LIAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Malaruhatan Lian, Batangas

“FEASIBILITY OF WILD SUGAR CANE IN PAPER

MAKING: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED INNOVATIVE

FLYERS”

Submitted by:

Marquez, Christian P.

Baylosis, Nicole C.

Caunar, Precious Mae T.

LIAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Malaruhatan, Lian Batangas

2022-2023
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Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Malaruhatan Lian, Batangas
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Paper is essential in every man’s life. It is used by a large group of people, the

majority of whom are students, for personal or general purposes. As a result, annual paper

production increases dramatically. Paper is made from the cellulose fibers found in both hard

and soft wood plants. Paper trees are typically processed to make paper.

As papers are valuable products made from a green source which is decreasing day by

day, people should use it thriftily. To make a ton of paper, 17 trees must be cut down.

Wasting paper or using more paper means cutting a greater number of trees causing

deforestation in addition Trees are used in the society for a variety of industries such as print

newspaper, furniture, construction, pulp, paper mills, and so many more.

People have grown to depend on paper, However, due to the rapid increase in paper

demand, the source of these is gradually diminishing. Paper trees, which are the primary

source of paper, have been cut down and are now nearly extinct.

These facts inspired the researchers to conduct a study titled “feasibility of wild sugar

cane in paper making,” which will serve as an alternative source of paper. Wild sugar cane is

suitable for paper production because its structure is identical to the one of paper fibers.

Perennial grasses, such as, wild sugar cane [Saccharum sp., Erianthus sp.) are known for its

high productivity due to its C4, photosynthetic cycle, when compared to other C3, plants and

mainly used as bio-energy crop in many parts of the world [Klass, 1999, Mislevy et al., 1995,

Mislevy and Fluck, 1992, Fuentes and Taliaferro, 2002].

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Increasing population, over-exploitation of natural resources, and dwindling alternative

uses of agricultural and forest products result in a scarcity of agrobased and forest-based

fibrous raw materials for paper making, forcing the paper industry to seek alternative raw

material resources. The scarcity of fibrous raw materials can be compensated by increasing

unit area productivity through the introduction of highly productive and improved pulpwood

clones, or by identifying and implementing new plant species with high biomass productivity.

Since ancient times, annual and perennial grasses have been used as a new source of

fiber for the paper industry. Non-wood fibers were used for paper making as early as 3000

BC in Egypt, for example, pressed pith tissue of Cyperus papyrus L was used as printing

material.

After the invention of the chemical pulping process in the twentieth century, wood

became increasingly popular as a raw material for paper making in many parts of the world.

However, due to increased paper production, wood is not readily available in many regions of

the world for paper making [Atchison 1987a. Judt 1993], and wood is also used for a variety

of other purposes such as fuel and other value-added products. The scarcity of woody fibrous

raw material for paper making, combined with rising demand for paper, compelled many

paper makers to seek out alternative raw materials, such as non-wood for paper making.

The global consumption of paper and board increased from 78 million tons per year in

1961 to 335 million tons in 2004. Consumption in developed countries has not increased

since 1990. In contrast, growth in the developing world, particularly in Asia, is increasing at a

rate of 6.5% per year as a result of increased literacy and income [Adrian Whiteman, 2005].

Commercial non-wood pulp production is estimated to be around 6.5% of total global pulp
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production, and it is expected to rise in the future. In this case the researcher observe that

wild sugar cane can be use in paper making. Wild sugar cane uses less water per gram of

biomass produced than other plants. These characteristics makes Kans grass biomass a novel

substrate with great potential for the production valuable products. This research will be

conducted in Lian Senior High School under observation of Practical Research teachers.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted to find an alternative source of paper. It also aims to answer

the following question:

1. What are the properties that make wild sugar cane paper stand out/unique from all of the

existing paper products in terms of;

1.1. Durability

1.2. Whiteness

1.3. Length

1.4. Texture

2.What features wild sugar cane paper valuable in terms of

2.1. Appearance

2.2. Accessibility

2.3. Cost

3.What innovative flyers can be suggested based on the study’s findings?

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study will focus on the production of paper from wild sugar cane as an alternative

source of paper. Furthermore, because of its low cost and high quality, it will be beneficial to

students. This alternative source of paper will reduce the possibility of causing harm or

calamity for the community, especially because it will reduce the need for paper trees, which

leads to tree cutting. For this research, we intend to conduct our study at Lian Senior High

School in January 2023.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be a great help in making an alternative source of paper. It will also be

significant in the following fields:

To the Academic. It will serve as a future reference for future studies regarding wild

sugar cane and Paper Production.

Students. It will be affordable to the students because of its economical price and

excellent quality.

