Geometry and trigonometry

18
Compound angles
(c) sin(A − B) − sin(A + B)
18.1 Compound angle formulae = [sin A cos B − cos A sin B]
An electric current i may be expressed as − [sin A cos B + cos A sin B]
i = 5 sin(ωt − 0.33) amperes. Similarly, the dis- = −2cos A sin B
placement x of a body from a fixed point can
be expressed as x = 10 sin(2t + 0.67) metres. The
angles (ωt − 0.33) and (2t + 0.67) are called com- Problem 2. Prove that
pound angles because they are the sum or difference
! π"
of two angles. The compound angle formulae for
sines and cosines of the sum and difference of two cos(y − π) + sin y + = 0.
2
angles A and B are:
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B cos (y − π) = cos y cos π + sin y sin π
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B = (cos y)(−1) + (sin y)(0)
cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = −cos y
! π" π π
(Note, sin(A + B) is not equal to (sin A + sin B), and sin y + = sin y cos + cos y sin
so on.) 2 2 2
The formulae stated above may be used to derive two = (sin y)(0) + (cos y)(1) = cos y
further compound angle formulae: ! π"
Hence cos(y − π) + sin y +
tan A + tan B 2
tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B = (−cos y) + (cos y) = 0
tan A − tan B
tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
Problem 3. Show that
The compound-angle formulae are true for all values !
of A and B, and by substituting values of A and B into π" ! π"
tan x + tan x − = −1.
the formulae they may be shown to be true. 4 4

Problem 1. Expand and simplify the following ! π" tan x + tan π4

expressions: tan x + =
(a) sin(π + α) (b) −cos(90◦ + β) 4 1 − tan x tan π4
(c) sin(A − B) − sin(A + B) from the formula for tan(A + B)
# $
tan x + 1 1 + tan x
= =
(a) sin(π + α) = sin π cos α + cos π sin α (from 1 − (tan x)(1) 1 − tan x
the formula for sin (A + B)) π
since tan = 1
= (0)(cos α) + (−1) sin α = −sin α 4
π # $
(b) −cos (90◦ + β) ! π" tan x − tan tan x − 1
tan x − = 4
= −[cos 90◦ cos β − sin 90◦ sin β] 4 π = 1 + tan x
1 + tan x tan
= −[(0)(cos β) − (1) sin β] = sin β 4
 COMPOUND ANGLES 177
! π" ! π"
Hence tan x + tan x − Since 4 sin (x − 20◦ ) = 5 cos x then
4 4 3.7588 sin x − 1.3680 cos x = 5 cos x
# $# $ Rearranging gives:
1 + tan x tan x − 1
=
1 − tan x 1 + tan x 3.7588 sin x = 5 cos x + 1.3680 cos x
tan x − 1 −(1 − tan x) = 6.3680 cos x
= = = −1
1 − tan x 1 − tan x
and
sin x
=
6.3680
= 1.6942 B
cos x 3.7588

Problem 4. If sin P = 0.8142 and cos Q = i.e. tan x = 1.6942, and x = tan−1 1.6942 = 59.449◦
0.4432 evaluate, correct to 3 decimal places: or 59◦ 27#
(a) sin(P − Q), (b) cos(P + Q) and
(c) tan(P + Q), using the compound-angle [Check: LHS = 4 sin (59.449◦ − 20◦ )
formulae.
= 4 sin 39.449◦ = 2.542

Since sin P = 0.8142 then RHS = 5 cos x = 5 cos 59.449◦ = 2.542]

