 Transversely loaded specimens For transversely loaded specimens, the
deflection versus time shall be recorded.
5.6.3 Structurally critical temperatures Where temperature-measurement procedures
in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, a record shall be made of temperature
versus time for all the thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 5.3.1.

5.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY

5.7.1 Axially loaded specimens For axially loaded specimens the limit of structural
adequacy shall be taken as the inability to carry the applied loading.
5.7.2 Transversely loaded specimens For the purpose of Clause 2.11.1(b), failure of
the specimen shall be deemed to have occurred when either of the two conditions
specified in Clause 4.7.2 is met.

5.8 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE Fire-resistance shall be determined

in terms of structural adequacy only, in accordance with Clause 2.11.1.

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S E C T I O N 6 B E A M S , G I R D E R S A ND
T R U S S E S

6.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2. It applies to beams, girders and trusses including those incorporated in or
supporting floors or roofs.

6.2 TEST SPECIMEN

6.2.1 Size Where the length of the full-sized element exceeds that which can be
accommodated by the test equipment, the testing authority shall test a representative
portion of the full-sized element in which the curtailed length is not less than 3000 mm.
Where a series of beams, girders and trusses is to be tested to determine the effectiveness
of different thicknesses of protective materials, it shall be permissible to use specimens of
minimum length of 1 m subject to the requirements of Clause 6.4.
6.2.2 Beams to be incorporated in concrete roof or floor systems Where a beam(s)
is to be incorporated in a concrete floor or roof system for which the design details are
not available to the testing authority, the test specimen shall comprise—
(a) the beam(s) and its fire-protective material, if any; and
(b) a symmetrically located concrete deck or slab in intimate contact with the beam
and—
(i) not less than 1000 mm wide; and
(ii) 100 mm thick.
NOTE: It has been established that certain lightweight concretes offer less of a heat sink than
other concretes, and this results in appreciably higher temperatures in supporting steel members.
Consequently, a test carried out using lightweight aggregate concrete will produce a result
which may be applied conservatively if dense aggregate concrete is used in practice.

6.3 INSTRUMENTATION
6.3.1 Thermocouples for structurally critical temperatures
6.3.1.1 General Where temperature-measurement procedures in accordance with
Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, Clause 6.3.1.2, 6.3.1.3 or 6.3.1.4 shall apply, as appropriate
(see also Clause 2.2.4).
6.3.1.2 Steel elements For a steel specimen less than 3 m long, a minimum of two
transverse sections shall be selected. At each of these sections, a minimum of two
thermocouples shall be positioned. For a steel specimen less than 3 m long a minimum of
two transverse sections shall be selected not closer than 300 mm from the ends of the
specimen. At each of these sections a minimum of four thermocouples shall be positioned.
NOTE: Figure 6.1 shows recommended locations for thermocouples.
In addition, where the element is a truss, at least one thermocouple shall be positioned on
each member of the truss.
6.3.1.3 Reinforced and prestressed concrete elements For a reinforced or prestressed
concrete element, not less than three transverse sections shall be selected. One section
shall be located within 100 mm of the centre of the specimen and two other sections shall
be tested not less than 500 mm from the wall of the furnace. At each of the sections,
thermocouples shall be positioned on the steel surface, nearest the face of the element, on
not less than four representative tendons or bars.

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In addition, not less than two thermocouples shall be positioned on at least one stirrup, if
any, at each end of the test specimen.
NOTE: For those elements for which the testing authority considers that concrete strength may
be critical, measurements of concrete temperatures should be made at the appropriate locations.
6.3.1.4 Elements other than steel or concrete For an element of other than steel or
concrete, thermocouples shall be positioned at all locations considered to be critical.
6.3.2 Deflection measurement Deflection-measuring equipment shall be positioned so
as to measure the maximum deflection.
NOTE: Measurement of maximum deflection may require some relocation of the equipment
during the test.