Researchers. This will help the researchers to know more or gain knowledge about

wild sugarcane and Production of paper.

Community. This will be an alternative source of paper that will lessen the needs of

paper tree to ensure that landslide and floods will reduce.

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To the Future Researchers. It can assist them in building their forthcoming study on

the findings of this investigation.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Biomass- is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living

organisms, such as plants and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy

are plants, wood, and waste. These are called biomass feedstock. Biomass energy can also be

a non-renewable energy source.

Diminishing- means becoming smaller, fewer, or less, to reduce or be reduced in size

or importance.

Dwindling- means growing less in size, intensity, or number until there is nothing or

almost nothing left, diminishing, or shrinking gradually.

Feasibility- means the likelihood that the project will obtain the financing necessary

to allow for full completion of the project and the likelihood that the proposed redevelopment

or improvement that is the subject of the project will be fully completed.

Pulping- is the process of making pulp, esp. from wood, for use in the manufacture of

paper, cardboard, etc. or involved in the making of pulp pulping facilities.

Saccharum spontaneum (Wild Sugarcane)- is a species of perennial grass in the

family true grasses. They have a self-supporting growth form. They are native to Pacific

Basin excluding Hawaii. They have simple, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to 1.8 m.

Scarcity- is one of the key concepts of economics. It means that the demand for a

good or service is greater than the availability of the good or service. Therefore, scarcity can

limit the choices available to the consumers who ultimately make up the economy.
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Wild Sugar Cane (Saccharum spontaneum)- is a grass native to the Indian

Subcontinent. It is a perennial grass, growing up to three meters in height, with spreading

rhizomatous roots. The plant's stem appears a little firm, yet the leaves are pretty thin and

have blunt edges.

Paper- material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous

substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material.

Brochure- a small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a

product or service. A promotional document primarily used to introduce a company,

organization, products, or services and inform prospective customers or members of the

public of the benefits.

Paper tree- a trees and shrubs of the Polylepis genis endemic to the high-Andean

region are known for their twisting branches and thin, red, paper-like bark giving the trees the

nickname “Paper Tree (Catchpole). The trees used for paper making fall into two categories:

hardwood and softwood. Softwood trees like pines, spruces, hemlocks, and firs are excellent

trees for paper. Hardwood trees, like poplars, birch, hickory, maple, and sweet gum, are for

sturdier printing paper and magazines. They have longer fibers known to produce stronger

paper.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter largely presents various studies form other literatures conducted by

foreign and local researchers. It focuses on numerous aspects that will assist in the growth of

this research. The study's goal is to show the feasibility of wild sugar cane in papermaking.
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The papers included in this research originated from various literatures that can be used by

future researchers and are thought to be appropriate for this study.

LOCAL AND STUDIES LITERATURE

The present environmental issue can resolve by using non-timber resources for making

paper. The global forest is being depleted to produce paper products. This study aims to

develop and produce paper out of wild sugarcane. It also aims to determine the level of

acceptability of produced paper based on the sensory evaluation of the respondent regarding

texture, durability, and thickness. (Rainer R. Fiscal, Kristoffer Bryan V. Dandan)

The Sugar Cane Paper Company uses recycled sugar cane bagasse to produce paper

and tableware products. They have been able to reduce the stress on the forests through

intensive paper recycling programs that developed in recent years primarily due to the efforts

of various environmental organizations. So perhaps if the Philippines starts to recycle bagasse

for paper production, the stress on the rainforests of the Philippines due to various

environmental organizations may be reduced. Paper products out of bagasse are fully

recyclable, reducing trash and waste pollution. Paper products out of bagasse are not made

using tree-fiber, meaning they have no impact on the rainforests, therefore helping the

conservation of the trees. Unlike plastic and Styrofoam, bagasse-made products can be

composted and will biodegrade back to the soil without leaving any harmful residues. This

provides more jobs for many people, helping them earn money by easy homemade paper

making out of sugarcane. Making paper out of bagasse is more profitable, because buying

raw sugar cane material is up to 5 times cheaper than wood, and higher paper production
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rates are possible. Making homemade paper can be an enjoyable crafts activity for anyone.

(Grace Lee).

Review study based on author's extensive knowledge of annual crops used as pulp and

papermaking raw materials. The production of agricultural fibers for paper on a global scale,

varieties of crops appropriate for the purpose, and prospects are all covered. The paper

concludes by highlighting the market niche for pulps from annual crops in terms of

price/performance. (Manfred Just).