P = sin−1 0.8142 = 54.51◦ .
Thus cos P = cos 54.51◦ = 0.5806 and Now try the following exercise.
tan P = tan 54.51◦ = 1.4025.
Since cos Q = 0.4432, Q = cos−1 0.4432 = 63.69◦ . Exercise 80 Further problems on com-
Thus sin Q = sin 63.69◦ = 0.8964 and pound angle formulae
tan Q = tan 63.69◦ = 2.0225.
1. Reduce the following to the sine of one
(a) sin (P − Q) angle:
= sin P cos Q − cos P sin Q (a) sin 37◦ cos 21◦ + cos 37◦ sin 21◦
= (0.8142)(0.4432) − (0.5806)(0.8964) (b) sin 7t cos 3t − cos 7t sin 3t
= 0.3609 − 0.5204 = −0.160 [(a) sin 58◦ (b) sin 4t]
(b) cos (P + Q) 2. Reduce the following to the cosine of one
= cos P cos Q − sin P sin Q angle:
= (0.5806)(0.4432) − (0.8142)(0.8964) (a) cos 71◦ cos 33◦ − sin 71◦ sin 33◦
= 0.2573 − 0.7298 = −0.473 π π π π
(b) cos cos + sin sin
(c) tan (P + Q) 3 4 3 4
% &
(a) cos 104◦ ≡ −cos 76◦
tan P + tan Q (1.4025) + (2.0225)
= = π
1 − tan P tan Q 1 − (1.4025)(2.0225) (b) cos
12
3.4250
= = −1.865 3. Show that: # $
−1.8366 ! π" 2π √
(a) sin x + + sin x + = 3 cos x
3 3
Problem 5. Solve the equation and # $
3π
4 sin(x − 20◦ ) = 5 cos x (b) −sin − φ = cos φ
2
for values of x between 0◦ and 90◦ . 4. Prove !that: " # $
π 3π
(a) sin θ + − sin θ −
4 4
4 sin(x − 20◦ ) = 4[sin x cos 20◦ − cos x sin 20◦ ], √
= 2( sin θ + cos θ)
from the formula for sin(A − B)
= 4[sin x(0.9397) − cos x(0.3420)] cos (270◦ + θ)
(b) = tan θ
= 3.7588 sin x − 1.3680 cos x cos (360◦ − θ)
178 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

5. Given cos A = 0.42 and sin B = 0.73 evaluate If the values of a and b are known then the values of R
(a) sin(A − B), (b) cos(A − B), (c) tan (A + B), and α may be calculated. The relationship between
correct to 4 decimal places. constants a, b, R and α are shown in Fig. 18.1.
[(a) 0.3136 (b) 0.9495 (c) −2.4687] From Fig. 18.1, by Pythagoras’ theorem:
In Problems 6 and 7, solve the equations for !
values of θ between 0◦ and 360◦ . R = a2 + b2
6. 3 sin(θ + 30◦ ) = 7 cos θ
[64◦ 43# or 244◦ 43# ] and from trigonometric ratios:

7. 4 sin(θ − 40◦ ) = 2 sin θ α = tan−1 b/a

[67◦ 31# or 247◦ 31# ]

Problem 6. Find an expression for

3 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt in the form R sin(ωt + α)
18.2 Conversion of a sin ωt + b cos ωt and sketch graphs of 3 sin ωt, 4 cos ωt and
into R sin(ωt + α) R sin(ωt + α) on the same axes.

(i) R sin(ωt + α) represents a sine wave of maxi- Let 3 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt = R sin (ωt + α)
mum value R, periodic time 2π/ω, frequency
ω/2π and leading R sin ωt by angle α. (See then 3 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt
Chapter 15). = R[sin ωt cos α + cos ωt sin α]
(ii) R sin (ωt + α) may be expanded using the
compound-angle formula for sin(A + B), where = (R cos α) sin ωt + (R sin α) cos ωt
A = ωt and B = α. Hence,
Equating coefficients of sin ωt gives:
R sin (ωt + α) 3
= R[sin ωt cos α + cos ωt sin α] 3 = R cos α, from which , cos α =
R
= R sin ωt cos α + R cos ωt sin α
Equating coefficients of cos ωt gives:
= (R cos α) sin ωt + (R sin α) cos ωt
4
(iii) If a = R cos α and b = R sin α, where a and b 4 = R sin α, from which, sin α =
are constants, then R sin(ωt + α) = a sin ωt + R
b cos ωt, i.e. a sine and cosine function of the There is only one quadrant where both sin α and
same frequency when added produce a sine cos α are positive, and this is the first, as shown in
wave of the same frequency (which is further Fig. 18.2. From Fig. 18.2, by Pythagoras’ theorem:
demonstrated in Section 21.6).
(iv) Since a = R cos α, then cos α = a/R, and since !
b = R sin α, then sin α = b/R. R = (32 + 42 ) = 5

Figure 18.2

From trigonometric ratios: α = tan−1 43 = 53◦ 8# or

Figure 18.1 0.927 radians.
 COMPOUND ANGLES 179

Figure 18.3

Hence 3 sin ω t + 4 cos ω t = 5 sin(ω t + 0.927). Equating coefficients of cos ωt gives:

A sketch of 3 sin ωt, 4 cos ωt and 5 sin(ωt + 0.927) −7.3

is shown in Fig. 18.3. −7.3 = R sin α, from which, sin α =
R

Two periodic functions of the same frequency may There is only one quadrant where cosine is posi-
be combined by, tive and sine is negative, i.e., the fourth quadrant, as
shown in Fig. 18.4. By Pythagoras’ theorem:
(a) plotting the functions graphically and combin-
ing ordinates at intervals, or !
R = [(4.6)2 + (−7.3)2 ] = 8.628
(b) by resolution of phasors by drawing or
calculation.
Problem 6, together with Problems 7 and 8 fol-
lowing, demonstrate a third method of combining
waveforms.

Problem 7. Express 4.6 sin ωt − 7.3 cos ωt in

the form R sin(ωt + α).

Let 4.6 sin ωt − 7.3 cos ωt = R sin(ωt + α).

then 4.6 sin ωt − 7.3 cos ωt
= R [sin ωt cos α + cos ωt sin α] Figure 18.4
= (R cos α) sin ωt + (R sin α) cos ωt
By trigonometric ratios:
Equating coefficients of sin ωt gives: " #
−1 −7.3
α = tan
4.6 4.6
4.6 = R cos α, from which, cos α = ◦
R = −57.78 or −1.008 radians.
180 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Hence Hence −2.7 sin ωt − 4.1 cos ωt may be expressed

also as 4.909 sin(ω t − 2.153), which is preferred
4.6 sin ω t − 7.3 cos ω t = 8.628 sin(ω t − 1.008). since it is the principal value (i.e. −π ≤ α ≤ π).

Problem 8. Express −2.7 sin ωt − 4.1 cos ωt Problem 9. Express 3 sin θ + 5 cos θ in the
in the form R sin(ωt + α). form R sin(θ + α), and hence solve the equation
3 sin θ + 5 cos θ = 4, for values of θ between 0◦
and 360◦ .
Let −2.7 sin ωt − 4.1 cos ωt = R sin(ωt + α)
= R[sin ωt cos α + cos ωt sin α]
= (R cos α)sin ωt + (R sin α)cos ωt Let 3 sin θ + 5 cos θ = R sin(θ + α)
= R[sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α]
Equating coefficients gives:
= (R cos α)sin θ
−2.7
−2.7 = R cos α, from which, cos α = + (R sin α)cos θ
R
−4.1 Equating coefficients gives:
and −4.1 = R sin α, from which, sin α =
R 3
3 = R cos α, from which, cos α =
There is only one quadrant in which both cosine and R
sine are negative, i.e. the third quadrant, as shown in 5
Fig. 18.5. From Fig. 18.5, and 5 = R sin α, from which, sin α =
R
!
R = [(−2.7)2 + (−4.1)2 ] = 4.909 Since both sin α and cos α are positive, R lies in the
4.1 first quadrant, as shown in Fig. 18.6.
and θ = tan−1 = 56.63◦
2.7

Figure 18.6
!
From Fig. 18.6, R = (32 + 52 ) = 5.831 and
α = tan−1 53 = 59◦ 2$ .
Hence 3 sin θ + 5 cos θ = 5.831 sin(θ + 59◦ 2$ )
However 3 sin θ + 5 cos θ = 4
Figure 18.5 Thus 5.831 sin(θ + 59◦ 2$ ) = 4, from which
" #
Hence α = 180◦ + 56.63◦ = 236.63◦ or 4.130 radi- ◦ $ −1 4
(θ + 59 2 ) = sin
ans. Thus, 5.831

−2.7 sin ω t − 4.1 cos ω t = 4.909 sin(ω t + 4.130). i.e. θ + 59◦ 2$ = 43◦ 19$ or 136◦ 41$
An angle of 236.63◦ is the same as −123.37◦ or Hence θ = 43◦ 19$ − 59◦ 2$ = −15◦ 43$
−2.153 radians. or θ = 136◦ 41$ − 59◦ 2$ = 77◦ 39$
 COMPOUND ANGLES 181