6.4 LOADING AND RESTRAINT

6.4.1 General In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.8, where the restraint
conditions required under Clause 2.8.3 cannot be defined for steel columns tested under
transverse loading (see Clause 5.4.2) and for beams, girders and trusses, the test specimen
shall be simply supported and unrestrained.
6.4.2 Loading
6.4.2.1 Beams to be incorporated in concrete roof or floor systems The loading of
beams incorporated in concrete roof or floor systems shall be calculated in accordance
with Clause 2.8, except that where the test is intended to provide results for universal
application, the load applied to the beam shall equal the maximum loading that may be
applied to the beam for the various methods by which the beam may be connected to the
heat sink in practice.
6.4.2.2 Loading of specimens subject to temperature-measurement procedures Where
temperature-measurement procedures in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, the
loading may be waived subject to the following conditions:
(a) It shall have been demonstrated by means of loaded tests conducted in accordance
with this Section that the applied fire insulation system will remain substantially in
place throughout the test.
NOTE: Insulation system includes materials, fixings, joints and application techniques.
(b) Where a series of beams is to be tested to determine the effectiveness of different
thicknesses of protective materials, loadings shall be applied to those specimens
having the thickest and the thinnest protection in the range.

6.5 TEST PROCEDURE The test specimen shall be exposed to heating so as to

simulate its anticipated role in service.

6.6 OBSERVATIONS
6.6.1 Structurally critical temperatures Where temperature-measurement procedures
in accordance with Clause 2.10.5 are adopted, a record shall be made of temperature
versus time for all the thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 6.3.1.
6.6.2 Deflection A record shall be made of deflection versus time for each point of
measurement.

6.7 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY For the purpose of

Clause 2.11.1(b), failure of the specimen shall be deemed to have occurred when either of
the two conditions specified in Clause 4.7.2 is met.

6.8 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE Fire-resistance shall be determined

in terms of structural adequacy only, in accordance with Clause 2.11.1.

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FIGURE 6.1 RECOMMENDED LOCATION OF THERMOCOUPLES ON TYPICAL

STRUCTURAL SECTIONS

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S E C T I O N 7 D OO R S E T S , S H UT T E R
A S S E M B L I ES A N D D A M P E R A S S E MB L I E S

7.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2.

7.2 TEST SPECIMEN

7.2.1 General The test specimen shall consist of a doorset, shutter assembly, or
damper assembly, representative of that to be used in practice, mounted in a wall, floor or
ceiling section, as appropriate, and it shall include all its hardware and furniture.
NOTE: Standards for specific assemblies such as fire doorsets or lift-landing door assemblies
may contain provisions dealing with orientation and mounting of the test specimen.
7.2.2 Size Where a full-sized doorset, shutter assembly, or damper assembly cannot be
accommodated in a 3000 mm × 3000 mm specimen frame, an element of reduced size
shall be tested provided that the testing authority agrees that the assembly will model the
performance of the doorset, shutter assembly, or damper assembly, and its compatibility
with the wall, floor, or ceiling, as appropriate.
NOTE: In certain cases, it may be necessary to examine more than one model.
7.2.3 Mounting The specimen shall be mounted in accordance with the requirements
of the relevant Australian Standard.

7.3 INSTRUMENTATION
7.3.1 Radiometer A radiometer shall be positioned in accordance with Clause 2.5.2, to
measure the radiant heat flux emitted by the specimen or any feature of the specimen (see
Clause 2.10.7).
NOTE: This measurement provides data for an assessment of a safe distance for the location of
combustible materials from a protected opening, see Appendix A.
7.3.2 Thermocouples Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned
in accordance with Clause 2.2.3 on the unexposed face of the door-set, damper or shutter
assembly. The thermocouple locations shall be as follows:
(a) For uninsulated steel shutters and uninsulated steel dampers, a single thermocouple
shall be mounted at approximately the centre of the specimen.
(b) For doorsets, insulated shutter assemblies and insulated damper assemblies, the
thermocouple locations shall be as follows:
(i) Where the door leaf, damper or shutter has a width of not less than 750 mm
and an area of not less than 1.5 m2, there shall be a total of five
thermocouples; one at approximately the centre of the specimen and one at
the centre of each quarter section.
(ii) Where the door leaf, damper or shutter has a width of less than 750 mm or
an area of less than 1.5 m2, there shall be one thermocouple at approximately
the centre of the specimen and at least one thermocouple for each 0.3 m2 of
area of the door leaf, damper or shutter.
(iii) On the unexposed face of the element where the specimen is mounted, but
subject to the requirements of Item (c), as follows:
(A) Before the heating period—at the locations shown in Figure 7.1 and at
any point, including a joint which, in the opinion of the testing
laboratory, is likely to become hotter than 180°C.

