Series

Introductions

Numbers arranged in a definite order a Example 1

sequence. Each number in the sequence is Find the 30th term of a series that has an nth
derived from a particular rule.
term given by
The terms below are examples of sequences
Solution
(a) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ….. is a sequence of odd
numbers Un =
(b) 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 … is a sequence of prime
number U30 = =1
(c) 4, 16, 64 …. is a sequence formed by
Example 2
multiplying the proceding number by 4 to
give the next number The first term of an arithmetic progression
(A.P) is 73 and the 9th term is 25. Determine
Series are categorized into two:
the common difference
- Arithmetic progression (A.P)
Solution
- Geometric progression
Un = a + (n – 1)d
Arithmetic progression (A.P)
25 = 73 + (9 – 1)d
This is a series in which each term is obtained
from the preceding one by addition or 25 = 73 + 8d
subtraction of a constant quantity.
d = -6
The series 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 ….. is an A.P
Example 3
Note the following in an A.P
The 3rd, 5th and 8th terms of A.P are 3n + 8, n +
(i) The first term of an A.P is denoted a. the 34, and n3 + 15 respectively. Find the value of
first letter of the English alphabet n and hence the common difference of the
(ii) There is a common difference d. in the A.P
progression, a = 1 and d = 2.
Solution
(iii) Given the first term, a and the common
difference, d a + 2d = 3n + 8 ……………… (i)
1st term = a
a + 4d = n + 24 ………………(ii)
2nd term = a + d
3rd term = a + 2d a + 7d = n3 + 15 …………….(iii)
nth term (Un) = a + (n – 1)d

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Eqn. (ii) – eqn. (i) Solution

2d = -2n + 16 By substituting for n

d = -n + 8…………………… (iv) n = 1:

eqn. (iii) – eqn. (i) 3a + b + c = 4 ……………..(i)

5d = n3 – 3n + 7 ………………… (v) n =2

Substituting eqn. (iv) into eqn. (v) 9a + 2b + c = 13 …………(ii)

5(-n + 8) = n3 – 3n + 7 n=3

n3 + 2n – 33 = 0 27a + 3b + 2 = 46 …………(iii)

By factorizing the equation Eqn. (ii) – eqn. (i)

(n- 3)(n2 + 3n + 11) = 0 6a + b = 9 …………………. (iv)

Either n – 3 = 0 or n2 + 3n + 11 = 0 Eqn.(iii) – eqn (ii)

n = 3 since n2 + 3n + 11 = 0 has no real roots 18a + b = 33 ……………… (v)

Substituting for n in eqn. (iv) Eqn. (v) – eqn. (iv)

d = -n + 8 12a = 24

d = -3 + 8 = 5 a=2

Hence n = 3 and the common difference is 5 Substitute for a in (v)

Example 4 36 + b = 33

An A.P has the first term 3, common b = -3

difference -2 and nth term – 15. Find n and
Substituting for a and b in eqn. (i)
the (n -3)th term
3x2–3+c=4
Solution
c=1
Given, a = 3, d =-2 , Un = -15
Hence a = 2, b = -3 and c = 1
But Un = a + (n – 1)d

-15 = 3 + (n – 1) x ( – 2) The sum of the first n terms of an A.P

n = 10 There are two formulas used for finding the

sum of the first n terms of the A.P depending
substitute n – 3 for n on the terms given
U(n – 3) = 3 + [(10 – 3) – 1](-2) Formula A
= -9 If the first term, a and common difference are
given, then sum (Sn) of the first n terms is
Example 5
given by
The nth term of a series is Un = a3n + bn + c
given that U1 = 4, U2 = 13 and U3 = 46, find the Sn = )
values of a, b and c.
Formula B

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If the first term is a and the last term is L, then Substituting d in eqn. (i0
sum of the first n terms (Sn)is given by
a + 9 x 2 = 29
Sn =
a=2
Example 6 Sum of the first 30 terms
The first term of A.P is 73 and the common Sn = )
difference is -6, find the number of terms that
must be added to give a sum of 96 Sn = = 1365
Solution
Example 8
Sn = The 5th term of an arithmetic progression (A.P)
is 12 and the sum of the first 5 terms is 80.
= 93
Determine the first term and common
n(73 – 3(n – 1)) = 96 difference.

