ASSESSING LEARNING IN SOCIAL STUDIES
ASSESSMENT IN SOCIAL STUDIES
National Council for Social Studies (NCSS) is one of the leading advocates of social
studies education.
social studies assessment methods should always be aligned with the goals of social
studies, encompassing objectives, and have more authentic tasks.
Kurfman (1991) identified common criticisms on social studies assessment in the past.
First, the social studies test has failed to measure student understanding, application,
appreciation, and, most importantly, critical thinking.
Second, the open-ended types of tests such as essays were also questioned due to time
constraints both in instruction and examination.
The third is on the issues that center on the effects of testing the achievement and the
validity of test scores as determinants of accomplishment.
Social studies assessment should, therefore, create a feedback mechanism that reflects
potential implications for the improvement of curriculum and instruction.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
- It also refers to the kind of assessment that provides feedback about the performance of
learners to accelerate and improve learning.
- use of gathered information to adjust teaching and learning to maximize the development
of the learners.
PURPOSES OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
- Traditionally, it is done at the end of every lesson or unit using a paper-and-pencil test to
identify student achievement.
- It can be classified as "any instrument or task whose results are used to determine the
extent of learning”.
- At the program level, summative assessment is seen when results are used to determine
how many students are.
- At the classroom level, assessment is summative when it determines how much the
students have learned in a given period of time for communication purposes.
- The communication usually is in the form of a number grade that is written on a report
card.
COMPONENTS OF SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Components Purpose When given
Written work 1. Assess learners' understanding of concepts and At the end of the
(WW) application of skills in written form. topic or unit
2. Prepare learners for quarterly assessments.
Performance 1. Involve students in the learning process At the end of a
Task (PT) individually or in collaboration with teammates lesson focusing on a
over a period of time. topic/skill lesson
2. Give students opportunities to demonstrate and
integrate their knowledge, understanding, and skills
about topics or lessons learned in a specific real-life
situation by performing and/or producing evidence Several times during
of their learning. the quarter
3. Give students the freedom to express their
learning in appropriate and diverse ways.
4. Encourage student inquiry, integration of
knowledge, understanding, and skills in various
contexts beyond the assessment period.
Quarterly Synthesize all the learning skills, concepts, and Once, at the end of
Assessment values learned in an entire quarter. the quarter
(QA)
GOVERNMENT IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
CONCEPT OF A STATE
- A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of the territory, independent from outside or external
control, and possessing a government wherein a great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
1. PEOPLE
the inhabitants of the state.
2. TERRITORY
A fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state.
3. GOVERNMENT
An agency or instrumentality through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and realized.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
- The entire machinery of the government
- (eg. Malacanang)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
- Political subdivisions such as provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays.
- (e.g. municipalities)
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
- Autonomous governments or regions in the country.
- (e.g BARMM)
AUTONOMOUS- independent and having the power to make decisions.
METROPOLITAN AUTHORITY
- Special political subdivisions composed of all local government units.
- (eg.
Metropolis- A large, densely populated urban area.
SOVEREIGNTY
- The SUPREME POWER OF THE STATE to enforce its will upon the people and the
freedom from external or foreign control.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
1. MONARCHY
THE SUPREME AND FINAL AUTHORITY IS IN THE HANDS OF A SINGLE
PERSON WITHOUT REGARD TO THE SOURCE OF HIS ELECTION OR THE
NATURE OR DURATION OF HIS TENURE. (e.g. King and Queen)
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
the ruler rules by divine right
LIMITED MONARCHY
the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution
2. ARISTOCRACY
POLITICAL POWER IS EXERCISED BY A FEW PRIVILEGED CLASS. (e.g.
governance of the rich people)
3. DEMOCRACY
POLITICAL POWER IS EXERCISED BY A MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE.
DIRECT OR PURE DEMOCRACY
The will of the State is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through
the people in a mass meeting.
INDIRECT, REPRESENTATIVE, OR REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY
The will of the State is formulated and expressed through the agency of a
relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their
representatives.
CONSTITUTION
- the written instrument by which the fundamental powers of government are
established, limited, and defined, and by which the powers are distributed among
several departments.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT (1987 CONSTITUTION)
1. Recognition of the aid of the Almighty God
2. Sovereignty of the people
3. Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy.
4. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military
5. Separation of church and state
6. Recognition of the importance of the family as a basic social institution and of the vital
role of the youth in nation building
7. Guarantee of Human Rights
8. Government through Suffrage
9. Separation of powers
10. Independence of the Judiciary
11. Guarantee of local autonomy
12. High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers
13. Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected with
public interest
14.Non-suitability of the State
15. Rule of the majority
16.Government of laws and not of me
CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS
1. NATURAL RIGHTS
Possessed by every citizen without being granted by the state for they are
conferred by God to human being so that he may live a happy life.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
conferred and protected by the Constitution. Since they are part of the
fundamental law, they cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making
body.
a. POLITICAL RIGHTS
give citizens the power to participate directly or indirectly, in the establishment
or administration of the government.
b. CIVIL RIGHTS
rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the
purpose of securing them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.
Social and Economic rights
intended to ensure the wellbeing and economic security of the individual
Rights of the Accused
intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.
SUFFRAGE
- The right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain
national and local officers of the government and in the decision of public
questions submitted to the people.
SCOPE OF SUFFRAGE
1. ELECTION
a political exercise whereby the sovereign people choose a candidate to fill up an
elective government position.
2. PLEBISCITE
right to ratify or reject constitutional amendments or proposed laws.
3. REFERENDUM
right reserved to the people to adopt or reject any act or measure which has
been passed by a legislative body.
4. INITIATIVE
power of the people to propose bills and laws, and to enact or reject them at the
polls, independent of the legislative assembly.
5. RECALL
system by which an elective official is removed by popular vote before the end of
his term.
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
1. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH (Legislative Power)
authority under the constitution to make laws and alter and repeal them.
DIVIDED INTO TWO CHAMBERS:
• the Senate with 24 members
• the House of Representatives with not more than 250 members, 20% of which
comes from the party list representatives
2. EXECUTIVE BRANCH
It is vested in the President of the Philippines.
It is the power to administer the laws, which means carrying them into practical
operation and enforcing their due observance.
3. JUDICIAL BRANCH
- the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized
rights or duties between the State and private persons.
- Vested in the Supreme court and in such lower courts as may be established by
law.
- The Supreme court is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices.