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(B) During the heating period —at any time during the test, at any
point, including a joint, that appears to be hotter than 180°C.
(c) The thermocouples shall be located not less than 100 mm from the edge of the door
leaf or shutter, and they shall not be located on any glazing or any standard item of
hardware or through-metal fastenings.
Where regulatory authorities waive insulation requirements after the first 30 min of test,
the thermocouples may be removed after that time.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 7.1 POSITIONING OF THERMOCOUPLES ON SURROUNDING ELEMENTS

7.4 TEST PROCEDURE

7.4.1 General The test specimen shall be subject to heat from one side.
7.4.2 Specimens incorporating automatic closing devices Any shutter, damper or
sliding door fitted with a thermally operated automatic closing device shall be at least
partially open at the commencement of the test.

7.5 OBSERVATIONS
7.5.1 Automatic closure and latching The behaviour of the specimen shall be
observed to ascertain that any doorset, shutter or damper assembly fitted with an
automatic closing device, closes and, where appropriate, latches automatically during the
first 90 s of the test.
7.5.2 Average temperature of unexposed face of door leaf or shutter The mean of
the temperatures measured by the thermocouples positioned in accordance with
Clause 7.3.2. shall be determined and recorded.
7.5.3 Maximum temperature of unexposed face of surrounding element The
temperature measured by the thermocouples positioned in accordance with
Clause 7.3.2(b)(iii)(A) shall be recorded. Additional thermocouples in accordance with
Clause 7.3.2(b)(iii)(B) shall be positioned where required, and their temperatures
recorded.

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7.5.4 Cracks A record shall be made of any crack or fissure that develops within each
door leaf, shutter or damper, or at the element where the specimen is mounted.
7.5.5 Movements and openings A record shall be made of the following:
(a) Relative movements of—
(i) the frame and leaf/leaves of the doorset;
(ii) the leaves of multileaf doorsets; and
(iii) for sliding doors, the leaf and the frame or the wall.
(b) Openings formed—
(i) in the door leaf;
(ii) between leaf and panel or between damper blades and the stop or casing;
(iii) between leaves or damper blades;
(iv) between the frame and the wall; or
(v) at the element where the specimen is mounted.
7.5.6 Disengagement of the latching mechanism For elements having latching
mechanisms, where it is possible to monitor the disengagement of the latching
mechanism, the time of disengagement shall be recorded. Where disengagement cannot be
monitored, the mechanism shall be checked at the conclusion of the test and it shall be
recorded whether or not it is engaged.

7.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE

7.6.1 Integrity In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.11.2, integrity of a doorset,
shutter assembly, or damper assembly shall be deemed to be lost under any of the
following conditions:
(a) For a doorset or shutter assembly except as provided for a sliding door in Item (d) if
a gap, crack or fissure develops which—
(i) exceeds 6 mm × 150 mm and allows unobstructed vision into the interior of
the furnace from any viewing angle; and
(ii) is in the door leaf, in the shutter, in the element where the specimen is
mounted or between the elements of any one of —
(A) the frame and the door leaf or shutter;
(B) the frame and the surrounding wall or partition;
(C) the leaves of multileafed doors;
(D) the leading edges of the leaves of bi-parting horizontally sliding doors;
(E) the leading and trailing edges of the leaves of side-opening
horizontally sliding doors;
(F) the meeting edges of the leaves of vertically bi-parting or sliding
doors;
(G) the edges of a leaf of a horizontally sliding doorset when these edges
are fitted with interlocking steel sections; or
(H) any other component part of the door or shutter assembly tested.
(b) If flaming on the unexposed face of the specimen or the element where the
specimen is mounted is sustained for longer than 10 s, except that a small local
flame from any hydraulic device which does not cause flaming of the door leaf or
surrounding construction for longer than 10 s shall not be taken into consideration.

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(c) For an element having a latching mechanism, if this mechanism ceases to be

engaged.
(d) For a sliding door, if the clearance between the door leaf and the wall or between
the slow leaf and fast leaf of lift landing doors—
(i) where the overlap is less than 75 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exceeds 35 mm; or
(ii) where the overlap is 75 mm or greater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exceeds 50 mm.
(e) For an automatically closing element, if the element fails to close and latch, if
appropriate, within a period of 90 s from commencement of the test.
(f) For a damper assembly, if—
(i) clearances exceeding 20 mm develop between parts; or
(ii) through-openings, which were not apparent in the untested test specimen,
become visible when viewed in a plane perpendicular to the mounting plane.
(g) For a side-hung or double-acting door, when any part of the face of the leaf nearest
to the door seat rebate deflects beyond the plane of the face of the architrave.
7.6.2 Insulation The following criteria shall apply to all doorsets other than
lift-landing doors during the first 30 min of the fire test:
(a) Temperature on unexposed face of specimen For the specimen, only the average
temperature criterion of Clause 2.11.3(a) shall apply, taking into consideration the
mean of the temperatures measured by the thermocouples positioned in accordance
with Clause 7.3.2.
(b) Temperature on unexposed face of surrounding element For the element where the
specimen is mounted, only the maximum temperature criterion shall apply, taking
into consideration the temperatures measured by the thermocouples positioned in
accordance with Clause 7.3.2(b)(iii).
7.6.3 Radiation For doorsets, other than lift landing doors, the radiation criterion of
Clause 2.11.4 shall apply for the period of integrity at a distance of 365 mm measured
along the normal from the centre of the specimen or the feature of the specimen.