Since −15◦ 43# is the same as −15◦ 43# + 360◦ , Thus A = 73◦ 39# − 148◦ 53# = −75◦ 14#
i.e. 344◦ 17# , then the solutions are θ = 77◦ 39" or
344◦ 17" , which may be checked by substituting into ≡ (−75◦ 14# + 360◦ ) = 284◦ 46#
the original equation. or A = 106◦ 21# − 148◦ 53# = −42◦ 32#
≡ (−42◦ 32# + 360◦ ) = 317◦ 28#
Problem 10. Solve the equation
3.5 cos A − 5.8 sin A = 6.5 for 0◦ ≤ A ≤ 360◦ . The solutions are thus A = 284◦ 46" or 317◦ 28" , B
which may be checked in the original equation.
Let 3.5 cos A − 5.8 sin A = R sin(A + α) Now try the following exercise.
= R[sin A cos α + cos A sin α]
= (R cos α) sin A + (R sin α) cos A Exercise 81 Further problems on the
conversion of a sin ω t + b cos ω t into
Equating coefficients gives: R sin(ω t + α)
3.5 In Problems 1 to 4, change the functions into the
3.5 = R sin α, from which, sin α =
R form R sin(ωt ± α).
−5.8
and −5.8 = R cos α, from which, cos α = 1. 5 sin ωt + 8 cos ωt [9.434 sin(ωt + 1.012)]
R
There is only one quadrant in which both sine is 2. 4 sin ωt − 3 cos ωt [5 sin(ωt − 0.644)]
positive and cosine is negative, i.e. the second, as
shown in Fig. 18.7. 3. −7 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt
[8.062 sin(ωt + 2.622)]
4. −3 sin ωt − 6 cos ωt
[6.708 sin(ωt − 2.034)]
5. Solve the following equations for values of θ
between 0◦ and 360◦ : (a) 2 sin θ + 4 cos θ = 3
(b) 12 sin θ − 9 cos θ"= 7. #
(a) 74◦ 26# or 338◦ 42#
(b) 64◦ 41# or 189◦ 3#

6. Solve the following equations for

0◦ < A < 360◦ : (a) 3 cos A + 2 sin A = 2.8
(b) 12 cos A − 4 sin "A = 11 #
(a) 72◦ 44# or 354◦ 38#
(b) 11◦ 9# or 311◦ 59#
Figure 18.7
7. The third harmonic of a wave motion is given
! by 4.3 cos 3θ − 6.9 sin 3θ. Express this in the
From Fig. 18.7, R = [(3.5)2 + (−5.8)2 ] = 6.774
3.5 form R sin(3θ ± α). [8.13 sin(3θ + 2.584)]
and θ = tan−1 = 31◦ 7# .
5.8 8. The displacement x metres of a mass from
Hence α = 180◦ − 31◦ 7# = 148◦ 53# . a fixed point about which it is oscillating is
given by x = 2.4 sin ωt + 3.2 cos ωt, where t
Thus
is the time in seconds. Express x in the form
3.5cos A − 5.8sin A = 6.774 sin(A + 148◦53# ) = 6.5 R sin(ωt + α). [x = 4.0 sin(ωt + 0.927)m]

6.5 9. Two voltages, v1 = 5 cos ωt and

Hence sin(A + 148◦ 53# ) = , from which, v2 = −8 sin ωt are inputs to an analogue cir-
6.774 cuit. Determine an expression for the output
6.5 voltage if this is given by (v1 + v2 ).
(A + 148◦ 53# ) = sin−1
6.774 [9.434 sin(ωt + 2.583)]
= 73◦ 39# or 106◦ 21#
182 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

