Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Sumacab Campus, Cabanatuan City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

AR 162
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

PREPARED BY:

ARCH. LARRA B. IDAGO

INSTRUCTOR I

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 UNIT I
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODOLOGIES

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module the students’s are expected to learn the following:

 Know the basic of architectural design process and methodologies to the project.
 Apply the architectural design process and methodologies into their design projects.

Pretest:
1. What are 5 the steps in architectural design process?
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________

2. Discuss each step of design Processes.

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 UNIT I
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODOLOGIES

Architectural Design Process

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or
measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings,
business processes, circuit diagrams and sewing patterns). Design has different connotations in
different fields.

The process of design, even in the modern architectural schools, is based ona trial and error
method or proposing, testing & improving. There is no definitemethod or methodology prescribed in
any of the textbooks. Sometimes thetechniques in architecture are referred to as methods. Since the
end-product isdistinctly visible, its success or failure often shadows the method followed. The design
process followed in academies is a five-step process, as follows:

1. Problem formation -(inception, identification, recognition, definition)2)

2. Data collection and Analysis - Collection, classification, filtering, selection,data
conceptualization, data pairing,3)
3. Data abstraction & synthesis - Schematic layout; site layout; development ofform, volumetric
design, innovative details, Case studies,
4. Integration -of above in a whole and generation of alternatives with differentemphasis or
intensions,
5. Review and Evaluation of solutions with reference to problem definition,and expectations;
selection of best alternative with or without modifications6) Detailing;
6. Implementation and Post occupancy evaluation

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POST TEST:
ESSAY: Discuss the deatiled design process.

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 UNIT II
CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the learner will be able to adapt the following:
 Identify Architectural Concepts.
 Implement the conceptualization techniques of Architectural Design.

Pre-test.
Essay.What is the difference between the classical theory and the renaissance theory?
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 UNIT II
CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

THEORY OF DESIGN
 Research of Architecture
- Research contributes to Design Theory
 Nature of Design Theory
- Design Theory states facts
- Design Theory aids design
 Scope of Architecture Theory
- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
- Includes miscellaneous and “unscientific” elements
 Why Design Theory?
- To aid the work of the architect and improve its product
- Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently
- “Skill without knowledge is nothing”
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
 Understanding Design Theory
- Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design
- PARADISM : every new or established theory applied

THEMATIC THEORIES
 CLASSICAL THEORIES
 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
- Author of the oldest research on architecture
- Wrote an extensive summary of all the theory on construction
- Had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings
 “Ten Books on Architecture”
- De architectura libri decem
- Consists mostly of normative theory of design (based on practice)
- A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a
synthesis
- Presents a classification of requirements set for buildings:
: DURABILTIY (firmitas)
: PRACTICALITY or “convenience”
(utilitas)
: PLEASANTNESS (venustas)
 Vitruvian Rules of Aesthetic Form
- Based on Greek traditions of architecture
- Teachings of Pythagoras : applying proportions of numbers
- Observations of tuned string of instruments
- Proportions of human body
- PLEASANTNESS : in accordance of good taste
: parts follow proportions
: symmetry of measures

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 THEORIES in the MIDDLE AGES
- no documents
- no person can be attributed for theories
 Monastery Institutions
- Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages
- However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings
- Described only as “according to the traditional model”
- “There’s no accounting for tastes” was the rule of thumb
 Development of Building Style
- With hardly or no literary research present
- Villard de Hannecourt’s “sketchbook” in 1235
- Rotzer’s Booklet on the right way of making pinnacles
- Only through guidance of old masters
- Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders
 RENNAISANCE THEORIES

1948 – a copy of Virtue manuscript found at St. Gallen Monastery

Leon Bautista Alberti (1404-72)
- Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
- “On Building” : De re aedifficatoria
: one of the greatest works of the theory of
architecture
: completed in 1452, published in 1485
: more emphasis on decoration of building
exteriors
 Sebastino Serlio
- “Regole generall di architectura”
 Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
- “Regola delle cinque ordini”
- Concise, facts and easily applicable rules of the five column systems
- Based his design instructions on four things:
: idea of Pythagoras
: proportions of small number
: properties and other instruments
: good taste
 Andrea Palladio (1508-80)
- “I Quattro libri dell’architectura”
- The father of modern picture books of architecture
 Philibert de L’orme
- One of French theorist who are critical of italians
- Prove that Pantheon’s Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions
- Rejected the doctrine of absolute beauty of measures
 CONSTRUCTION THEORY

Building Material Architectural Form

Amorphic material: Spherical vaulted

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 Soft stone; snow construction
Sheets of skin or textile Cone-shaped tent
construction
Logs of wood Box-shaped construction

 Before Written Construction Theory

- Architecture created without the help of architects or theory
- Builders used a model instead of mathematical algorithms now used in modern construction
- Inverted “catenary” model
 Semi-Circular Vault : Theory by Virtue
“ When there are arches… the outermost piers must be made broader than the others so
that they may have the strength to resist when the wedges under the pressure of the load of the
walls, begins to thrust to the abutments.”
 During Middle Ages
- No written documents survived about theories or models to describe the magnificent vaults of
medieval cathedrals
 During Renaissance
- From Alberti onwards, architects began specializing
- Mathematical models by Francis Bacon and Galileo Galilei
: considers load and scientific studies
contributed to constructions
- 1675 : Marquis de Vauban founded a building depatment in the French army called “ Corps
des Ingenieurs”
- 1747 : Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, special school founded in Paris where new profession
specializing in construction was organized.
--- first engineering school
- Other figures of mathematical construction theory
: Robert Hooke
: Jakob Bernoulli
: Leonard Euier

 PERSONAL STYLE
 Copying from Antiquity
- Architecture form antiquity came to a print of perfection
- Eugene Viollet-le-Duc (1863)
: the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms
independent of antiquity

“What we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation.
Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained.”
: the foundation of modern
architecture
: did not create a timeless architectural style himself, he showed others the
philosophical foundation and method that they could use to develop even radically new
form language
- Owen Jones : used forms inspired from nature, especially plants

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 ART NOUVEAU

- The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the Gothic style
- The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful architects of the 20th
century to create their private form language
THEORETICAL TREATISES
- Five points of Architecture (1926, Le Corbusier)
a. pilotis
b. free plan
c. free façade
d. the long horizontal sliding window
e. the roof garden
- Architecture as Space (Bruno Zeri)
“The crux of architecture is not the sculptural pattern, but instead the building interiors. These
can be seen as “negative solids”, as voids which the artist divides, combines, repeats and
emphasizes in the same way as the sculptor treats his “positive” lumps of substance.”
- The “personal style” of architects are not necessarily based on laws of nature or on logical
reasoning. More important is that they exhibit a coherent application of an idea which also
must be clear that the public can find it out. An advantage is also if the style includes
symbolical undertones.
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Industrial Revolution (1768)
- Arts and Crafts Movement
a. conservative
b. William Morris
c. John Rustrin
- Electicism
a. architecture of borrowing
 Fruits of Industrial Revolution
Joseph Paxton – Crystal Palace, 1851
Elisha Graves Otis – Elevator, 1857
Manufacturing of “Rolled Steel”
1870’s
 The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871
- downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new buildings
- place where first tallest building was constructed
 William Le Baron Jenney
- made the first skyscraper
 Daniel Burnham
- “make no little plans, they have no magic to stir man’s blood”
 Louis Sullivan
- “form follows function”
1880’s
- Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development
- introduce Chicago Window