73n – 3n2 + 3n = 96 Solution

3n2 – 76n + 96 = 0 Un = a + (n – 1)d [ Un= nth term, a = first term

and d = common difference}
√
U5 = a + (5 – 1)d

a + 4d = 12 …………………………….(i)

n = 24 The sum of the first n terms,

Hence the number of terms that must be Sn = )

added to give a sum of 96 are 24
S5 = )
Example 7
10a + 20d = 80 x 2 = 160 ………(ii)
The tenth term of an arithmetic progression
(A.P) is 29 and the fifteenth term is 44. Find Eqn. (ii) – 5eqn. (i)
the value of the first term and the common
5a = 100
difference. Hence find the sum of the first 30
terms a = 20
Solution Substituting for a in eqn. (i)
Un = a + (n – 1)d 20 + 4d = 12
U10 = a + (10 – 1)d d = -2
a + 9d = 29 …………….(i) Hence the first term = 20 and the common
difference = -2
U15 = a + (15 – 1)d
Example 9
a + 14d = 44 ………… (ii)

Eqn (ii) – eqn. (i) (a) Prove that ∑

5d = 15

d=3

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Solution 1st term a = 2
4th term, ar3 = 16
Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ….. + n
2(r3) = 18
+ Sn = n + (n – 1) + (n – 2)+ …. + 1 r=2
the second term, ar = 2 x 2 = 4
2Sn = (n+1) + (n+1) + (n+1) + …. + (n+ 1) the third term, ar2 = 2 x 22 = 8
2Sn = n(n + 1) (b) Insert three geometric means between 1
and 81
Sn = a=1
the 5th term ar4 = 81
(b) Use your answer in (a) to deduce
1(r4) = 81
(i) ∑ r=3
the second term, ar = 1 x 3 = 3
Note to deduce is to use the already
the third term, ar2 = 1 x 32 = 9
existing result to work out other problems
the third term, ar3 = 1 x 33 = 27
[ ]

∑ ( ) Revision exercise 1
1. Find the 5th and 8th terms of a series that
has an nth term given by (-1)n(2n + 1)
[-11, 17]
2. The first term of an arithmetic progression
(ii) ∑ (A.P) is . The sixth term of th A.P is four
times the fourth term. Find the common
∑ ∑
difference of the A.P * +
( ) 3. The sum of p terms of an arithmetic
progression is q and the sum of q terms is
p; find the sum of p + q terms
4. (a) the first four terms of an A.P are 5, 11,
17 and 23. Find the 30th term and the sum
of the first 30 terms [179, 2760]
(b) the second term of an A.P is 7 and the
Inserting geometric means 7th term is -8. Find the first term, common
difference and the sum of the first 14
Like for A.Ps, the terms inserted between terms [ 10, -3, -133]
given two values of a G.P are known as 5. (a) An A.P has the first term of 2 and
geometric means. common difference 5. Given that the sum
If n terms are inserted, then the total number of the first n terms of the progression is
of terms will be n+ 2 with the two extreme 119, calculate n [7]
values representing the first and last terms (b) the sum of the first five terms of an
respectively A.P is . Also , five times the 7th term is
the same as six times the second term.
Example 10
Find the first term and the common
(a) Insert two geometric means between 2 difference * +
and 16
Solution

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6. The sum of the first n terms of the a series The common ratio, r =
is n(n + 2). Find the first three terms
[3, 5, 7]  b2 = ac
7. In an A.P, the 1st term is 13 and 15th term b = √ , the geometric mean
is 11. Find the common difference and
Example 10
sum of the first 20 terms [7, 1590]
8. (a) Show that In2r, r = 1, 2,3, is an A GP has 3rd term 7 and 5th term 847. Find the
arithmetic progression possible values of the common ratio and the
(b) find the sum of the first 10 terms of corresponding 4th terms
the progression [38.1231]
(c) Determine the least value of m for Solution
which the sum of the first 2m terms U3 = ar2 = 7
exceeds 883.7 [25]
9. In an arithmetic progression u1 + u2 + u3 +  ar2 = 7 ………………..(i)
u4 = 15 and u16 = -3. Find the greatest U5 = ar4 = 847
integer N such that UN ≥ 0. Determine the
sum of the first N terms of the  ar4 = 847 ……………(ii)
progression. [ N = 14, S14 = 136.5]
Eqn. (ii) eqn. (i)