7.7 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE Fire-resistance shall be determined

in accordance with the failure criteria given in Clause 7.6.

7.8 TEST REPORT In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.14, the test report
shall include the following:
(a) Details of the hardware.
(b) Details of the glazing, if any.
(c) Details of the development, if any, of cracks, fissures or gaps.
(d) Details of the openings formed by deflections, if any, measured during the test.
(e) The average temperature rise at the unexposed face of a door leaf at 30 min and, if
measured, at intervals of 30 min throughout the test.
(f) The maximum temperature at the unexposed face of the element where the specimen
was mounted, at intervals of 30 min through the test.
(g) Details of any sustained flaming on the unexposed face of the specimen or
surrounding element.
(h) Values of the emitted radiant flux measured during the test.
(i) A statement as to the observed behaviour in accordance with Clause 7.5.5.
(j) A statement regarding the time of operation of an automatic door closer or another
automatic mechanism.
(k) Any markings of items of hardware, if applicable (see AS 1905.1).

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S E C T I O N 8 G LA Z I N G

8.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2 and is applicable to uninsulated glazing systems only.
NOTE: Insulated glazing can be evaluated in accordance with Section 3 of this Standard as
appropriate.

8.2 TEST SPECIMEN

8.2.1 General The test specimen shall consist of glazing complete with its frame,
mounted in a surround within the test frame.
8.2.2 Size Where a full-sized element cannot be accommodated in a
3000 mm × 3000 mm specimen frame, an element of reduced size shall be tested provided
that the testing authority agrees that the specimen will model the performance of the
element and its compatibility with the wall, floor, or ceiling, as appropriate.
8.2.3 Mounting
8.2.3.1 Surround The test specimen shall be mounted, complete with frame and fixings,
in a surround of the type in which it is expected to be used.
8.2.3.2 Position The test specimen shall be mounted either vertically or horizontally,
depending on its intended purpose.

8.3 INSTRUMENTATION
8.3.1 Thermocouples Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned
on the surround of the glazing as shown in Figure 7.1.
8.3.2 Radiometer A radiometer shall be positioned in accordance with Clause 2.5.2 to
measure the radiant heat flux emitted by the specimen (see Clause 2.10.7).
NOTE: See Appendix A.

8.4 TEST PROCEDURE The test specimen shall be exposed to heat on one face.

8.5 OBSERVATIONS
8.5.1 Cracks or fissures Times shall be measured from the start of the test to the
formation of cracks or fissures and to the occurrence of collapse.
8.5.2 Radiant flux The emitted radiant flux shall be measured by means of the
radiometer referred to in Clause 8.3.2.
NOTE: This measurement provides data for an estimate of safe distance for the location of
combustible materials from a protected opening (see Appendix A).

8.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE—INTEGRITY Integrity shall be deemed to be lost

when the element collapses or when a gap or fissure exceeding approximately
6 mm × 150 mm develops in the glazing or its surround.

8.7 DETERMINATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE Fire-resistance shall be determined

in accordance with the criterion of integrity as given in Clause 8.6.

8.8 TEST REPORT In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.14, the test report
shall contain the following information:
(a) A full description of the materials and construction, together with details of the
method of fixing and the clearance allowed for expansion.
(b) A statement on the sizes of gaps that develop and the times at which they occurred.

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S E C T I O N 9 A IR D U C T S

9.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2. It applies to ducts forming part of air handling systems where—
(a) the duct is required to operate while exposed to an external fire, e.g.
air-pressurization or supply ducts; or
(b) the duct is required to conduct hot products of combustion, e.g. smoke-spill or
exhaust ducts.
NOTE: As well as determining the structural adequacy, integrity and insulation of the duct
under fire conditions, the test may provide information about reduction in cross-section which
could allow the designer to determine the duct’s ability to function under fire conditions.