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 1890’s
 The World Columbian Exposition
- built in 1863
- chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted
1900’s
- European architecture was notified
- Person to notify:
a. Otto Wagner
b. Adolf Loops “ornament is a crime”
c. H.P. Berlage
d. Frank Llyod Wright
1910’s
- Office of Peter Behrens
a. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe “less in more”
b. Walter Gropius
c. Le Corbusier
- 2 Art movements that influenced
1. Futurism – simultaneity of movement
2. Cubism – interpretation of space
1920’s
 The Bauhaus
- “Art and Technology, the new unity”
 Established architects
a. Frank Llyod Wright “organic architecture”
b. Le Corbusier
c. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius
1930’s
 International Style
1950’s
 The period of Reassessment
- Universalism
- Personalism
 POSTMODERNISM
 The center of Postmodernism:
Robert Venturi “less is bore”
 Philip Johnson
- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function
 Introduce the element of “Discovery”
 SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE
- “Building as a message”

1. Mathematical Analogy
2. Biological Analogy
- use of plants and ornaments
3. Romantic Architecture
- uses exotic language of form

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 - vastness; trying to surprise; huge
4. Linguistic Analogies
- grammar; uses words with proper grammar
5. Mechanical Analogies
- Buckminter Fuller
6. Ad Hoc Analogy
- any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood in forest
7. Stage Analogy

POST TEST:

Part I. IDENTIFICATION.
DIRECTION: Write the answer on the space provided before the number.
________________1. It is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings.
________________2.The conscious use of skill, craft, and creative imagination in the production of
what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance.
________________3. A branch of knowledge dealing with a body of facts or truths obtained by direct
observation, experimental investigation, and methodical study, systematically arranged and showing
the operation of general laws.
________________4. A sets of proposition that simply describes something. It simply explains events
or phenomena.
________________5. A set of proposition that attempts to prescribe something. It prescribes
guidelines.
________________6. He is the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural
forms independent of antiquity.

________________7. It became the concentration of architectural development and also introduce

Chicago Window.

________________8. He used forms inspired from nature, especially plants. Who is this architect?

________________9. It is collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining

them into a synthesis.
________________10. It is the theory that every new or established theory applied.

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 UNIT III

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the course, the learner will be able to recognize the following:

 Masters of Architecture
 Famous Local and International Architects
 Dictums and Design Philosophies of Masters of Architecture

Pre-test.

Instructions: List 10 Famous architects and give one example of their famous work.

1. _________________________ ___________________________

2. _________________________ ___________________________

3. _________________________ ___________________________

4. _________________________ ___________________________

5. _________________________ ___________________________

6. _________________________ ___________________________

7. _________________________ ___________________________

8. _________________________ ___________________________

9. _________________________ ___________________________

10. _________________________ ___________________________

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 UNIT III
MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE

1. Antoni Gaudí
Antoni Gaudí i Cornet was a Spanish Catalan architect from Reus and the best known practitioner
of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works reflect an individualized and distinctive style. Most are located
in Barcelona, including his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família. Gaudí's work was influenced by his
passions in life: architecture, nature, and religion. Gaudí considered every detail of his creations and
integrated into his architecture such crafts as ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironwork forging and
carpentry. He also introduced new techniques in the treatment of materials, such as trencadís which
used waste ceramic pieces. Under the influence of neo-Gothic art and Oriental techniques, Gaudí...
more on Wikipedia
Age: Dec. at 74 (1852-1926)
Place of Birth: Tarragona, Reus, Spain
Style: Art Nouveau, Modernisme, Gothic Revival architecture, Organic architecture
Structures: Sagrada Família, Church of Colònia Güell, Episcopal Palace, Astorga, Palau Güell
2. Frank Gehry
Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian architect born in Canada, currently a United States resident
based in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become
world-renowned tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of
contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him
as "the most important architect of our age". Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-clad
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Louis
Vuitton Foundation in Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts;
The Vontz Center for... more on Wikipedia
Age: 90
Place of Birth: Toronto, Canada
Style: Postmodern architecture, Reconstructivist, Modern architecture, Deconstructivism,
Postmodernism
Structures: Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Frank Gehry Residence, Peter B. Lewis Building, Santa
Monica Place, BP Pedestrian Bridge
Frank Lloyd Wright
Photo: Metaweb (FB) / Public domain
3. Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who
designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing
structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic
architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called "the best

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all-time work of American architecture". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of
architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in
the United States. ... more on Wikipedia
Age: Dec. at 92 (1867-1959)
Place of Birth: Richland Center, Wisconsin
Style: Textile Block, Modern architecture, Prairie School, Organic architecture
Structures: Beth Sholom Congregation, Coonley House, The Last Wright: Frank Lloyd Wright and the
Park Inn Hotel, John D. Haynes House, D. D. Martin House Complex

4. Richard Neutra
Richard Joseph Neutra was an American architect. Living and building for the majority of his
career in Southern California, he came to be considered among the most important modernist
architects.... more on Wikipedia
Age: Dec. at 78 (1892-1970)
Place of Birth: Vienna, Austria
Style: Mid-Century modern, Desert Modernism, Modern architecture, International Style
Structures: Congregational Church in Hacienda Heights, Rajagopal Addition, Kronish House, Baldwin
House by Neutra, Nuffer Cabin
Pritzker Prize

International Architectural Award

Pritzker Prize, in full Pritzker Architecture Prize, international award given annually to recognize
the contributions of a living architect. It has often been called the Nobel Prize of architecture.

The Pritzker Prize was founded in 1979 by Jay and Cindy Pritzker of Chicago, who funded it as a
foundation through their family business, the Hyatt Corporation. The original stated goal of the prize
was to push architecture and architects into the public’s awareness and to support the notion that
buildings have a real influence on people’s lives. The prize was designed to honour architects for their
complete body of built work.

Since 1979, every year an independent jury of about eight people—composed of critics, practicing
architects, and patrons of the arts—has decided upon the winner. There are no set terms for jurors, who
become part of the jury by invitation and step down when they wish. Notable jurors have included J.
Carter Brown, former director of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; Italian businessman
Giovanni Agnelli; architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable; art historian Kenneth Clark; and major
architects such as Philip Johnson (the first recipient of the prize), Maki Fumihiko, Frank O. Gehry, and
Cesar Pelli.

Any licensed architect may nominate a candidate by communicating with the executive director of
the jury. The director additionally actively seeks out nominations from critics, academics,
professionals in related fields, and the jurors. As part of the deliberation process, which takes place at

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the beginning of the year, jurors visit many buildings by architects under consideration for the prize.
This fieldwork is an especially positive aspect of the prize and distinguishes it from other awards that
simply rely on photos.

