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Ijeter 14872020

This document analyzes and compares different path loss models in urban, suburban, and rural environments. It discusses common path loss models like Hata, COST231, and Ericsson models. The key parameters of the Ericsson path loss model for different environments are presented. The document aims to compare measured path loss data with predictions from different models and determine which model most accurately predicts path loss using the root mean square error metric.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views5 pages

Ijeter 14872020

This document analyzes and compares different path loss models in urban, suburban, and rural environments. It discusses common path loss models like Hata, COST231, and Ericsson models. The key parameters of the Ericsson path loss model for different environments are presented. The document aims to compare measured path loss data with predictions from different models and determine which model most accurately predicts path loss using the root mean square error metric.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ISSN 2347 - 3983

Sreevardhan Cheerla et al., International JournalVolume 8. No.


of Emerging 7, July
Trends 2020
in Engineering Research, 8(7), July 2020, 2972 - 2976
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter 14872020.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/14872020

Analysis of Different Path Loss Models in Urban Suburban


and Rural Environment
Sreevardhan Cheerla, K. Sindhuja, Ch. Indra Kiran, D. Ajaya Venkatesh
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green
Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dist), AP, India-522502
[email protected]

 distance [2]. The various methods are implemented to


ABSTRACT determine to predict the path loss. Different path loss models
are presented in a graph along with the measured data. The
Radio proliferation with the structure, arrangement and the root mean square error (RMSE) has been used as standard
executives of a remote system are the fundamentals for statistical metric to measure model performance in air quality,
developing innovations. It is extremely site-specific and and also climate research studies. The testing criteria of this
depending on the area, operational rate, moving terminal paper are to compare measured data with different Path loss
speed, device sources and other variable element, can differ models. The main criteria are to measure and find out the error
considerably. For the prevision of signal coverage, it is and predicting which will be the most appropriate model. The
important to properly characterize the radio channel using key next few sections of this paper consist of different Path loss
parameters and a mathematical model. Path loss models are models, detecting the error using RMSE and finding out the
analyzed and compared with their parameters for macro cells results and discussion and finally the conclusion.
like Hata, COST231 and Ericsson models. If there is a
long-distance communication between transmitter and
2. PATH LOSS
receiver with very high frequencies the signals are affected by
various path loss effects in the environment. So, the main
objective of this paper is to compare the various path loss Path loss defines decreasing the amount of power with respect
models with the measured data and identifying the error and to volume parameter in an electromagnetic wave where the
concluding which model is the most preferable with signal is passing through free medium [3,5]. For example, if
respective to measured data. This paper focuses on path loss there is a transmitter antenna with transmits power on one side
models at different environments like Urban,Sub-Urban and and if we transmit it into isotropic source the signal is going to
Rural areas. be radiated equally in all the directions. On the other side if
the consideration is on receiving antenna with received power,
Key words: Macro cells, Path loss models, COST 231, hata. the power at which the transmitter produces will definitely be
greater than that the power at the receiver. This is because the
1. INTRODUCTION power which is transmitted will be transmitting in all the
directions and only some power is received at the receiver
The loss which occurs in between transmitter and receiver end. In an isotropic antenna the formula for the path loss is
is called as propagation path loss. It is essential for the path described in equation 1.
loss to be predicted because it depends on different factors
like Connectivity, Reliability and Latency factors[1,2]. If the 4 d
transmitted signal is received at the receiver end with less Pathloss  20 log( ) 1
noise, then this terminology is treated as Reliability. 
Connectivity deals with the signal and network device
connections with in the medium. Latency speaks about the Where,
delay before transferring the data. λ value is followed by signal wavelength
d value refers to the distance between antennas
Depending upon the losses the path loss is categorized in to
three categories. Empirical, Deterministic and statistical Path loss is used to describe the attenuation of an
models [3,4]. Here Empirical path loss model is commonly electromagnetic wave and it propagates through air space [6].
used for predicting path loss in mobile wireless Path loss prediction experimental analysis are done in three
communication. COST231, Hata and Ericsson are the types of areas they are referred as urban, rural and
empirical models [2,4,11]. The path loss depends upon suburban[2,3,5]. In rural environment there will be Line of
transmitter and receiver coefficients like transmitting antenna sight so the signal received will be more accurate when
height, receiving antenna height, width, frequency, and compared to suburban and urban areas in urban areas fading
occurs because height of mobile antenna is less than
surrounding structures [4].