r2 = 121
Geometric progression (G.P) r = 11
It is a series in which each term is obtained From eqn (i)
from the preceding one by multiplication or
division by a constant quantity. a=
Observations The 4th term, U4 = ar3
- The first term of G.P is also denoted, a
If r = 11, U4 = = 77
- The common ratio is r
- Given a and r If r = -11, U4 = = -77
1st term = a
2nd term = ar Example 11
3rd term = ar2
4th term = ar3 In a G.P the 2nd term is 15 and the 5th term is -
405. Find the sum of the first 8 terms
nth term = arn-1

The sum (Sn) of the first n terms of G.P Solution

U2 = ar = 15
The sum (Sn) of the first n terms of G.P is given
by  ar = 15 ……………………..(i)

Sn = for r > 1 or U5 = ar4 = -405

 ar4 = -405
Sn = for r< 1
Eqn. (ii) eqn. (i)
The geometric mean (G.M)
r3 =-27
Suppose three numbers a, b and c are
consecutive terms of GP, then, the middle r = -3
term is the geometric mean.

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From eqn. (i), a = -5 Ar6 – ar3 = 1404
ar3(r3 -1) = 156 ……………. (ii)
Since r < 1
Eqn. (ii) eqn. (i)
Sn = = =
r2 = 9
Example 12 r=
In the geometric series u1 + u2 + u3 + … r = 3 and r = -3

u1+ u3 = 26 and u3 + u5 = 650. Example 14

Find the possible values of u4 (a) The first three terms of a Geometric
progression (G.P) are 4, 8 and 16. Determine
Solution the sum of the first ten terms of the G.P.
u1+ u3 = 26 (04marks)

a + ar2 = 26 solution

a(1 + r2) = 26 ………………… (i) a = 4, ar = 6

4r = 8
u3 + u5 = 650. r=2
ar2 + ar4 = 650 Sn =

ar2(1 + r2) = 650 ……………(ii) S10 = 4( )= 4092

Eqn. (ii) eqn. (i)

r2 = 25 (b) An Arithmetic Progression (A.P) has a

common difference of 3. A Geometric
r= 5
Progression (G.P) has a common ration of 2. A
From eqn. (i) sequence is formed by subtracting the term of
the A.P from the corresponding terms of the
a(1 + 25) = 26 G.P. The third term of the sequence is 4. The
a=1 sixth term of the sequence is 79. Find the first
term of the
u4 = ar3
(i) A.P (08 marks)
If r = 5; u4 = a(5)3 = 125
(ii) G.P (06 mars)
If r = 5; u4 = a(-5)3 = -125
A.P
Example 13 x, x+3, x +6, x + 9, x + 12, x+ 15, ……
In a Geometric Progression (G.P), the G.P
difference between the fifth and the second y, 2y, 4y, 8y, 16y, 32y, ….
term is 156. The difference between the 4y – (x + 6) = 4
seventh and the fourth is 1404 Find the 4y – x = 10 ……………..(i)
possible values of the common ratio. 32y – (x + 15) = 79
32y – x = 94………….. (ii)
U5 – U2 = 156 Eqn. (ii) – Eqn. (i)
ar4 – ar = 156 28y = 84, => y = 3
ar(r3 -1) = 156 ……………. (i) Substituting for y into eqn. (i)
U7 – U4 = 156 12 – x = 10

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x =2 when r =
(i) A.P, U1 = 2
(ii) G.P, U1 =3 the terms are
Example 15 Hence the terms in their order are 2, 6, 18 or
The sum of the first n terms of a geometric 18, 6, 2
progression (G.P) is . Find the nth
term as an integral power of 2
Inserting geometric means
Solution
Like for A.Ps, the terms inserted between
Sn = given two values of a G.P are known as
geometric means.
Comparing with Sn =
If n terms are inserted, then the total number
a=4 of terms will be n+ 2 with the two extreme
values representing the first and last terms
r – 1 = 3, r = 4 respectively
The nth term, Un = arn – 1 Example 16
= 4 x 4n-1 = 22 x 22(n-1) = 22+2n-2 = 22n (c) Insert two geometric means between 2
and 16
Example 16
Solution
Find three numbers in geometrical 1st term a = 2
progression such that their sum is 26 and their 4th term, ar3 = 16
product is 216 2(r3) = 18
r=2
Solution
the second term, ar = 2 x 2 = 4
Let the numbers be , a and ar the third term, ar2 = 2 x 22 = 8
(d) Insert three geometric means between 1
Product = ( ) = 216 and 81
a=1
a3 = 216 = 63 the 5th term ar4 = 81
1(r4) = 81
a=6
r=3
the terms are the second term, ar = 1 x 3 = 3
the third term, ar2 = 1 x 32 = 9
Sum of terms = 26 the third term, ar3 = 1 x 33 = 27