FOREIGN AND STUDIES LITERATURE

According to the study of Napier Grass and Corn Stalk in Papermaking by Batu

Pahat, this study is to examine the chemical compositions of paper made from pineapple

leaves, maize stalks, and Napier grass as well as to provide a thorough review. Around 90%

of the traditional raw materials used worldwide in the manufacture of pulp and paper are

made of wood. However, the ecosystem has been impacted by the destruction of forests to

extract the wood. Alternative fibers derived from non-wood sources will be an excellent

option as this issue becomes more pressing for preventing environmental harm. The kraft

process is widely used in the paper industry as the primary pulping method.

According to Taslima Ferdous, M, Abdul Quaiyyum, Abdus Salam, M, and Sarwar

Jahan, Bangladesh, a small and heavily populated country, faces a shortage of fibrous raw

materials. Due to a lack of bagasse, the only bagasse-based pulp mill was forced to close.

Similar alternative raw materials must have been evaluated in this context to support small

scale pulp mills in this country. Alkaline oxidation revealed that the lignin of these non-

woods (bagasse, kash and corn stalks) was rich in p-hydroxyphenyl propane units. According
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to current research in green and sustainable chemistry, corn stalk was easier to delignify in

the soda-AQ process and yielded the lowest pulp yield.

According to Du Hanmin, paper is a product that is used for a variety of purposes.

Rising paper demand was also having an impact on the environment. The invention describes

a method for recycling papermaking sludge to produce high strength kraft paper. This strong

demand is being driven by rising living standards, higher disposable income, increased

education, tourism, and manufacturing activity. The proposed article assumes that the paper

is made by recycling the papermaking sludge so that it can be reused, and that the process is

clean and pollution-free, as well as more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The

new manufacturing process can improve the quality, strength, and toughness of the finished

kraft paper.

According to P.M. Gopal, Debabrata Barik, 2019, every year, the paper and pulp

industries consume massive amounts of resources such as wood and water, and they produces

tons and tons of solid waste and waste that must be treated. Methodologies for converting

paper mill wastes into energy such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic

digestion, and biodiesel production are discussed, and it is revealed that anaerobic digestion

is a commonly used method for wastewater, whereas incineration is for solid wastes. It was

also discovered that producing biofuels from these wastes was feasible.

According to R. K. Jain, K. Singh and T. K. Roy, in the past, the demand for paper and

paperboard has increased at a rate of 5-6% per year. Writing and printing grades account for

nearly 45% of total demand for paper and paper board, industrial grades account for

approximately 49% (25% container board and 24% carton board), and the remainder is

demand for other paper including tissue. An attempt has been made to analyze the issues

confronting the industry, particularly with regard to raw materials, as well as the paper
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sector's response to these issues. In terms of diversity and abundance, India is a rich source of

non-wood fiber resources. Non woods range from primarily forest-based sources such as

bamboo to agricultural residues such as bagasse, rice, and wheat straws. According to one

estimate, India is the world's largest sugar cane crushing industry, and the sugar industry has

emerged as an important fiber base for the Indian paper industry. The Indian paper industry

employs a diverse range of fibrous raw materials, primarily forest-based agro residues such as

bagasse, straw, and wastepaper. Though agroresidues are abundant, associated issues such as

complexity during processing, product quality, and environmental concerns are major

concerns for encouraging the use of this potentially available renewable raw material.

According to Katri Saijonkari, study began in 1990, when short fiber raw material for

the pulp industry was in short supply. Non-wood fibers from herbaceous field crops are an

alternative to using hardwoods in printing papers. The study aimed to determine the

practicality of using non-wood plants as raw materials in the pulp and paper industry, as well

as to develop crop management methods for the selected species. High yielding ability, high

pulping quality, and good adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions were considered

important for a fiber crop, as were low-cost production possibilities. This thesis describes a

strategy and a process for identifying, selecting, and introducing a crop for domestic short

fiber production.

The primary raw materials used in the papermaking industry are classified into three

types: wood, non-wood, and non-plant, with non-wood fiber materials serving as an

important fiber source in areas where forest resources are limited. This study aims to develop

and produce a paper out of wild sugarcane as an alternative source.

SYNTHESIS
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Most people know that paper is a product that is used for a variety purposes. Rising

paper demand was also having an impact on the environment. The ecosystem has been

affected due to the rapid use of traditional wood materials used to create paper. For this case

to be solve researchers conducted a study that seek for an alternative material to be used in

paper production. As P.M. Gopal, Debabrata Barik said that every year the paper and pulp

industries consume massive amounts of resources such as wood and water and produce a ton

of solid waste. This is what the researchers want to avoid by using materials that do not

consume a lot of water and can be recycled to reduce waste, such as wild sugarcane.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Cleaned the wild