Pritzker Architecture Prize Winners

year name country*

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made.
1979 Philip C. Johnson United States
1980 Luis Barragán Mexico
1981 Sir James Stirling United Kingdom
1982 Kevin Roche United States
1983 I.M. Pei United States
1984 Richard Meier United States
1985 Hans Hollein Austria
1986 Gottfried Böhm Germany
1987 Tange Kenzo Japan
1988 Gordon Bunshaft United States
Oscar Niemeyer Brazil
1989 Frank O. Gehry United States
1990 Aldo Rossi Italy
1991 Robert Venturi United States
1992 Álvaro Siza Portugal
1993 Maki Fumihiko Japan
1994 Christian de Portzamparc France
1995 Ando Tadao Japan
1996 Rafael Moneo Spain
1997 Sverre Fehn Norway
1998 Renzo Piano Italy
1999 Sir Norman Foster United Kingdom
2000 Rem Koolhaas Netherlands

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2001 Jacques Herzog Switzerland
Pierre de Meuron
2002 Glenn Murcutt Australia
2003 Jørn Utzon Denmark
2004 Zaha Hadid United Kingdom
2005 Thom Mayne United States
2006 Paulo Mendes da Rocha Brazil
2007 Richard Rogers United Kingdom
2008 Jean Nouvel France
2009 Peter Zumthor Switzerland
2010 Kazuyo Sejima Japan
Ryue Nishizawa
2011 Eduardo Souto de Moura Portugal
2012 Wang Shu China
2013 Toyo Ito Japan
2014 Ban Shigeru Japan
2015 Frei Otto Germany
2016 Alejandro Aravena Chile
2017 Rafael Aranda Spain
Carme Pigem
Ramon Vilalta
2018 Balkrishna Doshi India
2019 Isozaki Arata Japan
2020 Yvonne Farrell Ireland
Shelley McNamara

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STRUCTURE ARCHITECT

Lever House, New York Skidmore, Owings & Merril

Chrysler Building, New York William Van Alen
Geodesic Dome Buckminster Fuller
Sydney Opera House Jorn Utzon
Solomon Guggenheim Museum Frank Lloyd Wright
Parliament Buildings, Brazil Lucio Costa & Oscar Nimeyer
Bauhaus Building, Germany Walter Gropius
Einstein Tower Eirch Mendelsohn
Chapel of Notre Dame Le Corbusier
Cultural Center of the Philippines Leandro Locsin
Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace Francisco “Bobby” Manosa
Asian Development Bank, Philippines C.C. de Castro
San Miguel Corporation Building Manuel Manosa
Bank of China, Hong Kong I.M. Pei
Twa Kennedy Airport, New York Eero Saarinen
AT & T Building, New York Philip Johnson

FAMOUS DICTUMS/PHILOSOPHIES

“Form follows function” “A bridge is like a house”

- Louis Sullivan - Robert Maillart

“Form does not necessarily follow function” “Less is more”

-Antonio Gaudi - Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe

“Art and Architecture, the new unity” “Function influence but does not dictate form”
- Walter Gropius - Ecro Saarinen

“A house is a house” “Modern architecture need not to be Western”

- Louis Kahn - Kenzo Tange

“Cube within a cube” “Archtiecture must meet 3 requirements:

- Le Corbusier strength, beauty, and unity”
- Marcus Vitruvius Pocio

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 LIST OF NOTABLE FILIPINO ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO

 National artist in architecture
 Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Company
 Major work: Ideal Theater in Rizal, Manila
 FEU Building in Quezon Boulevard
 Apartments in Roxas Boulevard
 Ramon Roces Publications Building
 White Cross Preventorium
 Manila Polo Club
 Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building on Rizal Avenue, Carriedo
 FEU Administration and Science Buildings
 Galaxy Theater in Rizal Avenue

ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA

 Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard
 Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue
 Makati Medical Center, Makati
 Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila
 Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila

ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN

 Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar
 El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca
 Hotel de Francia
 Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga
 Gota de Leche Building, S.H. Loyola
 Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue

ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN

 Legislative Building (senate and national museum)
 Post Office Building
 Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft
 Metropolitan Theater
 Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
 Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison Park, North and South Port Areas,
Roxas Boulevard and Malacanang.

ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
 National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
 Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
 Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros
 Philippine School of Business Administration, Aurora Boulevard
 Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
 San Juan Municipal Center, N. Domingo Street, San Juan

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ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ
 Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
 Heacock’s Building, Escolta

ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.
 Philamlife Building
 Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations Avenue
 Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard
 Philippine National Bank, Escolta
 Urdaneta Apartments
 Tuscany Apartments
 Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
 Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City

BELLOC, VICENTE B.
 Cemetery of Nagcarlan

BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED
 Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.

BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON

 Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron street pattern.

CALMA, LOR
 Interiors of DBP, Makati; PNB, Escolta; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay
City; Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard; Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil; Puerto Azul Hotel
and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite; Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.

CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB

 Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan
 Luis Santos House, Malolos
 Lopa Residence, Pasay
 Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City
 Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan

CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO

 Palma Hall and Melchor Hall, UP Diliman
 Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman
 Buildings in Silliman University
 UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna
 Insular Life Building, Makati
 Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City
 Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran
 Union Church of Manila
 Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila

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COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS
 Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig
 Ayala Twin Towers, Makati
 Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig
 One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan
 Wackwack Twin Towers
 Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati
 Atrium, Makati
 Galeria de Magallanes, Makati
 Alabang 400, Muntinlupa
 Quezon City Sports Club
 Centro Escolar University complex, Malolos
 Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu
 Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City

DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ

 Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Paseo de Roxas
 Church of Jesus Christ and the latter-day Saints projects
 Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva Ecija
 National Science Development Board, Taguig
 Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
 Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard

DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN
 Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana
 Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral

FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA

 Central Bank complex
 Metropolitan Museum
 Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
 Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
 Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Club Filipino, Greenhills
 Pacific Star Building, Makati
 Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
 Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
 Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
 Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
 Dona Narcisa de Leon Building

HERVAS, JUAN
 Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
 Arranque and Herran Markets
 Assumption Convent, Herran Street
 Estrella del Norte, Escolta
 Heacock Store Building

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  Paris-Manila Building

HUBILLA, JOHNNY
 Philippine Trade House, Bangkok
 Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada
 Philippine House, Mainz, Germany
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Exposition in Leipzig Germany
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane, Washington DC

LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.
 National Artist in Architecture
 Main Theater, CCP Complex
 Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex
 Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions (PHILCITE)
 Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex
 Philippine Plaza Hotel
 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 Makati Stock Exchange Building
 Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue
 Manila Hotel renovation
 Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati
 National Arts Center, Laguna
 Manila International Airport (NAIA)
 Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei

LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES

 Legarda Elementary School
 Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
 San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
 Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
 Perez Samantillo Building, Escolta
 Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
 St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College
 Perkin House, Roxas Boulevard
 Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
 Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
 Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila North Cemetery

LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA

 Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
 Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
 WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
 IRRI, Los Banos
 666 T.M. Kalaw
 1414 Roxas Boulevard
 1515 Roxas Boulevard
 1010 A. Mabini

22
  Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
 Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
 General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
 Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan

MANOSA BROTHERS
 Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna
 Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna
 Maya-maya Resort, Batangas
 Makiling Conference Center, Laguna
 Colegio de San Agustin, Makati
 Guadalupe restoration
 Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital
 Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur
 Sulo Restaurant
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong Rizal

MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED

 Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex

 Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue
 Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas
 Las Pinas Church restoration
 Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
 Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
 Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor Island

MANOSA, JOSE TRONQUED

 SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong

 BPI Head Office, Makati

MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO

 Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City

 Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig
 RCBC, Buendia
 Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building (Antonino Building), Kalaw Street
 FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street Manila
 Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro
 San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila University
 Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
 Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City

23
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO

 National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive

 PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati
 Lopez Museum Building, Pasay
 Picache Building, Quiapo
 Roche Building, Pasong Tamo
 Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue

NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS

 Geronimo de los Reyes Building

 Capitan Pepe Building
 Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions
 Manila Jockery Club
 Avenue Hotel and Theater
 Quiapo Church
 Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz
 Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti
 Security Bank and Trust Building
 Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
 UP Administration and Library Buildings
 Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue

OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON

 Designed the Manila Metropolitan Cathedral

 Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
 Oriental Club
 Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
 Central Seminary Building, UST
 Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
 Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
 Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
 Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
 Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary

OLIVER, LUCIANO

 Manila Cathedral reconstruction

OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
 Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack Golf and Country Club, Philippine
House in Chicago, Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas

24
  Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan

PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
 Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
 Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga

PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR

 Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City

 Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
 Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
 Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo Memorial Park, Amphitheater Green, Oton
 Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.

RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.

 Interiors of Philippine Embassy and Palace Hotel in Beijing China

 Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund,
Amini Court, etc.

ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO

 Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in Bacoor, Cavite

 Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros

RUANO, ROQUE

 Dominican House, Baguio

 Dominican College, Lingayen
 “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag
 Santa Catalina College, Pampanga
 Hospital of the Sacred Heart
 Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan.
 UST Main Building

SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ

 Batulao Village Club, Batangas

 Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna
 Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila
 Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite
 Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

25
  Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind
 Teodora Valencia Circle
 Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden

SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO

 Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)

 Templo Central
 Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City
 Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong, Tagaytay and Lipa City.
 Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila

SINDIONG, ANTONIO S.
 Megamall, Mandaluyong
 Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila
 Ali Mall II, Cubao
 New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao
 East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
 Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
 Arabian Villas, Dubai

TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC

 UP Padre Faura campus
 College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila
 Leyte Capitol
 Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
 Department of Finance
 Manila City Hall

VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA

 Edsa Shangri-la Hotel

 Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong
 Tektite Towers, Pasig
 Alexandra (11 building complex)
 King’s Court II, Pasong Tamo
 Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 National Bookstore Super Branch, Araneta Center Cubao
 Puerto Azul clubhouse
 Makati Sports Club
 Philippine Colombian Clubhouse, Paco

ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA

26
  Meralco Building, Pasig
 Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City
 Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue
 Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area, Manila
 St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
 Union Church, Makati
 Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue

POST TEST:
Multiple Choice: Encircle The Correct Answer.

1.. Is the most famous for the eye catching tower he constructed in Paris for the
exposition universally of 1889 work of Eiffel tower.
a.Alexandre Gustav Eiffel
b. Alexander Gustav Eiffel
c. Alex Gustav Eiffel
2. One of the pioneers of the modern movement in American architecture. Work
auditorium building, U.S.
a. Daniel Burnham
b. Louis Henry Sullivan
c. William Le Baron Jenney
3. Arch of the famous Twin Tower World Trade Center.
a. Yamasaki and Roth
b. I.M. Pei
c. Brunelleschi
4. One of the most sublime painters and sculpture and one of the most influential
architect and draft man.
a. Michael Angelo
b. Palazzo Ducale
c. Richard Kipling
5. The influential architect born in 1508 I Padua. He designed the Palazzo Chierecati,
Vicencia, Italy. Known as the grandest town residence.
a. Holland
b. Andrea di Pietro Della Gondola
c. Andrea Palladio
6. Scottish architect and designer who was prominent in the arts and crafts movement in
Great Britain.
a. Charles Mackintosh c. Peter Behrens
b. Robert Adam d. Mies Van de Rohe
7. . Received the “Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinanagan “award for the city of manila, who
is the architect?
a. Philip Recto c. Juan Nakpil
b. Tomas Mapua e. Antonio Toledo
8. In 1989 he received the prtzker prize commonly referred to as “The Noble of
Architecture” the loftiest recognition. It is a lifetime achievement award granted to
living architect whose body of work represents a superlative contribution to the field.
a. Minoru Yamasaki c. Frank Gehry

27
 b. Renzo Piano d. Kenzo Tange
9. His first designs were drawings of fantastic architectural visions in steel and glass as
well as costume and poster design.
a. Norman Foster c. Ieoh Ming Pei
b. Frank Gehry d. Erich Mendelsohn
10. Much of his works has been described as post modern, since he rejected the excessive
abstractionism of architects such as Le Corbusier and strove instead to incorporate the
valid elements of older style.
a. Kahn, Louis c. Ieoh Ming Pei
b. Maxwell, Fry d. Marcel Breuer

II. Fill in the blanks. Write the Correct Answer on the black provided.

1.Who is Spanish architects, one of the most creative practitioners of his art in modern times? His style
is often described as a blend of neo-gothic and art nouveau, but is also has surrealist and cubist
elements. ___________________

2. One of the world’s 1st futurist and global thinkers. His 1927 decision to work always and only for all
humanity led him to address the largest global problems of poverty, disease and homelessness.
______________________________
3. In his practice he explores the use of indigenous materials infused with current technological trends
to bring a new dimension in designs. _______________________
4. Afterwards became deeply involved in the design and building of French railways and bridges. He
worked on structures such as bridge across the Garonne River, train stations at Toulouse and again in
France. ___________________________

5. He has actively promoted the use of native architectural forms and indigenous nationals such as
bamboo and thatch, in the creation of a distinctively Filipino architecture.____________________
6. This famous axiom “Each one sees whatever he wishes to see” belongs to,
_____________________
7. This philosophy “When change needs, asks a stranger” belongs to,_________________________
8. To whom does this philosophy belongs to, “Where the architects task is to restore a correct order of
values… it is still the architects duty to attempt to humanize age of machines. But this should not be
done without regard for form” _______________________
9. This famous dictum, “I am neither a capitalist nor a socialist, I am not a religious or an atheist”
belongs to _________________________
10. Who is the Architect that leads the development of the ‘Quezon Memorial Circle” in Quezon City.
_____________________

28
 UNIT IV
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS AND THE INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the learner will be able to apply the following:
 Explain the importance of function in buildings.
 Apply the functional relationship of interior environment in building.

Pre-test:

1. What are the things to consider in grouping and zoning of space?

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

29
 UNIT IV
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS AND THE INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

HORIZONTAL DISPOSITION

This pattern is dictated by the function of the building and the desirable size and shape of the units
themselves. The various units of plan are first arranged in a horizontal manner in order to secure a
workable relationship between the different areas. These units must be laid out to facilitate movement
in a quick and easy manner. This process is called Planning for Potential Circulation which is
mainly concerned on how structures are built to be used, and its main purpose is for people to have an
easy and direct access from one area to another and on how related areas should be adjacent to each
other. The form and enclosure of each space in a building either determines, or is determined by,
the form of the spaces around it. In the Theater in Seinäjoki by Alvar Aalto, for example, we can
distinguish several categories of spatial forms and analyze how they interact.

Each category has an active or passive role in defining space and its function.

A. Some spaces, such as offices, have specific but similar functions and can be grouped into single,
linear, or clustered forms.

30
B. Some spaces, such as concert halls, have specific functional and technical requirements, and require
specific forms that will affect the forms of the spaces around them.

C. Some spaces, such as lobbies, are flexible in nature and can therefore be freely defined by the
spaces or grouping of spaces around them.

31
 Functional Grouping and Zoning

Things to Consider When Grouping and Zoning Spaces

 Need for Adjacency

One idea on how to plan functional spaces is to determine which spaces needs to be adjacent and
which spaces need to be separated.
 Adjacency Need Range
 Critical
 Necessary
 Desirable
 Neutral
 Undesirable
 Necessary Separation
 Critical Separation

 Similarity in General Rule

 Relatedness to Departments, Goals and Systems
 Sequence in Time

32
 Required Environments
 Types of Effects Produced
 Relative Proximity to Building
 Relatedness to Core Activities
 Characteristics of People Involved
 Volume of People Involved
 Extent of Man or Machine Involvement
 Degree of Emergency or Critical Situations
 Relative Speed of Respective Activities
 Frequency of Activity Occurrence
 Duration of Activities
 Anticipated Growth and Change

Post Test:
DIRECTION: Write the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
________________1. It is the three-dimensional field in which objects and events occur and have
relative position and direction, especially a portion of that field set apart in a given instance or for a
particular purpose.

