Harambee University

Faculty of Business and Economics

Post Graduate program
Department of PM
Course Name: Statistical Methods (MPM 682)
Group Assignment I (4-5 members) (25%)

General Directions
I. Assignment submission format: Assignment must be
submitted in both hard copy and soft copy.
II. The soft copy should be emailed to [email protected].
III. The hard copy assignment submission date: Final
Exam Date
136 Chapter 3 ■ Graphica
Ml e t h o dfso rD e s c r i b i nDga t a

Term or Formula Comment

Histogram shapes A (smoothed) histogram may be unimodal (a single
peak), bimodal (two peaks), or multimodal. A unimodal
histogram may be symmetric, positively skewed (a long
right or upper tail), or negatively skewed. A frequently
occurring shape is the normal curve.
Cumulative relative frequency plot A graph of a cumulative relative frequency distribution.
Scatter plot A picture of bivariate numerical data in which each ob-
servation (x, y) is represented as a point with respect to a
horizontal x axis and a vertical y axis.
Time series plot A picture of numerical data collected over time

Chapter Review Exercises 3.46–3.64

K n o we x a c t lw
y h a tt o s t u d yTa
! k ea p r e - t e satn dr e c e i v yeo u rP e r s o n a l i z Leedanr i n gP l a n .

1. Each year the College Board publishes a profile between the three language groups as shown in the bar
of students taking the SAT. In the report “2005 College chart.
Bound Seniors: Total Group Profile Report,” the average
SAT scores were reported for three groups defined by first 3. Each student in a sample of 227 boys and 251 girls was
language learned. Use the data in the accompanying table asked what he or she thought was most important: get- ting
to construct a bar chart of the average verbal SAT score good grades, being popular, or being good at sports. The
for the three groups. resulting data, from the paper “The Role of Sport as a
Social Determinant for Children” (Research Quarterly for
First Language Learned Average Verbal SAT Exercise and Sport [1992]: 418–424), are summarized in
the accompanying table:
English 519
English and another language 486 Boys Girls
A language other than English 462
Most Relative Relative
Important Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency

2. The report referenced in Exercise 3.46 also gave av- Grades 117 .515 130 .518
erage math SAT scores for the three language groups, as Popular 50 .220 91 .363
shown in the following table. Sports 60 .264 30 .120

First Language Learned Average Math SAT

Construct a comparative bar chart for this data set.
English 521 Remember to use relative frequency when constructing the
English and another language 513 bar chart because the two group sizes are not the same.
A language other than English 521
4. The paper “Community Colleges Start to Ask, Where
Are the Men?” (Chronicle of Higher Education, June 28,
Construct a comparative bar chart for the average ver- 2002) gave data on gender for community col- lege
bal and math scores for the three language groups. Write a students. It was reported that 42% of students en- rolled at
few sentences describing the differences and similarities community colleges nationwide were male and
Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required ▼ Video solution available
 ■ Chapter Review Exercises 137

58% were female. Construct a segmented bar graph for a. Construct time-series plots of the transportation ex-
these data. pense data and the percent of household expense data.
b. Do the time-series plots of Part (a) support the state-
5 ● The article “Tobacco and Alcohol Use in G-Rated ment that follows? Explain why or why not. Statement:
Children’s Animated Films” (Journal of the American Although actual expenditures have been increasing, the
Medical Association [1999]: 1131–1136) reported expo- percentage of the total household expenditures that was
sure to tobacco and alcohol use in all G-rated animated for transportation has remained relatively stable.
films released between 1937 and 1997 by five major film
studios. The researchers found that tobacco use was shown 7. The web site PollingReport.com gave data from a
in 56% of the reviewed films. Data on the total tobacco CBS news poll conducted in December 1999. In the sur-
exposure time (in seconds) for films with tobacco use pro- vey described, people were asked the following question:
duced by Walt Disney, Inc., were as follows: “All things considered, in our society today, do you think
223 176 548 37 158 51 299 37 11 165 there are more advantages in being a man, more advan-
74 92 6 23 206 9 299 37 11 165 Data for 11 G-rated tages in being a woman, or are there no more advantages
animated films showing tobacco in being one than the other?” Responses for men and for
use that were produced by MGM/United Artists, Warner women are summarized in the following table:
Brothers, Universal, and Twentieth Century Fox were also
given. The tobacco exposure times (in seconds) for these Relative
films was as follows: Frequency
205 162 6 1 117 5 91 155 24 55 17 Construct a Response Women Men
comparative stem-and-leaf display for these
data. Comment on the interesting features of this display. Advantage in being a man .57 .41
Advantage in being a woman .06 .14
6 ●The accompanying data on household expendi- No advantage .33 .40
tures on transportation for the United Kingdom appeared Don’t know .04 .05
in “Transport Statistics for Great Britain: 2002 Edition”
(in Family Spending: A Report on the Family Expenditure
Survey [The Stationary Office, 2002]). Expenditures (in Construct a comparative bar chart for the response, and
pounds per week) included costs of purchasing and main- write a few sentences describing the differences in the re-
taining any vehicles owned by members of the household sponse distribution for men and women.
and any costs associated with public transportation and
leisure travel. 8. The same poll described in Exercise 3.52 also asked
the question, “What about salaries? These days, if a man
Percentage
and a woman are doing the same work, do you think the
Average of Household
man generally earns more, the woman generally earns
Transportation Expenditures
more, or that both earn the same amount?” The resulting
Year Expenditure for Transportation
data are shown in the following table:
1990 247.20 16.2
1991 259.00 15.3 Relative Frequency
1992 271.80 15.8
Response Women Men
1993 276.70 15.6
1994 283.60 15.1 Man earns more .70 .59
1995 289.90 14.9 Woman earns more .01 .01
1996 309.10 15.7 Both earn the same .25 .34
1997 328.80 16.7 Don’t know .04 .06
1998 352.20 17.0
1999 359.40 17.2
2000 385.70 16.7 a. Construct a comparative bar chart that allows the re-
sponses for women and men to be compared.
Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required ▼ Video solution available
138 Chapter 3 ■ Graphica
Ml e t h o dfso rD e s c r i b i nDga t a