18.3 Double angles Problem 11. I3 sin 3θ is the third harmonic of a

waveform. Express the third harmonic in terms
(i) If, in the compound-angle formula for of the first harmonic sin θ, when I3 = 1.
sin(A + B), we let B = A then
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A When I3 = 1,
Also, for example, I3 sin 3θ = sin 3θ = sin (2θ + θ)
sin 4A = 2 sin 2A cos 2A = sin 2θ cos θ + cos 2θ sin θ,
and sin 8A = 2 sin 4A cos 4A, and so on. from the sin (A + B) formula
(ii) If, in the compound-angle formula for = (2 sin θ cos θ) cos θ + (1 − 2 sin2 θ) sin θ,
cos(A + B), we let B = A then from the double angle expansions
cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2 sin θ cos2 θ + sin θ − 2 sin3 θ
Since cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, then = 2 sin θ(1 − sin2 θ) + sin θ − 2 sin3 θ,
cos2 A = 1 − sin2 A, and sin2 A = 1 − cos2 A,
and two further formula for cos 2A can be (since cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ)
produced. = 2 sin θ − 2 sin3 θ + sin θ − 2 sin3 θ
Thus cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A i.e. sin 3θ = 3 sinθ − 4 sin3 θ
= (1 − sin2 A) − sin2 A
i.e. cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 1 − cos 2θ
Problem 12. Prove that = tan θ.
and 2
cos 2A = cos A − sin A 2 sin 2θ
= cos2 A − (1 − cos2 A)
i.e. cos 2 A = 2cos2 A − 1 1 − cos 2θ 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 θ)
LHS = =
Also, for example, sin 2θ 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2
2 sin2 θ sin θ
cos 4A = cos 2A − sin 2A or = =
2 sin θ cos θ cos θ
1 − 2 sin2 2A or = tan θ = RHS
2 cos2 2A − 1
and cos 6A = cos2 3A − sin2 3A or Problem 13. Prove that
2
1 − 2 sin 3A or cot 2x + cosec 2x = cot x.
2
2 cos 3A − 1,
and so on. cos 2x 1
(iii) If, in the compound-angle formula for LHS = cot 2x + cosec 2x = +
sin 2x sin 2x
tan(A + B), we let B = A then
cos 2x + 1
2 tan A =
tan 2A = sin 2x
1 − tan2 A
(2 cos2 x − 1) + 1
Also, for example, =
sin 2x
2 tan 2A
tan 4A = 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x
1 − tan2 2A = =
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
2 tan 25 A cos x
and tan 5A = and so on. = = cot x = RHS
1 − tan2 25 A sin x
 COMPOUND ANGLES 183

Now try the following exercise. Problem 14. Express sin 4x cos 3x as a sum or
difference of sines and cosines.
Exercise 82 Further problems on double
angles From equation (1),

1. The power p in an electrical circuit is given sin 4x cos 3x = 21 [sin(4x + 3x) + sin(4x − 3x)]
v2
B
= 21 (sin 7x + sin x)
by p = . Determine the power in terms of
R
V , R and cos 2t when v = !V cos t. "
V2 Problem 15. Express 2 cos 5θ sin 2θ as a sum
(1 + cos 2t) or difference of sines or cosines.
2R
2. Prove the following identities: From equation (2),
# $
cos 2φ 1
(a) 1 − = tan2 φ 2 cos 5θ sin 2θ = 2 [sin(5θ + 2θ) − sin(5θ −2θ)]
cos2 φ 2
1 + cos 2t = sin 7θ − sin 3θ
(b) = 2 cot2 t
sin2 t
(tan 2x)(1 + tan x) 2 Problem 16. Express 3 cos 4t cos t as a sum or
(c) = difference of sines or cosines.
tan x 1 − tan x
(d) 2 cosec 2θ cos 2θ = cot θ − tan θ
From equation (3),
# $
3. If the third harmonic of a waveform is given 1
by V3 cos 3θ, express the third harmonic 3 cos 4t cos t = 3 [cos(4t + t) + cos(4t − t)]
2
in terms of the first harmonic cos θ, when
V3 = 1. 3
= (cos 5t + cos 3t)
[cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ] 2
%
Thus, if the integral 3 cos 4t cos t dt was required
(for integration see Chapter 37), then
& &
3
3 cos 4t cos t dt = (cos 5t + cos 3t) dt
18.4 Changing products of sines and 2
! "
cosines into sums or differences 3 sin 5t sin 3t
= + +c
2 5 3
(i) sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sin A cos B (from
the formulae in Section 18.1) Problem 17. In an alternating current circuit,
i.e. sin A cos B voltage v = 5 sin ωt and current i = 10 sin(ωt −
π/6). Find an expression for the instantaneous
= 21 [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)] (1) power p at time t given that p = vi, expressing
(ii) sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) = 2 cos A sin B the answer as a sum or difference of sines and
cosines.
i.e. cos A sin B
' (
= 21 [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)] (2) p = vi = (5 sin ωt) 10 sin (ωt − π/6)
(iii) cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) = 2 cos A cos B = 50 sin ωt sin(ωt − π/6)
i.e. cos A cos B From equation (4),
= 21 [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)] (3) 50 sin ωt sin(ωt − π/6)
' )
(iv) cos(A + B) − cos(A − B) = −2 sin A sin B = (50) − 21 cos (ωt + ωt − π/6)
i.e. sin A sin B ' (*(
− cos ωt − (ωt − π/6)
= − 21 [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)] (4) = −25{cos(2ωt − π/6) − cos π/6}
184 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