________________2. It is a stable, concentrated composition that consists of a number of secondary

spaces grouped around a large, dominant, central space.
________________3. It is a configuration has linear paths extending from r terminating at a central,
common point.
_______________4. It is configuration consists of paths that connect established points in space.

_________________5. It is configuration consists of two sets of parallel paths that intersect at regular
intervals and create square or rectangular fields of space.

________________6. The state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or
close association.
________________7.The proper harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole.
________________8. The relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by
the other.

________________9.Deals with the relationship between the different parts of an object or the whole
to the various parts.
________________10. According to renaissance Theories, In determining the height of the room,
rooms with flat ceiling would be equal to their _____________?

ENUMERATION
Direction: Enumerate what is being asked in each question
Different types of Circulation spce
1._________________
2. _________________
3. _________________

33
 UNIT V
VALUE, ASPIRATION AND CULTURE

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the learner will be able to balance the following:
 Recognize the value, aspiration and culture of successful architects toward the building design

Pretest

Essay. Discuss the four basic values.

1. Integrity
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Discipline
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Hardwork
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Justice
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

34
 UNIT V
VALUE, ASPIRATION AND CULTURE

Values

• People act according to seemingly instinctive patterns; they do things intuitively for reasons that
they cannot readily explain. Everyone has basic and personal values feelings, be they conscious or
subconscious, that act as lifelong guiding forces . Often these forces, called VALUES, keep you on a
familiar course, which may be beneficial or detrimental, when you are involved in decision making.

• Webster defines value as "that which is desirable or worthy of esteem for its own sake; thing or
quality having intrinsic worth". In the sociological context "acts, customs, institution, etc. regarded
in a particular especially favorable way by a people, ethnic group, etc."
Values affect all of our Decisions, including:

- How we think and don't think

- Believe and don't believe
- Act and react
- Do and don't do

General Values that we develop:

- Moral Values (Ex: good vs. evil, right vs wrong) and more specific example it is wrong to kill, to
steal, to tell a lie, to cheat, etc.)
- Religious Values (ex: the teachings of our particular religion);
- Social and Cultural Values (Ex: respect for parents, charity toward the poor);
- Aesthetic Values (Ex: what is beautiful, artistic, pleasing to us); and
- Practical Values (Ex: thrift, cleanliness).

• Values are enduring, they take time to develop and nurture. They are not easily disposed of or
change, usually, once you developed, inherited, been handed a value on a silver platter, or had one
smashed on top of your head, you are stuck with it.
• What makes Values so persistent? People psychologically need values as a basis for their actions.
• Why do you desire things? Is it because of your culture, your biological configuration, or just your
own personality? Human needs, whether they be physical, psychological, or sociological in nature,
play a part in the determination of values.
• Why do some people demand to have a showplace for a home, a big mansion, etc., while others are
content with a home that reflects their own comfort? Why? Because people know what they are
doing, whether, it is providing for sleep, eating or another basic function.
• Values are what goals are made for. All people are individuals and VALUE different objects in life.
• No two individuals have exactly the same set of values there are many values which are common
to particular groups, communities and larger societies.

SOME HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF VALUES:

1. ROMAN EMPIRE: With story values of order, organization and discipline; a small city state was
able to conquer most of then known Western world. When these values were overshadowed or

35
supplemented by hedonism, intemperance, the empire simply disintegrated, as much from within itself
as from external factors.
2. 2. AMERICAN SOCIETY: Materialism is their value, such a value has contributed to a very high
level of material prosperity for the citizens of the United States. Looking at the high standard of living
enjoyed by Americans from a broader viewpoint, we can identify other values which have probably
contributed just as significantly to such material abundance. A commitment to freedom and free
enterprise.
3. FILIPINOS -Value of hard work
In the Philippines, our society is highly paternalistic, where there is papa, mama, uncle and aunties,
ninong and ninangs, assorted relatives and friends to rely on, we pull ourselves together in glorious
self-reliance and make it. And so we here in our country, Filipinos tend to be lazy, corrupt, and
inefficient. Yet When he is transplanted he becomes highly productive, competitive, hardworking, and
law-abiding. In other countries, he believes that hard work and study are the only ways to go up the
economic ladder and be successful.

VALUES PREACHED VS. VALUES PRACTICED

• Values as practiced, affect many aspects of our life, both as individuals and as a community.
• Values and the actions that flow from them have moral, social, political and economic consequences.

FOUR (4) BASIC VALUES:

1. INTEGRITY
-synonymous to honesty. It is "the quality or state of being complete or undivided." A person
with integrity is one whose actions conform to his principles and beliefs. He is not divided by
internal disharmony on conflict. Honesty, which is fairness or straight towardness of conduct is a
form of integrity.
More Euphemistic Institutional language
"commissions" "Iagay"
"fees" "padulas"
"rebates" "areglo"
"discounts" "kickback"
"gifts" "under the table"
"for the boys"

2. DISCIPLINE
As a value, discipline touches many aspects of everyday life, and is closely related to other
desirable values. For example, the values of COURTESY and FAIRNESS are involved when we
are called upon to practice discipline in situations when we have to line up in public. Also. how many
times has a traffic jam been caused by vehicles that are on the wrong side of the road because their
drivers cannot wait in line?
Contrary Practices
"siksikan''
"singitan"
"unahan"
Individual and national discipline is a multi-faceted value which is difficult to discuss
exhaustively but it is an essential element in any society that intends to get anywhere. For instance,
the strong discipline of the Japanese people has played a key role in making their country an

36
economic world power. To the Japanese the good of the group evidently comes foremost, and
the good of the individual follows naturally. In this regard, the Filipino value or attitude which
would be counter productive to economic progress would be "kanya-kanya" (everyone for himself).
This affects society in many ways.
3. HARDWORK
-It is a fact that many Filipinos are hardworking. They are willing to labor diligently and consistently
to earn a living and to improve their lot in life. However, the traditional "WORK ETHIC" suffers
from lapses as a value in our culture. We still find great dependence on "SUWERTE" or luck in our
daily pursuits and as a major determinant of our success of failure. We still harbor hopes of
"HITTING THE JACKPOT" with one big deal which will not entail to much work on our part.
Attitudes
"suwerte-suwerte"
"hitting the jackpot"
"Bahala na"
"Puwede na yan"
We still have the negative aspect of the " bahala na" attitude, of letting tomorrow take care of
itself without much effort on our part, of leaving things to chance without minimizing the odds
against it.
And quite a number of us still have the tendency to be content with "good enough" work,
without making that extra effort to achieve excellence. In the competition of the market place, this
spells the difference between the mediocre, run-of-the mill product in great demand. "Puwede na
yan" is the attitude of those of us for whom excellence, one of the rewards of hardwork, is not a
value.
The economic implications if the lack of commitment to hard work as a value are many: lower
productivity; lost business opportunities; lower quality of products and services; lack of market
competitiveness; waste of available resources; lower general standard of living; more uneven
distribution of wealth; delayed economic development; a heavier wetfare burden on the state; and
many more.
4. JUSTICE
Synonyms are "fairness, objectivity, impartiality; is a value which is universally upheld.
Nobody wants to be called unjust. But how much stock do we put in su ch terms as "nakaisa",
"nakalamang", "nakalusot". (made one over somebody, and went set-free even an fault), of
actions or practices which lack the element of fairness?