9.2 TEST SPECIMEN

9.2.1 Length The specimen shall be sufficiently long to ensure the following:
(a) For external fire testing, the length of exposure to heat shall be not less than
2000 mm and each end of the specimen shall protrude approximately 100 mm away
from the furnace.
(b) For internal fire testing, the specimen shall protrude not less than 2000 mm away
from the furnace and 100 mm inside the furnace.
9.2.2 Cross-section Where any duct is of large size relative to the furnace chamber,
the following requirements shall apply:
(a) For external fire testing, the duct cross-section shall be modelled so that the
configuration of specimen and furnace complies with the clearances specified in
Clause 2.7.5 without overriding the fact that it may be mounted against the wall or
the floor slab.
(b) The depth of the specimen shall be adjusted so that the aspect ratio is not more
favourable structurally than that of the duct being modelled.
9.2.3 Construction The specimen shall incorporate the intended methods of jointing
and any special features of construction.
9.2.4 Mounting The specimen shall be mounted as follows:
(a) For external fire testing, the specimen shall extend through the furnace and both
ends of the duct shall be left open.
(b) For internal fire testing, the specimen shall be mounted to penetrate a horizontal or
vertical element of construction as appropriate, protruding in and out of the furnace
as indicated in Clause 9.2.1(b), and it shall permit the exhaust of products of
combustion from the furnace.
NOTE: Provision may be made to control the flow of gases through ducts in order to comply
with the temperature requirements.

9.3 POSITIONING OF THERMOCOUPLES

9.3.1 External fire testing Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be
positioned in accordance with Clause 2.2.3, on the duct wall, in groups of not less than
two at not less than three sections within the duct. These sections shall be arranged so that
the following is ensured:
(a) There is one group located at or near the centre of the duct and another two groups
are located on either side at not less than 500 mm from the centre, but not closer
than 500 mm to the walls or floor of the furnace.
(b) There is one group located within 25 mm of each transverse joint.

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One group may be positioned to fulfil the conditions of Items (a) and (b) simultaneously.
In addition, thermocouples shall be positioned at any point where, in the opinion of the
testing authority, that point is likely to become hotter than the above-mentioned locations.
Where it is not practicable to position thermocouples inside the duct, and the duct is of
sheetmetal construction, the thermocouples may be positioned on the outside wall of the
duct without pad covering and welded in position in accordance with the provisions of
Clause 2.2.4 before placing any layer of insulating material to cover the duct.
9.3.2 Internal fire testing
9.3.2.1 Gas temperatures inside the duct At least one thermocouple complying with
Clause 2.2.2.1 shall be positioned inside the duct so as to obtain a representative
measurement of the temperature of the hot gases passing through the duct, at a
cross-section situated at 1500 mm from the furnace end of the duct.
For vertical ducts, the thermocouple shall be located centrally in the duct. For horizontal
ducts the thermocouple shall be located halfway between the centre of the duct and its
top.
9.3.2.2 Insulation measurement Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be
positioned in accordance with Clause 2.2.3 on the external face of the duct, as follows:
(a) Groups of not less than two thermocouples at cross-sections located 25 mm and
400 mm from the unexposed face of the penetrated element, and one additional
group at the end of any step or taper on the external duct insulation at the likely
hottest position of the step or taper.
(b) Additional thermocouples at any point where, in the opinion of the testing
laboratory, that point is likely to become hotter than the locations specified in
Item (a).
(c) During the heating period, additional thermocouples at any point which, at any time
during the test, appears to be hotter than those being measured.

9.4 PROCEDURE
9.4.1 External fire testing The specimen shall be heated on the outside.
9.4.2 Internal fire testing The specimen shall be heated from the inside. The
temperatures of gases passing through the duct shall be the mean of the temperatures
measured by the thermocouples specified in Clause 9.3.2.1. The temperature inside the
duct shall be maintained as close as possible to the mean furnace temperature and shall be
not lower than 250 K below the mean furnace temperature.

9.5 OBSERVATIONS
9.5.1 Structural adequacy A record shall be made of the time when the suspension or
fixing devices can no longer retain the duct in its intended position or when sections of
the duct collapse.
9.5.2 Integrity The following shall be observed and recorded together with the time of
the observation:
(a) For external fire testing, any hot gases passing into the duct.
(b) For internal fire testing, any hot gases passing to the unexposed side, except for the
open end.
NOTE: Provision may be made to introduce into the furnace a tracer gas or a substance that will
produce a clearly discernible coloured smoke or gas.
9.5.3 Temperatures For internal fire testing, the temperature and location of additional
thermocouples positioned in accordance with Clause 9.3.2.2(c) shall be recorded.