b. Construct two pie charts, one summarizing the re- 10. The accompanying stem-and-leaf display shows ob-
sponses for women and one summarizing the responses servations on average shower flow rate (in liters per min-
for men. ute) for a sample of 129 houses in Perth, Australia (“An
c. Is it easier to compare the responses of women and men Application of Bayes Methodology to the Analysis of
by looking at the comparative bar chart or the two pie Diary Records from a Water Use Study,” Journal of the
charts? Explain. American Statistical Association [1987]: 705–711).
d. Write a brief paragraph describing the difference be-
2 23
tween women and men with respect to the way they an-
3 2344567789
swered this question. 4 01356889
5 00001114455666789
9. The article “The Healthy Kids Survey: A Look at the 6 0000122223344456667789999
Findings” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 25, 2002) 7 00012233455555668
gave the accompanying information for a sample of fifth 8 02233448
graders in San Luis Obispo County. Responses are to the 9 012233335666788
question: 10 2344455688
11 2335999
“After school, are you home alone without adult
12 37
supervision?” 13 8 Stem: Ones
14 36 Leaf: Tenths
Response Percentage 15 0035
16
Never 8
17
Some of the time 15 18 9
Most of the time 16
All of the time 61 a. What is the smallest flow rate in the sample?
b. If one additional house yielded a flow rate of 8.9,
where would this observation be placed on the display?
a. Summarize these data using a pie chart. c. What is a typical, or representative, flow rate?
b. Construct a segmented bar chart for these data. d. Does the display appear to be highly concentrated, or
c. Which graphing method—the pie chart or the seg- quite spread out?
mented bar chart—do you think does a better job of con- e. Does the distribution of values in the display appear to
veying information about response? Explain. be reasonably symmetric? If not, how would you describe
the departure from symmetry?
11. “If you were taking a new job and had your choice of f. Does the data set appear to contain any outliers (obser-
a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman?” vations far removed from the bulk of the data)?
That was the question posed to individuals in a sample of
576 employed adults (Gallup at a Glance, October 16, 12 ● Disparities among welfare payments by different
2002). Responses are summarized in the following table: states have been the source of much political controversy.
The accompanying table reports average payment per per-
Response Frequency son (in dollars) in the Aid to Families with Dependent
Children Program for the 1990 fiscal year. Construct a
Prefer to work for a man 190
relative frequency distribution for these data using equal
Prefer to work for a woman 92
interval widths. Draw the histogram corresponding to your
No difference 282
frequency distribution.
No opinion 12
State Average Welfare Payment ($)

a. Construct a pie chart to summarize this data set, and Alaska 244.90
write a sentence or two summarizing how people re- California 218.31
sponded to this question. Arizona 93.57
b. Summarize the given data using a segmented bar chart. Montana 114.95

Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required ▼ Video solution available
 ■ Chapter Review Exercises 139