What underserved benefits to the "malakas" or

(influenced ones) get that are not available to the ordinary
citizen? Of the more priveleges enjoyed by "Haves" over
the "have nots"?
Suffice it to say that the less justice in a society, the more
discontent, agitation and unrest in the various economic
sectors, farmers, businessmen, laborers. And it can take
many forms-unwillingness of business to invest; labor
strikes; lower agricultural productivity. Lower construction
activities, instability of the Financial system; and at the
extreme and, subversion, rebellion, sucession.

37
POST TEST:

DIRECTION: Write the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
________________1. It is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.
________________2.It is a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something; a mental
impression.
________________3. It is the process by which we organize and interpret the patterns of stimuli in
our environment, the immediate intuitive recognition, as of an aesthetic quality.
________________4.It is applied to the ability of man to overlap these views, which are slightly
different, into one image.
________________5.This occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely
enclosed.
________________6. This visual process created an illusion of three-dimensional depth, making it
possible to judge distances.
________________7.The unlikeness of the retinal images in the eyes.

________________8. In this type ofvision, man experiences space in the movements of the eye from
one part of a whole work of art to another.
________________9.A phenomenon wherein drawings consisting of black lines, any line which
surrounds an area, and which is recognized as representing an object is quickly picked out by the
observer, and it then seems to him to stand out from the background in an obvious manner.
________________10.A german word for FORM

38
 UNIT VI
DESIGN AND PUBLIC POLICY

At the end of the course, the learner will be able to identify the following:
 Identify the different public policy about the construction and design of buildings

Pretest

Essay.
1. What is Public Policy?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Design Policy
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. Types of Policy Design

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

39
 UNIT VI
DESIGN AND PUBLIC POLICY

What Is Public Policy?

Public policy describes the actions of

government. Usually created in response
to issues brought before decision makers,
these policies come in the form of laws
and regulations. They may be created by
any governing body, from the U.S.
president down to city council members.

The goal of public policy cannot entirely be separated from its source. Both government
and public policy help meet basic societal needs and obligations; decide how
communities, states or nations manage resources; and keep general order in society.

The Policy-Making Process

Phase 1: Agenda Setting

As the first phase in the cycle, agenda setting helps
policy makers decide which problems to address.
Topics for discussion go through several types of
agendas before these individuals may move them
forward. Types of agendas might include:

 Systemic agendas. Systemic agendas

comprise all issues policy makers deem both
worthy of note and in their realm of authority to
address.
 Institutional agendas. These agendas are
formed from the content of systemic agendas.
Here, policy makers analyze problems and their
proposed solutions in a strict amount of time.
 Discretionary agendas. These agendas address problems chosen by legislators
that have not necessarily made it into the agendas mentioned above.
 Decision agendas. Decision agendas are the finalized list of issues to be moved
to the next phase of the policy-making cycle.

Phase 2: Policy Formation

40
In policy formation, solutions to problems are shaped and argued. This phase is
characterized by intense negotiation between parties. Leaders, bureaus and other factions
must fight for their own needs and desires, often in opposition to one another. Concerns
might include budgetary issues, personal or political constraints, or the protection of
certain existing programs. Public policies are therefore formed far more by the act of
bargaining than by any other means. Policy formation continues even after initial
legislation is passed, arising whenever amendments are suggested or the original
legislation is reauthorized.

Phase 3: Policy Legitimation

“Legitimacy” means that the public considers the government’s actions to be legal and
authoritative. To gain legitimacy in the United States, a policy must be moved through
the legislative process. Once this happens, it is considered the law of the land and can be
implemented as such. It must be mentioned that the legitimacy of a policy is only as
good as the willingness of citizens to accept it. Therefore, it is possible for people to
reject policy if they view the policy makers’ behavior or the legislation itself as
unacceptable in some way.

Example: Schematic model of crisis legitimation process

Phase 4: Policy Implementation

This phase puts policies into action. Responsibility passes from policy makers to policy
implementers, and the policies themselves may again develop further while this happens.
Whether a policy succeeds can often be traced back to this phase; a well-written policy
with a poor implementation can end in failure.

41
 Example:

Phase 5: Policy Evaluation

Policy makers conduct evaluations to determine if the policies they create are effective in
achieving their goals. When determining this, they must consider:

 How to evaluate outcomes effectively

 How to measure the outcomes
 How to navigate between the efficiency of a policy and its effectiveness (the
former is often easier to measure than the latter)

Evaluation may occur either during implementation or after the policy in question is
finished.

Phase 6: Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination

Once implemented, policies are periodically gauged for their relevancy and use. This
may result in their continuation, amendment or termination. These incidents often occur
due to policy makers’ shifting goals, values, beliefs or priorities.

When new issues arise, the policy-making cycle begins again, helping governing bodies
successfully address new and important challenges.

Source: https://online.pointpark.edu/public-administration/policy-making-cycle/

42
Republic Act No. 9266 March 17, 2004

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE RESPONSIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE

REGULATION FOR THE REGISTRATION, LICENSING AND PRACTICE OF
ARCHITECTURE, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 545,
AS AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "AN ACT TO REGULATE THE
PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES," AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.

DIFFERENT PUBLIC POLICY

Political policy

S. B. M. Marume [1988 and 2015], supported by Professor E. N. Gladden [1964 and

1972], maintains that, political policy also general policy is the policy laid down by the
supreme political authority on the different levels of government. As such it is the policy
by which the government of the day is generally guided. In the modern world, political
policy systems stem from a political party. When a political party decides to participate
in an election, it has to examine community life and, on the basis of its findings and the
general feelings of its members, declares its stand on various policy issues. But
according to Professor Hans. J. Morgenthu (Political among Nations: The struggle for
power and peace: 1985, p. 52); all politics domestic andinternational, reveals three basic
patterns; that is, all political phenomena can be reduced to one of three basic types A
political policy seeks to either to keep power, to increase power, or to demonstrate
power’.

Executive policy

In most responsible and democratic societies, both developed and developing, capitalist
and socialist, the executive policy is the form in which the executive body which may be
a cabinet, an executive committee, or a management committee, carefully shapes the
features of the political policy in order that it may be put into practice. The formulation
of an executive policy is largely done by those political office bears or institutions
constituting the super structure of executive institutions, for example, the cabinet
committees, and ministers, assisted by top officials. However, the most important
exposition of the executive policy is always the budget because it lays down the annual
work programme of the political party in power [Gladden, 1972].

Administrative policy

Administrative policy is the form in which the policy officials carry out the will of the
government of the day into practical effect and also facilitate to lay down executive
policy. Thus when the political and executive policies have been made known, attention
is then govern to the formulation of a third type of policy namely, administrative policy.
This policy is mainly concerned with the practical steps to give effect to the stated
executive policy. Administrative policy is made continually and can deal with serious

43
issues, but is often concerned with rather trivial matters, that is, practically feasible steps,
programmes, systems, methods and procedures to effect political and executive policies.
To illustrate the administrative policies give examples of job description of head of
government departmental permanent secretary.

Technical/operational policy

Apart from policy made at the three levels described above, decisions on various other
matters of policy may still have to be taken at the level where the work has to be done,
that is, at the operational level. Therefore, technical policy is the day - to – day policy
adopted by public officials, technical personnel and experts in implementation the
already decided administrative policies. It is the policy worked out by the officials in
operating the techniques of their professions, and is always coloured by officials,
professional skills, insights, education, experiences, capabilities, capacities, perceptions,
behavioural attitudes and morale. Therefore, all officials with discretion are in a position
to make technical and operational policies. Therefore, public policy is a complex,
multifaceted, polymorphous process which consists of sub – processes and sub – sub –
processes which are all intended to achieve postulated governmental aims and objectives.