 6r2 – 26r + 6 = 0 Mixed terms of A.P and G.P

3r2 – 13r + 3 = 0 These are problems involving both A.Ps and
(r – 3)(3r – 1) = 0 G.Ps. when handling we make use of their
Either r – 3 = 0; r = 3 respective properties.
Or 3r - 1 = 0; r =
Example 17
When r = 3
A geometric progression (G.P) and an
the terms are arithmetic progression (A.P) have the same
first term. The sum of their first, second and

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third terms are 6, 10.5 and 18 respectively. 9, 9 + 3d, 9 + 7d
Calculate the sum of their 5th terms.
For a G.P, r =
Solution
 (9 + 3d)2 = 9(9 + 7d)
Terms G.P A.P Sum 81 + 54d + 9d2 = 81 + 63d
1st a a 2a = 6 …………………(i)
9d2 – 9d = 0
2nd a+d ar a + d + ar = 10.5 ….(ii)
9d(d – 1) = 0
3rd a + 2d ar2 a + 2d + ar2 = 18 ..(iii)
Either d – 1 = 0; d = 1
Or d = 0
From eqn. (i): 2a = 6; a = 3
When d = 0 all terms of A.P are equal
From eqn. (ii): 3 + d + 3r = 10.5
Hence the common difference d = 1
d + 3r = 7.5 ……………….. (iv)
Example 19
2
From eqn. (iii) 3 + 2d + 3r = 18
(a) The sum of the first m terms of a
2
2d + 3r = 15 ……………..(v) progression is m(2m + 11)
(i) Show that the progression is an A.P
Eqn. (v) – 2eqn. (iv)
(ii) Determine the nth term of the
3r2 – 6r = 0 progression

3r(r -2) = 0 Solution

r -2 = 0 Given Sm = m(2m + 11)

r=2 First term = S1 = 1(2 x 1 + 11) = 13

Substitute for r into eqn. (iv) S2 = 2(2 x 2 + 11) = 30

d + 6 = 7.5 Second term = 30 – 13 = 17

d = 1.5 S3 = 3(2 x 3 + 11) = 51

Sum of their fifth terms Third term = 51 – 20 = 21

= (a + 4d) + ar4 The progression is 13, 17, 21, ….. Hence A.P
with the first term 13 and common difference,
= (3 + 4 x 1.5) + 3 x 24 = 57 d= 4
Example 18 (ii) Un = Sn – Sn-1
st th
The 1 , 4thand 8 terms of A.P form a G.P. if = n(2n + 11) – (n – 1)(2(n -1) + 11)
the first term is 9, find the
= 9 + 4n
(i) Common difference of the A.P
(ii) Common ratio of the G.P Example 20
(iii) Difference in sums of the first 6 terms of
(a) The first, second and last term of an A.P
the progressions.
are a, b, c respectively. Prove that the sum
Solution of all terms is
Given that a, a + 3d, a + 7d form a G.P Solution
If the 1st term is a and the second term is
Substituting for a = 9, the terms are b; the common difference, d = (b – a)

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Last term (nth terms c = a + (n – 1)d

c = a + (n – 1)(b – 1)
(b) Work out the following
i.e. n – 1 = => n = (i) ∑ ( )
Solution
but Sn =
∑ ( )
= ( )
a = 1 and r =
=

(b) The first, second and last terms of a GP (ii) ∑ ( )

are a and b. show that the sum of the first
Solution
n terms is
∑ ( ) =
Solution
A= and r =
Common ratio =
( ( ) )