i.e. instantaneous power, Similarly,

p = 25[cos π/6 − cos (2ω t − π/6)]
sin X − sin)Y * ) *
X+Y X−Y
Now try the following exercise. = 2 cos sin (6)
2 2
cos X + cos Y
Exercise 83 Further problems on changing ) * ) *
X+Y X−Y
products of sines and cosines into sums or = 2 cos cos (7)
differences 2 2
cos X − cos)Y * ) *
In Problems 1 to 5, express as sums or differ- X+Y X−Y
ences: = −2 sin sin (8)
!1 " 2 2
1. sin 7t cos 2t 2 (sin 9t + sin 5t)
!1 "
2. cos 8x sin 2x 2 (sin 10x − sin 6x) Problem 18. Express sin 5θ + sin 3θ as a
3. 2 sin 7t sin 3t [cos 4t − cos 10t] product.

4. 4 cos 3θ cos θ [2(cos 4θ + cos 2θ)]

# $ & From equation (5),
π π 3 π π% ) * ) *
5. 3 sin cos sin + sin 5θ + 3θ 5θ − 3θ
3 6 2 2 6 sin 5θ + sin 3θ = 2 sin cos
' 2 2
6. Determine 2 sin 3t#cos t dt & = 2 sin 4θ cos θ
cos 4t cos 2t
− − +c
4 2
( π # & Problem 19. Express sin 7x − sin x as a
2 20 product.
7. Evaluate 4 cos 5x cos 2x dx −
0 21
8. Solve the equation: 2 sin 2φ sin φ = cos φ in From equation (6),
) * ) *
the range φ = 0 to φ = 180◦ . 7x + x 7x − x
[30◦ , 90◦ or 150◦ ] sin 7x − sin x = 2 cos sin
2 2
= 2 cos 4x sin 3x

18.5 Changing sums or differences of Problem 20. Express cos 2t − cos 5t as a

sines and cosines into products product.

In the compound-angle formula let,

From equation (8),
(A + B) = X ) * ) *
2t + 5t 2t − 5t
and cos 2t − cos 5t = −2 sin sin
2 2
(A − B) = Y ) *
7 3 7 3
Solving the simultaneous equations gives: = −2 sin t sin − t = 2 sin t sin t
2 2 2 2
X +Y X −Y ) ) * *
A= and B = 3 3
2 2 since sin − t = −sin t
2 2
Thus sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sin A cos B
becomes,
Problem 21. Show that
sin X + sin Y
) * ) * cos 6x + cos 2x
X +Y X−Y = cot 4x.
= 2 sin cos (5) sin 6x + sin 2x
2 2
 COMPOUND ANGLES 185

From equation (7), sin2 A = 21 (1 − cos 2A) thus

cos 6x + cos 2x = 2 cos 4x cos 2x sin2 ωt = 21 (1 − cos 2ωt)
From equation (5), Then power p = Vm Im [ 21 (l − cos 2ωt)]
sin 6x + sin 2x = 2 sin 4x cos 2x i.e. p = 21 Vm Im (1 − cos 2ω t)
Hence The waveforms of v, i and p are shown in Fig. 18.8. B
cos 6x + cos 2x 2 cos 4x cos 2x The waveform of power repeats itself after π/ω
= seconds and hence the power has a frequency twice
sin 6x + sin 2x 2 sin 4x cos 2x that of voltage and current. The power is always pos-
cos 4x itive, having a maximum value of Vm Im . The average
= = cot 4 x or mean value of the power is 21 Vm Im .
sin 4x

Now try the following exercise.