DESIGN POLICY

Design policy can be defined as the process by which government translate their political
visions into programmes and actions in order to develop national design resources and
encourage their effective use in the country.

Design policy actions aim at sharing a set of rules, activities and processess to support
design through the reinforcement of design capabilities at all levels of policy cycle. It
involves the effort to more or less systematically develop efficient and effective policies
through the application of knowledge about policy means gained from experience, and
reason, to the development and adoption of courses of action that are likely to succeed in
attaining their desired goals or aims within specific policy contexts. The desire to
husband resources involved in goal attainment involves governments of all types and
persuasions in processes of more or less conscious and rational efforts at design.
However, the object of design—what is actually designed—who designs it, how they do
so, and why they make the design decisions they do, are all questions which require
clarification if the study of policy design is to move forward. Each of these issues is
addressed in turn in what follows and the strengths and weaknesses of the existing
literature on these subjects assessed.

POLICY DESIGN BY DESIGNERS

Design research on policy design has so far been very limited14. If we exclude some of
the earlier authors, which are not necessarily considered to represent mainstream
design15 - and go beyond Rittel and Webber - the considerations of policy design in
design is very recent. Most of what has been written were conference papers or manuals
produced by design consultancies, and theserarely include a more in-depth approach to

44
policy, and very few (if any) references to policy literature. We can find considerations
of complexity and social problem orientation in design in several works, starting with
Buchanan (1992) on wicked problems in design and the extending design beyond
symbols and material artefacts. There are certainly elements of policy in the systemic
design approach (Jones, 2014), but most of the design literature relates to the broader
public sector and is limited to administrative innovation and service delivery (e.g. the
usability approach in design). Even when policy design is referred to in such literature
(McMullin, 2012) it is mostly considered in terms of the contribution of design to
decision-making16 .

IMPORTANCE OF DESIGN

Design is certainly not one thing and our intention is not to propose a standard definition.
Modern2 design has always been a very diverse and diverging practice, which has tended
to integrate methods from other disciplines as it expanded its scope over the last 2 or
more centuries3 . Some of its modern origins can be found in the practWhat brings
policy and design closer together is also the notion of judgement. Despite recent
technocratic tendencies in both domains, there has is a solid argument for considering
both policy and design in terms of “value judgments” and “norm-seeking” activities
(Özbekhan, 1968). When we compare design literature on judgments (e.g. Nelson and
Stolterman, 2012) with that in the ice of graphical design for standardized patterns in
textile industry.policy domain (e.g. Vickers, 1995) we can see how similar, if not
identical, are the two approaches.

TYPES OF POLICY DESIGN

PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

The first distinction to be made when thinking about the types of policy design is the
contrast between policy design and program design these terms are often used
interchangeably in the public policy literature, but they should be seen as distinct. I will
be utilizing the idea of program design as a more constrained exercise than is policy
design,program design is more specific and to some extent program designs may be
embedded in more comprehensive policy designs, or derive from those more sweeping
policy designs.

IDEOLOGICAL DESIGNS

In this volume, as well as in most of the design literature there is a clear tendency to
equate design with the use of evidence and cogitation in order in order to produce policy
with the greatest probability of success given a set of posted goals. This rational process
of design can be constrated with designing based more on ideology. In such cases the
match betweeen a set of ideas and values and proposed policy is more important than the
rationality contained with the process. Evidence is less important than the belief in a

45
certain set of values, and perhaps a willingness to disregard cost. (human and material) in
the pursuit of the values.

POLITICAL DESIGN

Another important of design can be labeled a “Political Design”. This style of design
reflects contention alternative designs and the outcome of a political process that chooses
among them, or more likely produces some compromise among them. The Political
design often reflects the compromise between two or more conflicting ideological design
as describe . however, rather than having a hegemonic party or actor there are contending
actors, each presenting a desig, and some means must be undertaken to find an outcome
for that conflict.

DESIGN BY TRANSFER

In the literature of Public Policy, as well as in the real world of Policy Making, there is a
significant level of diffusion of policy ideas and designs.and there are over hundred
countries and there are thousands of sub-national governments involved in the process of
making public policies; and there is therefore a signififcant body of experience outside of
any one government, or any one designer, that can be used to shape policies. The
academic literature on policy diffusion is extensive (see Hadjisky et al ., 2017) and there
is perhaps an even larger body of experience in government on borrowing from other
political policies.

DESIGN BY INNOVATION

The type of design that most inidviduals, wether academics or policy makers or ordinary
citizens, would consider real design is design by innovation. Although I have argued
already that policymaking is remaking existing policies, there are some genuine
innovations in policy. This is in many ways a difficult claim to make. Even policies that
may appear innovative and path-breaking may be simply taking a model or an idea from
one domain and applying it to another.

ACCIDENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The notion of an accidental design may appear to be an oxymorons, but governments

may simply happen on Policy Designs, and some of those designs can be effective, This
perspective in designs is especially compatible with the third wave of participatory of
thinking about design, meaning that rather than necessarily being imposed from the top
down, many designs are bottom up. Even in more traditional conceptions of design some
possibilities for thinking about policy from the bottom up were accepted and even
advocated (Elmore, 1985) The Bottom-up features of design can be driven by public
participation. or they may be driven by lower-level public servants.

46
Post test

Essay.
What is ideological designs?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

What is political design?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Differentiate design by transfer to design by innovation?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Give example situations of accidental and experimental design?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

47
 UNIT VII
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS AND LINKAGES FOR EFFICIENCY IN SHELTER

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the course, the learner will be able to organize the following:

Pre-Test
Direction: In 200 words, discuss the composition of plan

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

48
 UNIT VII
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS AND LINKAGES FOR EFFICIENCY IN SHELTER

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS AND LINKAGES FOR EFFICIENCY IN SHELTER

Shelter is one of the basic human

needs along with food, water, and
companionship. It is a structure that
protects you from the elements and gives
you a place to live that’s why it’s
significant to understand and analyze the
factor affecting each problem and best
solution for efficient shelter.

Design from linked Requirements in a Housing Problem

We can only grasp design problems fragmentally. That is, there are practical limits
to the number of notions that can be thought of simultaneously when trying to solve
complex problems. The way that we overcome this inherent difficulty is to break a
complex situation down into smaller parts, dealing with these parts separately, and then
bringing this new idea together to understand the situation.
PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION 1
COMPLEX FINAL
PROBLEM PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION 2
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 3 SOLUTION 3

Figure No. 1 “Concept of solving complex problem”

In very rare circumstances we do not design a new object to satisfied
environmental needs from scratch in the case of a house, library, town or piece of
furniture. We have the knowledge of what is happening in the use of these objects or
complexes at the moment. The concept of the failure of a specific piece of the
environment to work with the rest of the environment is well known.
A requirement is situation that must be present otherwise an observable human or
social need would go unsatisfied. Most requirements are dependent in their solutions on
other requirements. Any two requirements that would either help or hinder one another
in solution therefore interact and need to be thought of together if a satisfactory solution
is to be found for both.

49
NO. LIST OF REQUIREMENTS
1 People should be able to dispose of refuse without having to store it in their dwelling and without
having to leave their dwelling.

2 Refuse which is capable of being disposed directly into a soil system should not
have to be collected.
3 All stored refuse should have barriers to prevent germs and smells polluting the surrounding air.