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9.5.4 Cross-sectional area Significant changes in cross-section of the specimen shall

be observed and recorded together with the time of the observation.

9.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE

9.6.1 Structural adequacy Structural adequacy failure of the duct shall be deemed to
have occurred when the duct collapses in such a manner that the duct no longer fulfils its
intended function.
9.6.2 Integrity Integrity of the duct shall be deemed to be lost—
(a) for external fire testing, when hot gases can pass into the duct; and
(b) for internal fire testing, when hot gases can pass to the unexposed side, except for
the open end.
9.6.3 Insulation
9.6.3.1 External fire testing For external fire testing, only the maximum temperature
criterion of Clause 2.11.3(b) shall apply, taking into consideration the thermocouples
specified in Clause 9.3.1.
NOTE: This requirement may be waived by a regulatory authority for specific cases where the
designer can prove that the temperature of the air delivered by the duct does not reach
unacceptable levels when the duct is subject to an external fire (see also AS 1668.1).
9.6.3.2 Internal fire testing For internal fire testing only the insulation criterion of
Clause 2.11.3(b) shall apply, taking into consideration the thermocouples specified in
Clause 9.3.2.2.

9.7 TEST REPORT In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.14, the test report
shall include the records obtained in accordance with Clause 9.5.4.

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AS 1530.4 — 1997 40

S E C T I O N 1 0 E L E M E N T S P E N E T R A T E D B Y
S E R V I C ES

10.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section shall be read in conjunction with

Section 2. It applies to elements of construction penetrated by services having relatively
small cross-sectional dimensions, e.g. electrical and plumbing services, pipes and
conduits. The purpose of this test is to assess—
(a) the effect of the penetration on the integrity and insulation of the element;
(b) insulation failure on the penetrating service; and
(c) where necessary, structural adequacy and integrity of the penetrating service.
NOTE: The methods by which fire can be transmitted through such elements are—
(a) through an opening, if any, formed between a service and the element it penetrates or
through an opening formed within the service;
(b) by a rise in surface temperature on the penetrated element in the vicinity of the penetration;
or
(c) by a rise in surface temperature on that part of a penetrating service that is in the
non-fire-affected compartment.
In addition, the test set out in this Section, when applied to blank seals, may be used to
assess the gap filling and mechanical properties of the sealing mechanism at high
temperatures.

10.2 TEST SPECIMEN

10.2.1 General Penetrating services may be included in the specimen at the time of the
original testing of the prototype element provided that the testing authority considers such
inclusion will not assist the structural adequacy of the element during the test. Otherwise,
a representative portion of the already fire-tested element shall be used to determine
subsequently the effects of penetrating services.
The applicant and the testing authority shall determine, prior to construction of the test
specimen, the practical building situation(s) being simulated.
10.2.2 Size The penetrating service shall be mounted as it would be mounted in
practice but it may be shortened provided that it protrudes not less than —
(a) for cables and metal pipes away from the furnace, 500 mm;
(b) for other services away from the furnace, 2000 mm; and
(c) into the furnace, 100 mm.
10.2.3 Construction The following requirements shall apply to the construction:
(a) The test specimen shall be representative of the element and its penetrating service
as they would be used in practice, and shall incorporate methods of jointing, bends,
etc, as would then be used.
(b) The penetrating service shall be supported and restrained in the manner in which it
would be expected to be supported and restrained in practice.
(c) Penetrating services shall be terminated in the manner that would apply in practice,
except that, for a pipe, where this cannot be determined with certainty, the pipe
shall be tested open-ended.