( ) (iii) ∑
= Solution
a = 1 and r = a
Sum to infinity of a G.P
We have seen that the sum of n terms of a G.P
(iv) ∑
for r < 1 is
Solution
Now for -1 < n < 1 i.e. | | , as n → , rn →0
∑ = 9x2 + 27x3 + 81x4 + …
Therefore
a = 9x2 and r = 3x
Hence the sum of a GP to infinity for| |
converges to and diverges for r > 1
and r < 1 Example 22
Example 21 (a) Express the following as fractions using
approach of sum of a G.P to infinity
(a) Calculate the sum to infinity of the
(i) 0. ̇
following terms
Solution
(i)
0. ̇ =
Solution
= ( )
a = 1 and r =
= ( )

(ii)
Solution (ii) 3.1 ̇ ̇
Solution
a = and r =
3.1 ̇ ̇ = 3 +

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=3+ ( ) corresponding values of u1
[ r = 3, a = 156; r = -3, a = ]
= ( ) ( ) 3. The sum of the second and third terms of
a G.P is 9. It the seventh term is eight
times the fourth term, find the
=
(a) The first term and the common ration
Hence 3.1 ̇ ̇ [a = ⁄ and r = 2]
(b) The sum of the fourth and first term
(b) The sum to infinity of a GP is 7 and the [36]
sum of the first two terms is . Find the 4. Find the sum of ten terms of geometrical
common ratio and the first term of the GP series 2, -4, 8 ….. *-682]
with positive common ratio 5. The second and the third terms of a G.P
Solution progression are 24 and 12(b + 1)
respectively. Find b if the sum of the first
three terms of the progression is 76
…………………….(i) * +
6. The sum of the 2nd and 3rd terms of a G.P
But S2 = is 12. The sum of the 3rd and 4th terms is
-36. Find the 1st term and common ratio
a + ar = [a = 2, r = -3]
7. What is the smallest number of terms of
a(1 + r) = ……………………….(ii)
GP 5, 10, 20 …. that can give a sum
substituting eqn. (i) into eqn. (ii) greater than 500, 000 [n= 17]
8. The first, fourth and eighth terms of
= Arithmetic progression (A.P) form a
geometric progression. If the first term is
9, find
49r2 = 1 (i) The common difference of A.P [ 1]
(ii) The common ratio of the G.P * +
r2 = (iii) The difference in the sums of the first
6 terms of the progressions [55.7049]
r=
9. The second, third and ninth terms of an
Considering appositive ratio A.P form a G.P. find the common ratio of
the G.P [6]
From eqn. (i) 10. (a) The sum of the first 10 terms of an AP
is 120. The sum of the next 8 terms is 240.
a = 7(1 - =6
Find the sum of the next 6 terms [264]
Revision exercise 2 (b) the arithmetic mean of the a and b is
three times their geometric mean. Show
1. The common ration of a GP is -5 and the that √
sum of the first seven terms of the 11. The first three terms of a geometric series
progression is 449. Find the first three are 1, p, and q. Given also that 10, q and p
terms. * + are the first three terms of an arithmetic
2. In the geometrical series ∑ , u5 – u2 series. Show that 2p2 – p – 10 = 0
= 156 and u7 – u4 = 1404. Find the possible Hence find the possible values of p and q
values of the common ratio and [p = -2 and q = 4 or p = and q = ]

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Application of A.Ps and G.Ps to interest rates = P[( ) ( ) ( ) ]

If a sum of money P is invested at a simple

This is a G.P with:
interest rate of r% per annum, the amount
received after n years is given by A = P + I first term = = (100 + r)%
where I =
And common ratio = (100 + r)%
By substitution we have
(100 + r)%* +
A=P+ = P( )
Example 23
The interest for one year is , for 2 years is
(a) Find the amount at the end of ten years
, for n year = . Therefore the various
when 500000 shillings is invested at 5%
amounts of interest after one, two, three, etc. compound interest
years form an AP (i) the interest being added annually
On the other hand, if the principal P is Solution
invested at compound interest rate of r% per A= ( )
annum, the interest being added annually, the
( )
amount after one year is ( ) , after two
A = 814,447.3134
years is ( ) , after 3 years is (ii) the interest being added twice a year
Solution
( ) and after n years ( ) A= ( )
Hence the amounts after one, two, three, etc. ( )
years for a GP. A = 1,326,648.853
Note: if with compound interest is added half
annually as much as when added yearly, but it (b) Find the amount at the end of ten years
is added twice as much. Hence amount when 500000 shillings is invested at 5%
simple interest
A= ( )
A= =750,000
Now suppose that instead of adding the
interest annually, it is the principal, P which is Proof by induction
added annually, This is a mathematical technique that uses the
reasoning that if a statement is true for a
Amount after 1st year = ( ) particular value say n = 1, then it must be true
for n = 2, 3, 4, …. This involves the proof that
Amount after 2nd year = ( ) the series on the LHS must be equal to the
terms on the RHS
Amount after 3rd year = ( )
Example 24