sugarcane leaves with
water and drained.
1.1. The properties 2. Cut wild sugarcane
leaves.
that make wild
3. Boiled the wild
sugarcane paper sugarcane leaves for 3
standout/unique hours resulting in
from all the existing Evaluating the
sugarcane fiber.
paper products in 4. Washed wild
potential of
terms of: sugarcane fiber in producing paper
1.1.1. Durability cool water. from wild sugarcane
1.1.2. Whiteness 5. Mixed 20% a foundation for a
1.1.3. Length chlorine (200g) per novel concept.
1.1.4. Textures wild sugarcane grass
fiber (1kg) with 1 liter
water.
2.1. The features of
6. Soaked sugarcane
wild sugarcane fiber in water with
paper valuable in chlorine. Then
terms of: cleaned with pure
water.
2.1.1. Appearance 7. Place wild sugar
2.1.2. Accessibility cane fiber in a
2.1.3. Cost colander and sieve in
water for fiber
uniformly.
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Frame 1 shows the input of the study including the properties that make wild

sugarcane paper standout/unique, the features of wild sugarcane paper valuable in terms of

appearance, accessibility, and cost, and the innovative brochure can be suggested on the

study's findings.

Frame 2 described the process used to create the the study.Researchers follow a

instruction or a process on how to create the wild sugarcane paper.

Frame 3 shows the output of the study entitled" FEASIBILITY OF WILD

SUGARCANE IN PAPERMAKING: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED INNOVATIVE

BRUCHURE".

CHAPTER III

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the research methods used by the researchers that includes the type

of research design, the number of respondents of the study, the instruments that will be used

in data gathering and the procedure and lastly, the statistical treatment of the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study was designed as quantitative research which relies on determining

measurable variables using numerical arrangement. This kind of study was experimental

design because it scrutinizes the Feasibility of wild sugarcane in papermaking: Basis for a

proposed innovative brochure and observe the relationship of variables. This experimental
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research can help the researchers to collect accurate information and give reliable evidence

regarding on how effective the wild sugarcane in paper making.

PARTICIPNTS OF THE STUDY

To provide evident response for the certain questions in this research, the researchers

choose the students of Grade 12 ABM-Ferrer as a respondent from Lian Senior High School.

TABLE 3.1

Distribution of Participants

PARTICIPANTS NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

Grade 12 – STEM 40

Total 40

The researchers chose the respondents by doing a non-probability sampling called

purposive or judgement sampling. Purposive sampling aims to focus on a particular

characteristic of the population which are the Grade 12 ABM- Ferrer, the survey

questionnaires will be answered by them.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Before proceeding, the researchers get a permission to their instructor and target

participants to allow them to implement the survey in Lian Senior High School. The
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researchers give wild sugarcane paper sample together with survey questionnaire to each

target respondents and assessed and fill out by them. Moreover, the collected data from the

respondents were analyzed and interpreted, conclusion formed by using the evaluated data.

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

In order for using substantial data in the investigation of the feasibility of wild

sugarcane, the researchers created a survey questionnaire that served as their tool for

gathering relevant data and specifics. Three sections of the survey questionnaire provide

answers to their problem statement. The questionnaire's first objective is to determine

whether wild sugarcane paper stands out among all other paper products currently on the

market. The second objective is to determine whether the wild sugarcane paper has any

desirable qualities in terms of appearance, cost, and accessibility. The third objective is to

determine whether the wild sugarcane paper can be used as a brochure. Additionally, this can

make it simpler for researchers to find the information they need.

Table 3.2

Agreement Likert Scale

Range of Means Descriptive Level

4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree

3.41-4.20 Agree

2.61-3.40 Undecided

1.81-2.60 Disagree

1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

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Table 3.3

Agreement Likert Scale

Range of Means Descriptive Level

4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree

3.41-4.20 Agree

2.61-3.40 Undecided

1.81-2.60 Disagree

1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

Table 3.4

Agreement Likert Scale

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Range of Means Descriptive Level

4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree

3.41-4.20 Agree

2.61-3.40 Undecided

1.81-2.60 Disagree

1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The analyzed information and facts that were collected from the respondents were

handled fairly and objectively, revealing the real and complete findings of the study.

Additionally, the researchers used visual representations such as pie charts, tables, and bar

graphs. The weighted mean, which incorporates the several responses' data, was also

employed by the researchers. By employing these tools, the researchers may quickly ascertain

the outcomes by looking at the graphs and tables because they display the results' percentage.

Information collecting was handled carefully and thoroughly. Through the use of the survey

that was done, specifically with the help of the problem statement in this case, the researchers

thoroughly and critically examined the data collected from the respondents' responses.
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The method in finding the "weighted mean" which is apply to the central tendency was

used where ∑f= is the summation of all sample multiply by its frequency and n is the

population size. The formula is:

x=∑fx
n