4 Refuse for collection should be stored in such a way as to facilitate ease of transfer to a disposal
unit.

5 For a heating system to be efficient there should be minimum heat loss from the
Dwelling.
6 For ventilation system to be efficient there should be provision for a through flow of air in the
dwelling.

7 All dwellings should have some sunlight in day living areas.

8 The people in each dwelling should have access to a sunlit space which is visually private.

9 People should be able to leave a baby in a pram in the open air where they know it will be safe.

10 Delivery men need well defined routes for delivery which do not involve unnecessary retracing of
steps.

11 Delivery men should be able to leave their deliveries in a secure place, those in
receipt of goods should feel that their goods are secure

12 People should be able to collect deliveries {milk, bread, etc.) protected f rom the weather.

13 Visitors should be able to park their cars near their destination.

14 Visitors should be able to find an address they want easily.
15 A parked car should be able to move off the site without the necessity of moving
other vehicles or interfering with the flow of traffic.
16 Pedestrians should feel that they are entirely safe from traffic.
17 People should feel that their car is part of their possessions and that their parking
space is their own.

18 Each person should be able to maintain (e.g. wash his car without causing annoyance to other
people.
19 Children need supervision when away from the dwelling.

50
20 Children should be discouraged from playing in places where they might come to harm (near
refuse, etc.)
21 Children should be discouraged from playing in places where they might cause a nuisance (access
ways, etc.)
22 People should feel secure against intruders into their dwellings.
23 People should not be able to see directly into any other dwellings.
24 People need and arrival point to their dwelling which is protected from the weather.
25 People should have off site noise reduced to a minimum level below that of discomfort.
26 People should be able to control the noise that enters their dwelling.
27 People should be able to control the noise between spaces within their dwelling.
28 People should be able to stop too much dirt coming into their dwelling.
29 People should be able to get large objects (pianos, prams, etc. I in and out of their dwelling easily.
30 People should feel that their dwelling is not forcing them into a state of loneliness or isolation.
31 People need the opportunity to meet their neighbours without feeling committed to their
company.
32 People should feel that their dwelling is uniquely identifiable as their own.
33 People should be able to get to the shops and the city centre easily.
34 People should be able to get to a point of safety from any part of the site without having to go
through any part which might be on fire.
35 There should be a control on the spread of fire should it arise on any part of the
site.
36 Water for fire fighting should be available so that a hose can reach any part of the site should a
fire break out there.
37 People should not have to climb more than three flights of stairs to reach their
dwelling.
38 People of any one social group should not feel that they are m any way differentiated from any
other social group (e.g. research students).
39 Children and animals should be prevented from interfering with or scattering
refuse .
40 Each family needs a storage space related to its Dwelling for bicycles, .canoes. etc.
41 People should not be inconvenienced by the noise and dirt of subsequent building operations after
they have taken up residence in their dwelling.
42 Invalids should be able to reach their dwelling without physical help from anyone else.
43 People should be able to bring large objects (prams, pianos. etc.} to their dwelling.
44 Service maintenance men should not have to enter dwelling to carry out their work unless
absolutely necessary (i.e., to read meters, etc.)

51
Figure no. 2 “Interaction Matrix Diagram”

The requirements above are only numbered for later reference; they are in no
particular order. Some are straight-forward physical failures like visual privacy in
outdoor spaces, some are physical failures that lead to communal breakdown and some
are physical failures to give the right feelings within the community, and all are
concerned with site organization (except 27 which was subsequently omitted) and all
pointed to some specific kind of organization that must be present. Requirement writing
took about 3 weeks once we had decided what kind we wanted. It was often possible to
find a distant isolated case where the possible solution to two requirements might
conceivably affect one another.
The diagram shows pairs of requirements considered interacted. The numbers
refer to the requirement numbers and a blob on the matrix to an interaction. So, 14,

52
visitors should be able to find an address they want easily interacts with '32, people
should feel that their dwelling is uniquely identifiable as their own' since both deal with
the distinction between dwellings, the size of groupings of dwellings and how far apart
they are; and does not interact at all with '9, people should be able to leave a baby in a
pram in the open air where they know it will be safe' which needs a small private space
adjacent to an overlooked by each dwelling.
The first problem is to find a measure of just how "good" any particular
groupings of requirements are in terms of most links inside groups and least links
between groups. This measure can then be used to compare any divisions of the whole
set until the best one is found. The mathematics to drive such a measure is complex and
demands that all requirements have an equal probability of finding a total solution
whether links are positive i.e. the two requirements help one another in solution) or
negative (i.e. they hinder one another).
In this particular case the procedure used was to compare all possible groupings
of just a single requirements together with all the rest left as groups of just a single
requirement. When the best pair had been found it was called a single unit and then the
best pair again found of this new set. And so on until no further combination of a pair of
units (i.e. either a group of requirements or a single requirement) produces a better
division into groups. In this way the groups of heavily interlinked requirements were
'built up' from the set of single requirements.
In the real life hill-climbing programmed it is necessary to repeat the procedure a
number of times with, say, the requirements in a different order since in the initial stages
of the process any pair is as good as any other. The more sophisticated programs have in
practice, however, been found to give essentially similar results for even low number of
tries.
So there was no reason why the small groups should not be dealt with in the best
way that we could think of at the time, but now with a great deal more knowledge about
which part of the problem they were most likely to fit with. These changes, with one
requirement rejected, brought the number of groups down to eight, most of which were
dealing with recognizable scale of problem. The final groups are shown in the diagram.
A schematic diagram for each of the groups was then produced as the result of further
discussion of what we originally intended by the requirements. It was also possible to
state the basic idea behind each diagram, which necessarily left out the details.

53
Post Test

DIRECTION: Write the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
________________1. It is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through
the senses.
________________2.It is a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something;
a mental impression.
________________3. It is the process by which we organize and interpret the patterns of
stimuli in our environment, the immediate intuitive recognition, as of an aesthetic
quality.
________________4.It is applied to the ability of man to overlap these views, which are
slightly different, into one image.
________________5.This occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not
completely enclosed.
________________6. This visual process created an illusion of three-dimensional depth,
making it possible to judge distances.
________________7.The unlikeness of the retinal images in the eyes.

________________8. In this type ofvision, man experiences space in the movements of

the eye from one part of a whole work of art to another.
________________9.A phenomenon wherein drawings consisting of black lines, any
line which surrounds an area, and which is recognized as representing an object is
quickly picked out by the observer, and it then seems to him to stand out from the
background in an obvious manner.
________________10.A german word for FORM.

54
 Sources and References
BOOK SOURCES:

Salvan, G. Architectural Theory of Design. Quezon City; JMC Press, Inc, 1999
Francis DK Ching. Form, Space and Order ,John Wiley & Sons; 1996
Francis DK Ching. A Visual Dictionary of Architecture;
M.D. Vernon. Psychology of Space
Edward Twitchell hall, Naachor .Hidden Dimension, 1990

WEBSITE SOURCES:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/built-environment
https://www.i-scoop.eu/built-environment holistic/
https://www.academia.edu/5535973/PLAN_COMPOSITION_SCHEME
designtheory.org/library/encyc/topics/
https://schedulebuilder.berkeley.edu/explore/courses/FL/2012/151
.uxmag.com/topics/design-theory
www.kth.se/.../topics/antenna-theory-and-desi
designtheory.org/library/encyc/topics/as.html
www2.uiah.fi/projekti/metodi/123.htm
www.gotquestions.org/intelligent-design.html
http://www.scribd.com/doc/129671735/George-Salvan-Architectural-Theories-of-Design
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