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10.3 POSITIONING OF THERMOCOUPLES

10.3.1 Temperature of the unexposed face of the element Where the test is
conducted to also assess the insulation performance of the penetrated element,
thermocouples shall be positioned on the unexposed face of the penetrated element in
accordance with the relevant Section of this Standard.
NOTE: For walls and partitions, see Clause 3.3.1; for floors, roofs, floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling
systems, see Clause 4.3.1.
10.3.2 Temperatures on the external surfaces of penetrated elements and
penetrating service Thermocouples complying with Clause 2.2.3 shall be positioned in
accordance with Clause 2.2.3 at the following locations (see also Figure 10.1):
(a) At not less than two points located approximately 25 mm from the edge of the hole
made for the passage of the service.
(b) At the discretion of the testing authority and at the point or points on the surface of
any exposed framing members which support the penetrating service on the
penetrated element.
(c) At points on the surface of the penetrating service or its fire-stopping encasement,
located as follows:
(i) At least two thermocouples located approximately 25 mm from the plane of
the general surface of the penetrated element and its insulating topping, if
any.
(ii) At least two thermocouples located approximately 400 mm from the plane of
the general surface of the penetrated element and its insulating topping, if
any.
(iii) Where the insulation of packing is tapered or stepped, two additional
thermocouples beyond the step or the end of any taper if it is expected that
temperatures will be higher at these points.
(d) Where practicable, at two points on the packing around the penetrating service.
(e) During the heating period, additional thermocouples at any point which, at any time
during the test, appears to be hotter than those being measured.
(f) For unpenetrated blank seals, as follows:
(i) On the surface of the seal, with one thermocouple for each 2000 mm2 of
surface area, up to a maximum of five, uniformly distributed over the area
(one thermocouple being located at the centre of the seal).
(ii) On the surface of the seal 25 mm from the edge of the opening, with one
thermocouple for each 500 mm of the perimeter.
(iii) On the surface of the separating element 25 mm from the edge of the
opening, with one thermocouple for each 500 mm of the perimeter.

10.4 TEST PROCEDURE The specimen shall be heated from one side.

10.5 OBSERVATIONS In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.10, observations

shall be made regarding the physical condition of the penetrated service and any
insulation in or around that part of the penetrating service that is within the furnace.
Records shall be made also of the temperature and location of additional thermocouples
positioned in accordance with Clause 10.3.2(e).

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10.6 CRITERIA OF FAILURE

10.6.1 Penetrated element If the fire-resistance of the penetrated element has not been
established previously, the failure criteria given in the relevant Section of this Standard
shall apply.
10.6.2 Penetrating service
10.6.2.1 Integrity The penetrating service shall be deemed to have failed the integrity
criterion of Clause 2.11.2 when flames or hot furnace gases can pass to the unexposed
side of the penetrated element.
10.6.2.2 Insulation Only the insulation criterion of Clause 2.11.3(b) shall apply, taking
into consideration the temperatures measured by the thermocouples specified in
Clause 10.3.

10.7 TEST REPORT In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.14, the test report
shall include records of the observations made in accordance with Clause 10.5.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 10.1 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THERMOCOUPLES ON THE

EXTERNAL SURFACES OF ELEMENT AND PENETRATING SERVICE
(NOT TO SCALE)

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APPENDIX A
RADIANT HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENTS
(Informative)

A1 SCOPE This Appendix provides guidelines on the use of measurements of radiant

heat flux emitted by an element of construction which undergoes the fire-resistance test.

A2 GENERAL In a fire, radiant heat emitted from the unexposed face of an element
of construction can cause the ignition of combustible materials in the vicinity.
The insulation criteria of the fire-resistance test would ensure that radiant heat flux levels
would be below those necessary to ignite combustible materials or to cause burns to
humans in the vicinity. However, with uninsulated types of construction it would be
possible for radiant heat flux levels to exceed those which would be safe for occupants or
combustible materials in the vicinity.
The measurement of radiant heat flux during the test provides information on the likely
intensity of the emitted radiant heat flux during a fire and enables safe distances to be
calculated.
The theory presented in this Appendix assumes that the source of radiant heat is uniform
in intensity although this is seldom realized in practice. However, if the distance at which
the intensity of radiant heat measured in the test is similar to the distance of interest, a
useful approximation of the emitted flux can be obtained. If the non-uniformity of the
source of radiant heat is known or can be estimated, this can be incorporated in the
calculations of radiant heat.
The emitted radiant heat flux/time curve is applicable to the specimen during the test.
This curve will not necessarily relate to the time history of emitted radiant heat during a
real fire. Real fires have been shown to increase their temperature more rapidly than
indicated by the standard time-temperature curve. The most appropriate value for
calculations would normally be the value at the end of the rating period.

