Class 9- Biology

Notes- Part 2

Chapter- TISSUES

Sr FEATURES PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA

no

1. Nature and • It is the most abundant plant • It consists of living cells that are • They are made of dead cells.
Cell structure tissue elongated and irregularly thickened at • Cells are long and narrow as the walls are
• It contains unspecialized the corners. thickened due to lignin.
living cells with thin cell • The thickening is of pectin and • Lignin is a chemical substance like cement
wall, nucleus and a large cellulose. and it makes the cell wall impermeable so
vacuole. • Intercellular space is very little and no living content (protoplasm) is present.
• Cells are loosely placed contain few chloroplasts. • The cells have less or no intercellular
with large intercellular space due to the thickening.
space.

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 LS

2. Occurrence It is present in all plant parts like They are mostly present in the aerial parts, It is present in the stem around the vascular
flowers, leaves, stem etc. below the epidermis in the stem and leaf stalk bundles in the stem, veins of leaves, hard covering
(petiole). They are absent in monocots. of seeds and nuts.
3. Functions • It stores water and minerals • It provides mechanical support and • It provides mechanical strength to the parts
in stem and root. elasticity to plants. of the plant.
• It provides support, stores • It allows easy bending of various parts • It forms a protective covering around the
food. of a plant without actually breaking it. seeds and nuts. For e.g., husk of a coconut.
• Parenchyma cells with
chloroplast are called
Chlorenchyma and they
help in photosynthesis.
• Parenchyma cells in aquatic
plants are called
Aerenchyma as they have
large air cavities which
provide buoyancy to the
plant.

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 • The intercellular space in
them allow gaseous
exchange.

B) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE: - (Conducting Tissue)

• It consists of more than one type of cell that work as a unit to perform a common function.
• Complex tissues transport organic matter, water and minerals up and down the plants. Hence, they are called vascular tissues or conducting tissues.

Examples: 1) XYLEM OR wood 2) PHLOEM OR bast

Together both of them constitute the vascular bundles.

1) XYLEM: -

It consists of four elements

Sr.
TRACHEIDS VESSELS XYLEM FIBRES XYLEM PARENCHYMA
no.
1. Long, tubular dead cells with Very long tubes formed by end to Lignified fibres formed in xylem. It consists of living parenchyma
lignified white lumen and tapering end union of large number of dead, They have thick pitted walls, cells.
ends empty cells with broken transverse narrow lumen and tapering ends.
walls. The walls are lignified and
have pits.

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 FUNCTIONS:-

• Vessels and tracheids conduct water and minerals from roots to the top of the plant.

• Xylem fibres provide mechanical strength and are supportive due to lignified walls.

• Xylem parenchyma stores food and also help in lateral conduction of water.

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2) PHLOEM: -

It is the food conducting tissue.

Sr.
SIEVE TUBES COMPANION CELLS PHLOEM PARENCHYMA PHLOEM FIBRES
no.
1. Sieve tubes are tubular structures Living cells with all important Ordinary living parenchyma cells. Thick walled, elongated dead
with perforated walls. cellular contents such as nucleus, They help in storage of food and sclerenchyma cells. They provide
mitochondria, ER etc. its conduction. mechanical strength to the tissue.

FUNCTIONS: -
• Transport of food occurs in both directions (upward and downward from the leaves to the other
parts).

• They are the source of commercial fibre Jute, hemp etc.

• Phloem parenchyma helps in storage and lateral conduction.

ELEMENTS OF PHLOEM

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 COMPARISON CHART

BASIS FOR PHLOEM

XYLEM
COMPARISON

• Meaning • Xylem is the complex tissue of plants, responsible for • Phloem is living tissue, responsible for transporting
transporting water and other nutrients to the plants. food and other organic materials.

• Contains • Dead cells (parenchyma is the only living cells • Mainly contains living cells (fibres are the only dead
present in the xylem). cells in the phloem).

• Comprises of • Xylem vessels, xylem fibres,tracheids and xylem • Phloem fibres, sieve tubes, sieve cells, phloem
parenchyma. parenchyma and companion cells.

• Found • Xylem is located in the centre of the vascular bundle, • Phloem is located on the outer side of the vascular
deep in the plant. bundle.

• Kind of movement • Unidirectional. • Bidirectional.

• Role • Xylem transports only minerals and waters from the • Phloem transports food materials that are prepared by
roots. the green parts of the plants to other parts of the plant.

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 BASIS FOR PHLOEM
XYLEM
COMPARISON

• Provide mechanical support. • Does not provide mechanical support.

• They are present in stems and leaves, which later

• They are present in roots, stems and leaves. transports and grow in roots, fruits and seeds.

• Occurrence

• Other features • Xylem is the dead tissues at maturity, but no cell • Phloem is the living tissue, but not with the nucleus.
contents.

• Xylem often constitutes the bulk of the plant body. • Phloem forms a small part of the plant body.

• In xylem, the conducting cells or tracheary cells are • In phloem, the conducting cells are living.
dead.

C) PROTECTIVE PERMANENT TISSUE: - (Protective Tissue)

It provides protection against adverse climatic factors and pathogens.

i) Epidermis:

• It is the surface tissue present on the entire surface of the plant and is usually made of a single layer of cells.

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 • Since epidermal cells are connected with protection, these cells possess the following features:
✓ they form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
✓ relatively flat
✓ outer side walls are thicker than the inner walls.

• Plants in dry habitat have thick epidermis (more layers) with a waxy coating of cutin (water proof) secreted by the cells in the aerial parts.

• Cutin layer is water resistant, reduce water loss, protect against mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.

• In the epidermis of leaves, there are many small pores called stomata. The stomata are enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells.
Stomata helps in gaseous exchange and transpiration in plants.

• Xerophytes have sunken stomata to reduce water loss.

• Epidermal cells in the root are long, hair like to increase the area of absorption.

ii) Cork:

• It is the outer protective tissue of older stem and roots.

• As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue i.e. epidermis undergoes certain changes.
• A strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the stem called the cork cambium.
• Cork cambium gives off new cells on its both sides.
• Forming cork on the outer side and secondary cortex on the inner side.
• The layer of cells which is cut by the cork cambium on the outer side ultimately becomes several layered thick cork (bark) of trees.
• Cells are rectangular, dead and arranged closely in many layers without intercellular spaces.
• Cells have a chemical substance called SUBERIN in their walls, that make it impermeable to water or gas.
➢ That is why cork is used for bottle stoppers.

➢ Cork is light and does not catch fire easily. Due to these properties it is used as insulators, shock absorbers and as sports goods in making shuttle cocks,
cricket balls, wooden paddles of table tennis etc.
• Cork protect against loss of water, mechanical injury, microbes and extreme temperature.