Exercise 84 Further problems on changing

sums or differences of sines and cosines into
products
In Problems 1 to 5, express as products:
1. sin 3x + sin x [2 sin 2x cos x]
1
2. 2 (sin 9θ − sin 7θ) [cos 8θ sin θ]
3. cos 5t + cos 3t [2 cos 4t cos t]
1
! 1 "
4. 8 (cos 5t − cos t) − 4 sin 3t sin 2t
Figure 18.8
# π % &
1 π$ 7π π
5. 2 cos + cos cos cos Vm
3 4 24 24 The rms value of voltage V = 0.707Vm , i.e. V = √ ,
√ 2
6. Show that:
from which, Vm = 2 V .
sin 4x − sin 2x Im
(a) = tan x Similarly, the rms value of current, I = √ , from
cos 4x + cos 2x √ 2
1 which, Im = 2 I. Hence the average power, P,
(b) 2 {sin(5x − α) − sin(x + α)}
developed in a purely
= cos 3x sin(2x − α) 1 1
√ resistive
√ a.c. circuit is given
by P = 2 Vm Im = 2 ( 2V )( 2I) = VI watts.
Also, power P = I 2 R or V 2 /R as for a d.c. circuit,
since V = IR.
18.6 Power waveforms in a.c. circuits Summarizing, the average power P in a purely
resistive a.c. circuit given by
(a) Purely resistive a.c. circuits

Let a voltage v = Vm sin ωt be applied to a circuit V2

comprising resistance only. The resulting current is P = VI = I 2 R =
i = Im sin ωt, and the corresponding instantaneous R
power, p, is given by:
where V and I are rms values.
p = vi = (Vm sin ωt)(Im sin ωt)
i.e., p = Vm Im sin2 ωt
(b) Purely inductive a.c. circuits
From double angle formulae of Section 18.3,
Let a voltage v = Vm sin ωt be applied to a circuit
cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A, from which, containing pure inductance (theoretical case). The
186 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
! π"
resulting current is i = Im sin ωt − since current below, thus over a complete cycle the average power
2 P is zero. It is noted that when v and i are both posi-
π
lags voltage by radians or 90◦ in a purely inductive tive, power p is positive and energy is delivered from
2 the source to the inductance; when v and i have oppo-
circuit, and the corresponding instantaneous power, site signs, power p is negative and energy is returned
p, is given by: from the inductance to the source.
! π" In general, when the current through an induc-
p = vi = (Vm sin ωt)Im sin ωt − tance is increasing, energy is transferred from the
2
! π" circuit to the magnetic field, but this energy is
i.e. p = Vm Im sin ωt sin ωt − returned when the current is decreasing.
2 Summarizing, the average power P in a purely
However, inductive a.c. circuit is zero.
! π"
sin ωt − = − cos ωt thus (c) Purely capacitive a.c. circuits
2
p = − Vm Im sin ωt cos ωt. Let a voltage v = Vm sin ωt be applied to a circuit
containing pure
# capacitance.
$ The resulting current
Rearranging gives: is i = Im sin ωt + π2 , since current leads voltage by
90◦ in a purely capacitive circuit, and the correspond-
p = − 21 Vm Im (2 sin ωt cos ωt).
ing instantaneous power, p, is given by:
However, from double-angle formulae, ! π"
p = vi = (Vm sin ωt)Im sin ωt +
2 sin ωt cos ωt = sin 2ωt. 2
! π"
Thus power, p = − 21 Vm Im sin 2ω t. i.e. p = Vm Im sin ωt sin ωt +
2
The waveforms of v, i and p are shown in Fig. 18.9. ! π"
The frequency of power is twice that of voltage and However, sin ωt + = cos ωt
2
current. For the power curve shown in Fig. 18.9, the
area above the horizontal axis is equal to the area thus p = Vm Im sin ωt cos ωt

p
i p
v v

0 p 2p
w w t (seconds)

Figure 18.9
 COMPOUND ANGLES 187

p
i p
v v

+ B

p 2p
0 w w t (seconds)

Figure 18.10

Rearranging gives p = 21 Vm Im (2 sin ωt cos ωt). Substituting ωt = A and (ωt + φ) = B gives:

1
Thus power, p = 2 Vm Im sin 2ω t. power, p = Vm Im {− 21 [cos(ωt + ωt + φ)
The waveforms of v, i and p are shown in − cos(ωt − (ωt + φ))]}
Fig. 18.10. Over a complete cycle the average power
P is zero. When the voltage across a capacitor is i.e. p = 21 Vm Im [cos(−φ) − cos(2ωt + φ)]
increasing, energy is transferred from the circuit to
However, cos(−φ) = cos φ
the electric field, but this energy is returned when the
voltage is decreasing. Thus p = 21 Vm Im [cos φ − cos(2ω t + φ)]
Summarizing, the average power P in a purely
capacitive a.c. circuit is zero. The instantaneous power p thus consists of
(i) a sinusoidal term, − 21 Vm Im cos (2ωt + φ) which
(d) R–L or R–C a.c. circuits has a mean value over a cycle of zero, and
Let a voltage v = Vm sin ωt be applied to a cir- (ii) a constant term, 21 Vm Im cos φ (since φ is constant
cuit containing resistance and inductance or resis- for a particular circuit).
tance and capacitance. Let the resulting current be
i = Im sin(ωt + φ), where phase angle φ will be posi- Thus the average value of power, P = 21 Vm Im cos φ.
√ √
tive for an R–C circuit and negative for an R–L Since Vm = 2 V and Im = 2 I, average power,
circuit. The corresponding instantaneous power, p,
√ √
is given by: P = 21 ( 2 V )( 2 I) cos φ
p = vi = (Vm sin ωt)Im sin(ωt + φ)
i.e. p = Vm Im sin ωt sin(ωt + φ) i.e. P = VI cos φ
Products of sine functions may be changed into
differences of cosine functions as shown in Sec- The waveforms of v, i and p, are shown in Fig. 18.11
tion 18.4, for an R–L circuit. The waveform of power is seen to
i.e. sin A sin B = − 21 [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)]. pulsate at twice the supply frequency. The areas of
188 GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

p
p
i
v
v

+ i

0 p 2p
w t(seconds)
w

Figure 18.11

the power curve (shown shaded) above the horizontal the heat loss due to the circuit resistance. Since power
time axis represent power supplied to the load; the is dissipated only in a pure resistance, the alterna-
small areas below the axis represent power being tive equations for power, P = IR2 R, may be used,
returned to the supply from the inductance as the where IR is the rms current flowing through the
magnetic field collapses. resistance.
A similar shape of power curve is obtained for an Summarizing, the average power P in a cir-
R–C circuit, the small areas below the horizontal axis cuit containing resistance and inductance and/or
representing power being returned to the supply from capacitance, whether in series or in parallel, is
the charged capacitor. The difference between the given by P = VI cos φ or P = IR2 R (V, I and IR being
areas above and below the horizontal axis represents rms values).
 Geometry and Trigonometry

Assignment 5
B
(a) Write down an expression to represent
This assignment covers the material contained voltage v
in Chapters 15 to 18.
(b) Draw the complex voltage waveform using
The marks for each question are shown in harmonic synthesis over one cycle of the
brackets at the end of each question. fundamental waveform using scales of 12 cm
for the time for one cycle horizontally and
1. Solve the following equations in the range 0◦ 1 cm = 20 V vertically (15)
to 360◦
(a) sin−1 (−0.4161) = x 5. Prove the following identities:
!"
(b) cot−1 (2.4198) = θ (8) #
1 − cos2 θ
2. Sketch the following curves labelling relevant (a) = tan θ
cos2 θ
points: $ %
(a) y = 4 cos(θ + 45◦ ) 3π
(b) cos + φ = sin φ
(b) y = 5 sin(2t − 60◦ ) (8) 2
3. The current in an alternating current circuit at sin2 x
any time t seconds is given by: (c) = 1 tan2 x (9)
1 + cos 2x 2
i = 120 sin(100πt + 0.274) amperes.
6. Solve the following trigonometric equations in
Determine the range 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 360◦ :
(a) the amplitude, periodic time, frequency and (a) 4 cos x + 1 = 0
phase angle (with reference to 120 sin 100πt)
(b) the value of current when t = 0 (b) 3.25 cosec x = 5.25
(c) the value of current when t = 6 ms (c) 5 sin2 x + 3 sin x = 4
(d) the time when the current first reaches 80 A (d) 2 sec2 θ + 5 tan θ = 3 (18)
Sketch one cycle of the oscillation. (19) 7. Solve the equation 5 sin(θ − π/6) = 8 cos θ for
4. A complex voltage waveform v is comprised values 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π (8)
of a 141.1 V rms fundamental voltage at a fre- 8. Express 5.3 cos t − 7.2 sin t in the form
quency of 100 Hz, a 35% third harmonic com- R sin(t + α). Hence solve the equation
ponent leading the fundamental voltage at zero 5.3 cos t − 7.2 sin t = 4.5 in the range
time by π/3 radians, and a 20% fifth harmonic 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π (12)
component lagging the fundamental at zero time &
by π/4 radians. 9. Determine 2 cos 3t sin t dt (3)