FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
CC – 148
UNDER
MAKAUT, WB
Inverse Z transform with numerical examples
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT#1
Digital Signal Processing
EC504
PRESENTED BY
DEBMALYA DASH
14800321063
ECE
5th Semester
AY: 2023-24
INTRODUCTION
The Inverse Z-Transform is a mathematical technique used
to convert a function or sequence in the Z-domain back to
the time domain. It is the counterpart of the Z-Transform,
which converts discrete-time signals from the time domain
to the Z-domain. In practical terms, the Inverse Z-
Transform helps us analyze and understand the behavior of
discrete-time systems and signals by allowing us to
represent them in a form that is easier to work with.
In signal processing and control systems, discrete-time
signals and systems are widely used to model and analyze
real-world phenomena. The Inverse Z-Transform plays a
crucial role in translating the mathematical representation
of these systems back into a format that can be easily
interpreted and manipulated. It enables engineers and
researchers to analyze the time-domain behavior of
discrete-time systems, study their stability, transient
response, and steady-state behavior, and design controllers
and filters to achieve specific performance objectives.
WHAT IS INVERSE Z TRANSFORM?
The Inverse Z-Transform is the process of finding a sequence
or function in the time domain from its corresponding
representation in the Z-domain.
Mathematically, if X(z) is a function or sequence in the Z-
domain, then the Inverse Z-Transform of X(z) is denoted by
x[n] and is given by the formula:
where:
x(n)is the sequence or function in the time domain.
X(z) is the function or sequence in the Z-domain.
n is the time index (integer).
Basically, there are four methods that are often used to find
the inverse Z-transform.
Power series method or long division method
Partial fraction expansion method
Complex inversion integral method (also known as the
residue method)
Convolution integral method
LONG DIVISION METHOD
The Long Division Method is a technique used to find the Inverse Z-Transform of a given function or sequence in
the Z-domain by performing polynomial long division. This method is particularly useful when the Z-transform is
a ratio of two polynomials, and it helps to simplify the process of finding the inverse transform.
Steps to Perform the Long Division Method:
Given the Z-transform function X(z), express it as a ratio of two polynomials, P(z) and Q(z), where Q(z) ≠ 0
Divide the polynomial P(z) by the polynomial Q(z) using polynomial long division. This yields a quotient
polynomial and a remainder polynomial.
Express the quotient polynomial as a sum of partial fractions, if applicable.
Use the linearity property of the Inverse Z-Transform to find the inverse transform of each term in the partial
fraction expansion.
If there is a remainder polynomial from the long division, find its Inverse Z-Transform as well.
EXAMPLE
Using long division, determine the inverse Z-transform of
Solution: Since ROC is Izl > 1, (n) must be a causal sequence. For getting a causal sequence, the N(z) and D(z) of
X(z) must be put either in descending powers of z or in ascending powers of z before performing long division.
In the given X(z) both N(z) and D(z) are already in descending powers of z.
METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
The Method of Partial Fractions is a technique used to break down a complex rational function in the Z-domain
into a sum of simpler fractions, making it easier to find the Inverse Z-Transform. This method is particularly useful
when the Z-transform is a ratio of two polynomials, and the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to
the degree of the denominator.
Steps to Perform the Method of Partial Fractions:
Given the Z-transform function X(z), express it as a ratio of two polynomials, P(z) and Q(z), where Q(z) ≠ 0.
Factorize the denominator polynomial Q(z) into its irreducible factors.
Express the rational function as a sum of partial fractions, where each term has a simpler denominator.
Determine the unknown coefficients in the partial fraction expansion.
Use the linearity property of the Inverse Z-Transform to find the inverse transform of each term in the partial
fraction expansion.
EXAMPLE
Find the inverse Z-transform of
RESIDUE METHOD
The Residue Method is a technique used to find the Inverse Z-Transform of a function or sequence in the Z-
domain by exploiting the theory of complex residues from complex analysis. This method is particularly useful
when the Z-transform involves poles with nonzero residues, as it provides a direct way to compute the inverse
transform.
Steps to Perform the Residue Method:
Given the Z-transform function X(z), express it as a ratio of two polynomials, P(z) and Q(z), where Q(z) ≠ 0.
Factorize the denominator polynomial Q(z) to identify the poles (roots of Q(z)).
Compute the residues of the poles, which are the coefficients of the Laurent series expansion around each
pole.
Express X(z) as a sum of terms, each corresponding to a pole and its residue.
Use the linearity property of the Inverse Z-Transform to find the inverse transform of each term.
EXAMPLE
Using residue method, find the inverse Z-transform of
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