FY-S-2001 Computer Systems FALL 2022
Muhammad Khalid
Computer Hardware Peripherals
• Introduction
• A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware
that is added to a computer in order to expand
its abilities.
• There are all different kinds of peripherals you
can add your computer. The main disctinction
among peripherals is the way they are
connected to your computer.
Buses
• A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components
inside a computer or between computers.
• There are two types of buses: internal and external. Internal buses are
connections to various internal components. External buses are
connections to various external components
Data Bus,Address Bus,Control Bus
• The coomputer sytem consist of internal and
external components . These components are
physically interconnected are communicate with
each other through a network of wires running
across the computer sstem
SYSTEM BUSES
• Set of wires, that interconnects all the components (subsystems) of a
computer
• A source component sources out data onto the bus
• A destination component inputs data from the bus
• May have a hierarchy of buses
• Address, data and control buses to access memory
and an I/O controller.
• Second set of buses from I/O controller to attached
devices/peripherals
• Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) bus is an
example of a very common local bus
System Bus
(Data,
Address and
Control Bus)
ADDRESS BUS
• It is a channel which transmits addresses of data (not the data) from the CPU to
memory.
• The address bus consists of 16,24, or 32 parallel signal lines.
• The number of lines (wires) determines the amount of memory that can be
directly addressed as each line carries one bit of the address.
• If the CPU has N address lines, then it can directly address 2 Naddress lines.
• For example, a computer with 32 bit address can address 4GB of physical memory.
DATA BUS
• Data bus is a channel across which actual data are transferred between the CPU, memory
and I/O devices.
• The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 or 64 parallel signal lines. Because each wire can transfer
1 bit of data at a time, an 8 wire bus can move 8 bits at a time which is a full byte.
• The number of wires in the bus affects the speed at which data can travel between
hardware components. The wider the data bus, more data it can carry at one time.
• The data bus is bidirectional this means that the CPU can read data in from memory or it
can send data out to memory.
CONTROL BUS
• The physical connections that carry control information between the CPU and other
devices within the computer. This bus is mostly a collection of unidirectional signals.
• It is the path for all timing and controlling functions sent by the control units to other
units of the system.
• It carries signals that report the status of various devices.
• These signals indicate whether the data is to be read into or written out the CPU,
whether the CPU is accessing memory or an IO device, and whether the I/O device or
memory is ready for the data transfer
Internal
• Types of Slots
• There are many different kinds of internal buses, but only a handful of
popular ones.
PCI
• PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) is common in modern
PCs.
PCI Express
• PCI Express was introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to replace the
general-purpose PCI expansion bus and the AGP graphics card interface.
• PCI express is not a bus but instead a point-to-point conection of serial links
called lanes.
PCMCIA
• PCMCIA (also referred to as PC Card) is the type of bus used for laptop
computers.
• The name PCMCIA comes from the group who developed the standard:
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
AGP
• AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is a
high-speed point-to-point channel for
attaching a graphics card to a
computer’s motherboard, primarily to
assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics.
Types Of Cards
• Video Card
• A video card (also known as graphics
card) is an expansion card whose
function is to generate and output
images to a display.
• Some video cards offer added
functions, such as video capture, TV
tuner adapter, ability to connect
multiple monitors, and others. Most
video cards all share similar
components.
Sound Card
• A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of
audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.
• Many computers have sound capabilities built in,, while others require
additional expansion cards to provide for audio capability.
Network Card
• A network card is an expansion card
that allows computers to
communicate over a computer
network.
• Every Ethernet network card has a
unique 48-bit serial number called a
MAC address, which is stored in ROM
carried on the card.
External
Types of Connections
• USB
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus
standard to interface devices.
Firewire
• Firewire (technically known as IEEE
1394 and also known as i.LINK for
Sony) is a serial bus interface standard
for high-speed communications and
isochronous real-time data transfer,
frequently used in a personal
computer.
PS/2
• The PS/2 connector is used for
connecting some keyboards and mice
to a PC compatible computer system.
• If a PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2
keyboard port, the mouse may not be
recognized by the computer
depending on configuration.
Devices
• Removable Storage
• The same kinds of CD and DVD drives that
could come built-in on your computer can also
be attached externally.
• The same is true for DVD writers, Blu-ray drives,
and floppy drives.
Non-removable Storage
• Non-removable storage can be a hard drive that is connected externally.
• An external hard drive is usually connected by USB but you can also have a
networked hardrive which will connect to your network which allows all
computers on that network to access that hard drive.
Input
• Input devices are absolutely crucial to
computers.
• he most common input devices are mice and
keyboards which barely every computer has.
• A new popular pointing device that may
eventually replace the mouse is touch screen
which you can get on some tablet notebooks.
Output
• There are lots of different kinds of output
devices that you can get for your computer.
• The absolute most common external output
device is a monitor. Other very popular output
devices are printers and speakers.
Device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer
Define the following terms:
peripheral bus PCI PCI Express PCMCIA AGP Video Card
Network Firewire External
Sound Card USB PS/2 Flash Drive
Card (IEEE 1394) Hard Drive
Keyboard Mouse Microphone Webcam Monitor Printer Speakers
Booting Your Computer
• Introduction
• Booting is a startup sequence that starts the operating system of a
computer when it is turned on.
• A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs
when it is switched on.
• Every computer has a boot sequence
Boot Loader
• Computers powered by the central processing unit can only execute code
found in the systems memory.
• Modern operating systems and application program code and data are
stored on nonvolatile memories or mass storage devices.
• When a computer is first powered on, it must initially rely only on the code
and data stored in nonvolatile portions of the systems memory.
Boot Devices
• The boot device is the device from which the operating system is loaded.
• A modern PC BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) supports booting from various devices.
• These include the local hard disk drive, optical drive, floppy drive, a network interface card,
and a USB device.
• Typically, the BIOS will allow the user to configure a boot order. If the boot order is set to:
• CD Drive
• Hard Disk Drive
• Network
Boot Sequence
• There is a standard boot sequence that all personal computers use.
• First, the CPU runs an instruction in memory for the BIOS.
• That instruction contains a jump instruction that transfers to the BIOS start-
up program.
• This program runs a power-on self test (POST) to check that devices the
computer will rely on are functioning properly.
Define the following terms:
• booting
• boot Loader
• boot device
• BIOS
• Boot Sequence
• Master Boot Record (MBR)
References
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4731364?casa_token=QkHLfvAiBX0AAAAA:fIeFIQMdpySVzVZPSQwIRdKK
jtQDoVG7UXBUaw8jhAyPSVyxHyLsJHrBmpqa0pyxiAh5DIqpk8
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/NikolaZlata
nov/publication/295105861_Computer_Busses_Ports_and_Peripheral_Devices/links/56c7a72508aee3cee539581c/Com
puter-Busses-Ports-and-Peripheral-Devices.pdf
Thank you
Any question?