State Average Welfare Payment ($) 13 ● 2005 was a record year for hurricane devastation in
Texas 56.79 the United States (San Luis Obispo Tribune, Novem- ber
Nebraska 115.15 30, 2005). Of the 26 tropical storms and hurricanes in the
Minnesota 171.75 season, 4 hurricanes hit the mainland: Dennis, Katrina,
Arkansas 65.96 Rita, and Wilma. The U.S. insured catastrophic losses
Alabama 39.62 since 1989 (approximate values read from a graph that
Illinois 112.28 appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 30,
Indiana 92.43 2005) are as follows:
New Hampshire 164.20 Year Cost (in billions of dollars)
Rhode Island 179.37
New Jersey 121.99 1989 7.5
Delaware 113.66 1990 2.5
North Carolina 91.95 1991 4.0
Florida 95.43 1992 22.5
Washington 160.41 1993 5.0
Idaho 97.93 1994 18.0
Utah 118.36 1995 9.0
Colorado 111.20 1996 8.0
Oklahoma 96.98 1997 2.6
South Dakota 95.52 1998 10.0
Iowa 129.58 1999 9.0
Louisiana 55.81 2000 3.0
Tennessee 65.93 2001 27.0
Wisconsin 155.04 2002 5.0
Ohio 115.26 2003 12.0
Vermont 183.36 2004 28.5
Connecticut 205.86 2005 56.8
Pennsylvania 127.70
Maryland 132.86
South Carolina 71.91 Construct a time-series plot that shows the insured
Hawaii 187.71 catastrophic loss over time. What do you think causes the
Oregon 135.99 peaks in the graph?
Nevada 100.25
Wyoming 113.84 14 ● Each observation in the following data set is the
New Mexico 81.87 number of housing units (homes or condominiums) sold
Kansas 113.88 during November 1992 in a region corresponding to a par-
North Dakota 130.49 ticular Orange County, California, ZIP code:
Missouri 91.93
25 18 16 6 26 11 29 7 5 15 12 37 35 11 16 35 20 27 17
Mississippi 40.22
30 10 16 28 13 26 11 12 8 9 29 0 20 30 12 45 26 21 30
Kentucky 85.21
18 31 0 46 47 14 13 29 11 18 10 27 5 18 67 21 35 48 42
Michigan 154.75
70 43 0 30 17 35 40 61 18 17 17 13 29 11 18
Maine 150.12
Massachusetts 200.99 Construct a stem-and-leaf display, and comment on any
New York 193.48 interesting features.
West Virginia 82.94
Virginia 97.98 15. Each murder committed in Utah during the period
Georgia 91.31 1978–1990 was categorized by day of the week, resulting

Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required ▼ Video solution available
140 Chapter 3 ■ Graphica
Ml e t h o dfso rD e s c r i b i nDga t a

in the following frequencies: Sunday, 109; Monday, 73; 18 ● Many nutritional experts have expressed concern
Tuesday, 97; Wednesday, 95; Thursday, 83; Friday, 107; about the high levels of sodium in prepared foods. The
Saturday, 100. following data on sodium content (in milligrams) per
a. Construct the corresponding frequency distribution. frozen meal appeared in the article “Comparison of ‘Light’
b. What proportion of these murders was committed on Frozen Meals” (Boston Globe, April 24, 1991):
a weekend day—that is, Friday, Saturday, or Sunday?
c. Do these data suggest that a murder is more likely to 720 530 800 690 880 1050 340 810 760
be committed on some days than on other days? Explain 300 400 680 780 390 950 520 500 630
your reasoning. 480 940 450 990 910 420 850 390 600

16. An article in the San Luis Obispo Tribune (Novem- Two histograms for these data are shown:
ber 20, 2002) stated that 39% of those with critical hous-
ing needs (those who pay more than half their income for Frequency
housing) lived in urban areas, 42% lived in suburban
areas, and the rest lived in rural areas. Construct a pie 10
chart that shows the distribution of type of residential
area (urban, suburban, or rural) for those with critical
housing needs.
5
17 ● Living-donor kidney transplants are becoming
more common. Often a living donor has chosen to donate
a kidney to a relative with kidney disease. The following
data appeared in a USA Today article on organ transplants
(“Kindness Motivates Newest Kidney Donors,” June 19, 0
300 550 800 1050
2002):
Sodium
Number of Kidney Transplants

Living-Donor Living-Donor to Frequency

Year to Relative Unrelated Person
6
1994 2390 202
5
1995 2906 400
1996 2916 526 4
1997 3144 607
3
1998 3324 814
1999 3359 930 2
2000 3679 1325
1
2001 3879 1399
0
375 525 675 825 975 1125
a. Construct a time-series plot for the number of living- Sodium
donor kidney transplants where the donor is a relative of
the recipient. Describe the trend in this plot. a. Do the two histograms give different impressions about
b. Use the data from 1994 and 2001 to construct a com- the distribution of values?
parative bar chart for the type of donation (relative or b. Use each histogram to determine approximately the
unrelated). Write a few sentences commenting on your proportion of observ ations that are less than 800, and
display. compare to the actual proportion.

B o l de x e r c i s easn s w e r eidn b a c k ● D a t as e ta v a i l a b o
l en l i n e
b u tn o tr e q u i r e d ▼ Vi d e os o l u t i oanv a i l a b l e