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Sreevardhan Cheerla et al., International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 8(7), July 2020, 2972 - 2976

3.VARIOUS PATH LOSS MODELS According to the prediction models use building highs,
street width, street orientation etc. in the short-distance path
3.1 Ericsson Model loss estimate. Such designs are used in structures of
micro-cells. If the width of the cells is relatively small (range
Ericsson is one of the types of Terrain model and is used for 10 to 100 m), the ray-tracking system is used for deterministic
radio frequency propagation. This software is used by the models. It is therefore essential for the design of a mobile
network engineers in Ericsson company, so this model is system to be selected in a given environment as a path-loss
called Ericsson model [4]. The ericsson path loss calculation model[9]. Macrocells are described with several experimental
is done by the equation 2 and 3 [5]: route loss models. Path loss is regularly utilized in both
remote and signal communication interchanges.

3.2.1 Hata Model for Urban

Hata model is the most overall used radio repeat spread


model for foreseeing the lead of cell transmissions in
Ericsson parameters are illustrated in table 1. organized up zones. This specific interpretation of the Hata
model is relevant to the radio multiplication among urban
Table 1: Ericsson parameters districts. This model doesn't offer consideration to the total
move of frequencies secured by the Okumura model. Hata
Path loss A0 A1 A2 A3 model range is greater compared to Okumura. The hata path
environmental loss calculation is done by the equation 4, 5 and 6.
conditions
Suburban 43.200 68.930 12.00 0.100
Urban 36.200 30.200 12.00 0.100
Rural 45.950 100.60 12.00 0.100

Different Path loss environmental conditions and their


Ericsson parameters at Suburban, Urban, and Rural areas.

3.2 Hata Model

The Hata model is used for predicting path loss of cellular


transmission in exterior environments [2]. It is associated with
Empirical formulation based on data form the Okumura
model, which is referred as Okumura-Hata model. There are
plenty of specific models for special uses. Its frequency range
150MHz to 1500MHz [2,7]. Propagation losses will increase Where,
with frequency and predicting the behavior of cellular hm is the mobile station height
communication in designed-up areas. f is the frequency in Hz

Hata model is suited for both point to point and broadcast 3.3 COST-231 Model
communication. It can cover base station height range from 30
mts to 200mts and mobile base station height range from 1mt The COST-231 model is used for predicting path loss in
to 10mts[8,11]. In open area the territory having open space wireless communication system[2,6]. This model is utilized
and no tall tree or structures ought to be in way, and a plot of distinctly specifically bandwidth from 500MHz to 2.1GHz
land ought to be cleared at any rate 300-400m for example (2000MHz) on the grounds that is the recurrence of the
ranch land, rice fields, open fields. In sub-urban area the versatile[2,11]. The condition is the cm esteem in the above
territory having Town or interstate dissipated with trees and condition will be 0(zero) for the littler urban communities and
houses, there is a probability of certain hindrances close to the the cm worth will be 3dB for bigger urban communities. At
portable pinnacle anyway it ought not be blocked. Path loss is the point when he is the CPE (Client Premises Gear) radio
regularly utilized in both remote and signal communication wire tallness above the ground. To assess the materialness of
interchanges. There such huge numbers of elements like free the model for the COST-231 GHz band, the model
space misfortune, Refraction Diffraction, Reflection, Gap will expectations depend on the estimations from three conditions
influence the path loss[1,2]. in particular urban, rural and the country. The path loss
calculation is done by the equation 7 and 8 [5]:

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Sreevardhan Cheerla et al., International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 8(7), July 2020, 2972 - 2976

P a th lo s s  F  B lo g R    G  ( 7 )
w h ere
F  4 6 .3  3 3 .9 lo g f c  1 3 .8 2 lo g hb  (8 )
0dB fo r su b u rb a n a n d m e d iu m siz e d c itie s 
G   
 3dB f o r M e t r o p o lita n c itie s 

3.5 Root Mean Square Error


Root Mean Square error is the standard deviation of
prediction errors. RMSE tells you how the concentrated data
around the line fits the best. It is commonly used in
forecasting and regression analysis to verify experimental
results. A better insight can be obtained by computing the root
mean square error (RMSE) associated with each model using
the following equation 9 [6]:
Figure 2: Comparison of measured data with path loss
N 2 models in sub-urban environment.
( PLm  PL )
RMSE  
i 1 N
 (9)

Where,
PLm is the measured path loss in db
PL is the predicted path loss in dB
N is the number of measured data Points.