A3 INTENSITY OF RADIANT HEAT FLUX The intensity of radiant heat flux

received at any point in front of a source of radiant heat may be calculated from the
following equation:

Ir = φ × Io . . . A3

where
Ir = intensity of radiant heat flux received at the point under consideration, in
kilowatts per square metre
φ = a geometric view factor called the configuration factor, which is related to the
solid angle subtended by the source at the point under consideration
Io = emitted radiant heat flux, in kilowatts per square metre.
The test data provides the values of Io during the test. The configuration factor applicable
to a particular installation can be calculated and then the intensity of radiant heat flux to
be received at a point in front of the element can be determined by the above equation.
Alternatively, if what is needed is to limit to a safe value the received radiant heat flux, a
safe distance can be evaluated at which the configuration factor will yield sufficient
attenuation of the emitted radiant heat flux.
Typical radiant heat flux intensities to cause various phenomena are tabulated in
Table A1.

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TABLE A1
TYPICAL RADIANT HEAT INTENSITIES FOR VARIOUS PHENOMENA

Intensity
Phenomena
kW/m 2
Maximum for indefinite exposure for humans
Pain after 10 s to 20 s 4
Pain after 3 s 10

Piloted ignition of cotton fabric after a long time 13

Piloted ignition of timber after a long time 13
Non-piloted ignition of cotton fabric after a long time 25

Non-piloted ignition of timber after a long time 25

Non-piloted ignition of gaberdine fabric after a long time 27
Non-piloted ignition of black drill fabric after a long time 38

Non-piloted ignition of cotton fabric after 5 s 42

Non-piloted ignition of timber in 20 s 45
Non-piloted ignition of timber in 10 s 55

A4 CONFIGURATION FACTOR Means for calculating the configuration factor for a

specific situation are outlined in Heat Transfer by Radiation by J H McGuire, DSIR FOC
HMSO Special Report No 2 1953. Two special cases are as follows:
(a) Circular source with receiver on axis of source and with plane of receiver and
source parallel—
R2
φ = . . . A4(1)
R + D2
2

where
φ = the configuration factor
R = the radius of source
D = the distance between source and receiver.
(b) Rectangular source with receiver on centre-line of source and with plane of receiver
parallel to plane of source—

. . . A4(2)
where
φ = the configuration factor
W = width of source
H = height of source
D = the distance between source and receiver.

A5 ESTIMATING SAFE DISTANCE The safe distance, i.e. the distance at which the
radiant heat intensity falls below a nominated value Ir, can be determined for rectangular
sources from calculations of configuration factor, or estimated from Table A2.

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The required configuration factor is first calculated from the equation:

φ = I r/Io . . . A5

To utilize Table A2, the aspect ratio of the source, i.e. the ratio of the shorter side to the
longer side, needs to be evaluated.
The factor C is then obtained from Table A2.
The ‘safe distance’ (the distance at which the radiant heat intensity has decreased to I r) is
calculated from the equation:

Safe distance =

where
C = a dimensionless factor, obtained from Table A2
A s = the area of the source.

TABLE A2
FACTOR C FOR USE IN THE DETERMINATION OF SAFE DISTANCE
Factor C
Configuration
Aspect ratio
factor
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.001 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8
0.002 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6
0.003 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3
0.004 8.82 8.88 8.89 8.89 8.89 8.89 8.89 8.91 8.91 8.91
0.005 7.88 7.93 7.94 7.95 7.95 7.95 7.96 7.96 7.96 7.96
0.006 7.16 7.23 7.25 7.25 7.26 7.26 7.26 7.26 7.27 7.27
0.007 6.62 6.68 6.70 6.71 6.71 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72
0.008 6.17 6.24 6.26 6.26 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28
0.009 5.80 5.87 5.89 5.90 5.91 5.91 5.92 5.92 5.92 5.92
0.010 5.50 5.56 5.59 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.61
0.020 3.78 3.88 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94
0.030 3.00 3.13 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.21 3.21
0.040 2.53 2.67 2.71 2.74 2.75 2.75 2.76 2.76 2.76 2.76
0.050 2.20 2.35 2.40 2.43 2.44 5.45 2.45 2.45 2.46 2.46
0.060 1.95 2.12 2.17 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23
0.070 1.76 1.93 1.99 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05
0.080 1.60 1.78 1.85 1.87 1.89 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.91 1.91
0.090 1.47 1.66 1.72 1.75 1.77 1.78 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.79
0.100 1.35 1.55 1.62 1.65 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.69
0.200 0.75 0.94 1.02 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
0.300 0.50 0.66 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86
0.400 0.36 0.49 0.57 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68
0.500 0.27 0.38 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56
0.600 0.21 0.29 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45
0.700 0.16 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36
0.800 0.12 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28
0.900 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

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