Republic of the Philippines

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1. What is temperature?

Temperature tells us how hot or cold something is. We use a thermometer, a special tool,
to measure it accurately. Temperature can vary from the absolute coldest point possible, known
as absolute zero, to the hottest things in the universe, like supernovas.

2. What are the common temperature scales (at least four)?

The common temperature scales are the following:

- Celsius
- Fahrenheit
- Kelvin
- Rankine

3. Temperature conversion ( equations )

a. Celsius to Fahrenheit:

9
Fahrenheit = Celsius+32
5

b. Celsius to Kelvin

Kelvin=Celsius+ 273.15

c. Fahrenheit to Rankine:

Rankine=Fahrenheit + 459.67

d. Kelvin to Fahrenheit:

9
Fahrenheit = (Kelvin−273.15)+32
5
 Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
4. What is thermodynamics? Give at least one importance/usage to engineering field.

Thermodynamics is all about understanding how heat, work, temperature, and energy are
connected. It helps us figure out how energy changes within a system and whether that system
can do useful things.

Thermodynamics is very essential for engineers because it helps us make machines and
gadgets work better. For instance, in electronics engineering, we use thermodynamics to create
special materials, like polymers, that can safely hold electronic parts in place without melting or
breaking. Think about your phone or computer. Thanks to thermodynamics, engineers design
smart cooling systems that keep these devices from getting too hot. This means your gadgets can
run smoothly without overheating.

5. What is the Zeroth (0th) Law of Thermodynamics? Give one example.

The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics deals with the thermal equilibrium which states that
if the two systems is thermal equilibrium to the third system then those two system are also
equilibrium to one another.

Let’s think of it as a three room connected to one another forming triangular shape. Two
out of the three room has an air-conditioning unit. After running the air-conditioning for a quite
time, we can imagine that the third room that has no air-conditioning is getting cold. Thus
reaching the state of thermal equilibrium.

6. What are the common three phase/state of matter?

The following are the common three state of matter:

- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas

7. What is thermal expansion?

Thermal Expansion is when things get bigger or smaller as they heat up or cool down. It's
something we can see, like when a hot air balloon gets filled with hot air and rises into the sky
because the air inside it expands. Another example is how the liquid inside a thermometer goes
up when it's warm. This expanding and contracting happens in liquids and gases.
 Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

8. What is heat? What is internal energy? What us the difference of heat and internal
energy?

Heat refers to the transfer of energy from one system to another due to differences in
temperature. Heat naturally flows from hotter objects to cooler ones. For instance, when you heat
a cold metal spoon, energy moves from the hot flame to the cooler spoon. The crucial point is
that heat is about energy in transit, moving from one place to another.

On the other hand, Internal Energy represents the total energy contained within a system.
It's a combination of two types of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. Think of it as the
total energy locked inside a substance. For example, water in a cup has internal energy composed
of the energy from water molecules moving which is the kinetic energy and the energy involved
in their interactions which is a potential energy.

The key distinction is that heat involves energy transfer from one system to another due
to temperature differences, while internal energy is the total energy locked within a system. For
example, when you heat water on a stove, the stove transfers heat to the water, raising its
temperature. At the same time, the internal energy of the water increases, causing its molecules
to move faster, illustrating the rise in kinetic energy.

9. What is calorimetry and its uses?

Calorimetry is a scientific technique that utilizes a special tool called a "calorimeter" to

measure heat and specific heat capacity. A calorimeter is essentially a container designed to
prevent heat from escaping or entering. Its main purpose is to accurately quantify the heat
exchanged during various processes.

The fundamental principle underlying calorimetry is the law of conservation of energy,

which tells us that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change its form. In simple
terms, this means that when a substance undergoes a change, like a chemical reaction or a phase
transition, the energy associated with that change can be measured rather than lost.

Calorimetry finds significant application in the field of chemistry. It is instrumental in

determining the heat of reaction, which is the amount of heat released or absorbed during a
chemical reaction. Additionally, it is used to study phase transitions, such as when a solid melts
into a liquid or a liquid vaporizes into a gas.
 Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Furthermore, calorimetry plays a crucial role in understanding thermodynamics,
specifically the first law, which focuses on the conservation of energy, and the second law,
which deals with concepts like entropy and spontaneity.

10. What is the common three energy transfer mechanism? Briefly explain each. ( 3pts )

There are three energy transfer mechanism namely conduction, convection and radiation.

Conduction is the way energy moves through a material. This material is often referred to

as a "conductor." Conductors allow energy, like heat, to flow freely through them. On the other

hand, there are materials called "insulators" that do the opposite, they block the movement of

energy. Imagine cooking an egg in a frying pan. The frying pan itself is like a conductor because

it lets the heat spread evenly across its surface, cooking the egg. However, if you touch the

handle of the frying pan while it's on the stove, you'll notice it's not hot. That's because the

handle is an insulator. It doesn't let the heat from the pan travel into it, so you can hold it without

getting burned.

Convection is how heat energy moves through fluids, which can be either liquids or

gases. There are two main types of convection: forced convection and natural convection. Forced

Convection happens with the help of devices like pumps or fans. Imagine a hot summer day

when you turn on an electric fan. The fan pushes cool air towards you, replacing the warm air

around you. This is an example of forced convection. Another example is an air-conditioned

room where a machine circulates cold air, making the room feel cooler and more comfortable.

Natural Convection, on the other hand, doesn't require any machines. It's like the movement of

molten material inside the Earth, which plays a vital role in Earth's processes. You can also see

natural convection in action when you look at fluffy cumulus clouds in the sky. These clouds are

formed because of water vapor rising due to the hot air below and then cooling down at higher

altitudes.
 Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Radiation is the transfer of energy through waves. These waves include things like

infrared rays, visible light, UV light, and radio waves. Unlike conduction and convection,

radiation doesn't need a material or medium to travel through. A great example of radiation is the

Sun. The Sun emits energy in the form of radiation, and that's why you feel warmth when you're

outside on a sunny day. However, it's also why your skin can get burned if you're exposed to too

much of this energy because it carries heat.

Radiation isn't just from the Sun, it can come from other sources too. Some objects can

be harmful because they emit radiation, like radioactive materials. For instance, the radioactive

material that Marie Curie worked with is a good example. Unfortunately, exposure to certain

types of radiation, like what she encountered, can be very dangerous and even fatal. In our

modern world, we use radiation in many helpful ways. For instance, the screens of our computers

emit radiation, which allows us to see what's on the screen. And we even use radiation in ovens

to cook food quickly and efficiently.

 Republic of the Philippines
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
(UNIVERSITY OF CABUYAO)
Katapatan Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

REFERENCE

Ling, S., Sanny, J., & Moebs, W. (2016). University Physics Volume 2 (Vol. 2) [E-Book].

OpenStax.

Mangano, A., & Wordeman, K. (n.d.). How to Distinguish Between Heat and Internal Energy.

study.com. https://study.com/skill/learn/distinguishing-between-heat-and-internal-energy-

of-a-system-explanation.html#

Professor Dave Explain. (2017). The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium

[Video]. Youtube. Retrieved September 5, 2023, from https://youtu.be/S2hsaTO0bO8?

si=bfdSZC34z-X4l3KX