4. METHODOLOGY

A signal with 1800 MHz frequency is used in order to


compare the data in India at urban and sub-urban
environments which are two different locations are Base
Station 1(BTS1) and Base Station 2(BTS2). While choosing a
best suitable model, one of the different types of path loss
models is selected by comparing with one another.
Theoretically it is showing that pathloss is positive and signal
strength is negative. With the help of information, the error
Figure 3: Comparison of measured data with path loss models in
values are calculated in different pathloss models. The path
rural environment.
loss depends upon transmitter and receiver coefficients, which
are width frequency and distance between each other, which
Figure 1 illustrates the path loss values at urban environment
then followed by path loss node selection for users is
are stimulated using different path loss models. Hata model
executed. Then Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) values are
calculated to know the performance of each model. The one with blue, COST-231 with black, Ericsson with pink,
which is having lower RMSE value is the best model measured data is the ECG signal is represented respectively.
compared to measured path loss. Here the measured data is compared with different path loss
models to choose the appropriate path model for prediction.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The path loss variation between hata and cost-231 models
areless and both are similar. Figure 2 illustrates path loss
values at sub-urban environment are stimulated using
different path loss models. The path loss variation between
models are increased while comparing to figure1. Here the
measured data is compared with different path loss models at
sub-urban areas. Figure 3 illustrates the path loss values at
Rural areas are stimulated using different path loss models.
Here the measured data is compared with different path loss
models at rural areas. The path loss variations between models
are increased by comparing with figure1 and figure 2.

Figure 1: Comparison of measured data with path loss models in


urban environment.

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Sreevardhan Cheerla et al., International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 8(7), July 2020, 2972 - 2976

Figure 4 illustrates the comparison of measured data at


different areas with hata path loss model. In these figures
urban environment with blue, sub-urban environment with
black, rural environment with pink, and measured path loss
with ECG signal. While distance increases path loss(db) also
increases. The path loss variation between all environments is
high and increasing accurately. Figure 5 illustrates
comparison of measured data at different areas with cost-231
path loss model. Comparing to figure 4 the path loss variation
between all environments is less. While distance is increasing
the path loss(db) is also increasing most accurately. Figure 6
illustrates comparison of measured data at different areas with
ericsson pathloss model. While comparing with figure 5 and
figure 6 measured data is less than urban and sub-urban
environments. We observe that COST-231 is the most
Figure 4: Comparison of measured data with all the appropriate path loss model. RMSE values are given by Table
environments in hata model. 2 and 3.

Table 2: RMSE values based on environment of base station 1

Environment COST HATA ERICSSON


231
Urban 0.1511 0.3973 0.1667
Sub-Urban 0.6263 2.5337 13.2634
Rural 0.0445 6.9720 23.0917

The RMSE values for different pathloss models at urban,


Sub-urban and Rural areas (BTS1).

Table 3: RMSE values based on environment of base station 2

Environment COST HATA ERICSSON


Figure 5: Comparison of measured data with all the 231
environments in cost231 model. Urban 0.1511 0.3973 0.1667
Sub-Urban 0.6263 2.5337 13.2634
Rural 0.0445 6.9720 23.0917

The RMSE values for different path loss models at


Urban,Sub-Urban and Rural areas(BTS 2).

Table2 and Table3 illustrates the RMSE values based on all


environments of base station(1 & 2). This helps to know
RMSE values of path loss for better understanding of the
performance. In urban environment cost-231 model it was
0.1511, and hata model it was 0.3973, and ericsson model it
was 0.1667. In sub-urban environment the RMSE values are
increased as cost-231 model it was 0.6263, and hata model it
was 2.5337, and ericsson model it was 13.2634. In rural
environment the RMSE values are as cost-231 model it was
Figure 6: Comparison of measured data with all the 0.0445, and hata model it was 6.9720, and ericsson model it
environments in Ericsson model. was 23.0917.

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