Amount after nth year = ( ) Prove by induction that

Total amount after n years 1 + 2 + 3 + …+ n =

= ( ) ( ) + …+ ( ) Solution

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Here we need to show that the above series
agrees for all values of n = 1, 2, 3 .., q and q +1

Suppose n = 1 =[ ]* +

LHS = 1 [taking only the 1st number]

=[ ]* +
RHs = = 1[substituting for n = 1]
=
LHS = RHS => the series hold for n = 1
LHS = RHS => the series holds for n = k+1
Suppose n = 2 hence for all positive values of n
LHS = 1+ 2 = 3 [taking first 2 numbers] (b) ∑
RHs = = 3[substituting for n = 2] Solution
LHS = RHS => the series hold for n = 2 For n = 1
Suppose n = q LHS = ∑ = 13 = 1

1 + 2 + 3 + …+ q = RHS = =1

For n = q +1(i.e. adding k + 1 on both sides) LHS = RHS => the series holds for n = 1

1 + 2 + 3 + …+ q + (q+1) = + (q + 1) For n = 2

LHS = ∑ = 13 + 2 3 = 1
=
RHS = =9
=
LHS = RHS => the series holds for n = 2
The result is true for n = q + 1, hence true for
all positive values of n For n = k

Example 25 ∑
Prove by induction For n = k+1
(a) 12 + 22 + 32 + …. + n2 = ∑ ∑ +(k + 1)3
Solution
For n = 1 =
LHS = 12 = 1;
= * +
RHS = =1
LHS = RHS => the series holds for n = 1 = [ ]
For n = 2
LHS = 12 + 22 = 5; =
RHS = =5
LHS = RHS => the series holds for n = 2 (c) p + pq + pq2 +…+pqn-1 =p( )
For n = k For n = 1,
2 2 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + …. + k = LHS = p
For n = k + 1 RHS =p( )=p
12 + 22 + 32 + …. + k2 +(k+ 1)2 the identity is true for n = 1

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 For n = 1, how much he got at the end of the fifth
LHS = p + pq =p(1+q) year at the compound interest rate of 2%
RHS =p( ) = p( )=p(1+q) per annum. [530,812.1]
4. Prove by induction
the identity is true for n = 2
For n = k (i) ∑
(ii) 13 + 23 + 33 + …. + n3
p + pq + pq2 +…+pqk-1 =p( )
=
For n = k+1
(iii) ∑
p + pq + pq2 +…+pqk-1+pqk = p( )+pqk
(iv)
= p( )
(v) ∑
= p( )
(vi) ∑
the identity is true for n = k+1, hence
true for all positive values of n 5. The sum of the first n terms of a
Geometric Progression (G.P) is .
Revision exercise 3 Find its nth term as an integral power of 2
1. Five millions shillings is invested each year [22n]
at a rate of 15% compound interest by a 6. Prove by mathematical induction the
certain bank. 32n – 1 is a multiple of 8 for all positive
(a) Find how much he will receive at the integers n
end of ten years [116.7464m] 7. Use the method of induction to prove that
(b) How many years will it take to 6n – 1is divisible by 5 for all positive
accumulate to more than 50m [6] integral values of n
2. John opened an account in the bank and 8. Prove by induction that
deposited200,000 shillings every month ∑
for ten months without withdrawing. Find hence evaluate ∑
how much money he accumulated after
10 months if the bank offered 10% Thank you
compound interest per month. Dr. Bbosa Science
[3,506,233.412]
3. Peter deposited sh. 100,000 at the
beginning of every year for 5 years; find

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