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Chapter 5 Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
403 views

Chapter 5 Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism

Uploaded by

Anne Limpin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5

ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

X-ray Imaging System  It causes charged particles to move from one


 Primary function: to convert electric energy pole to another
into electromagnetic energy  Positive charge: points outward
 Negative charge: points toward
ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatic Force
Electrostatics  The force of attraction between unlike
 The study of stationary electric charges charges or repulsion between like charges
 Directly proportional to the product of the
Matter has mass & energy equivalence. Matter charges
also may have electric charge!  Inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them
Electric Charge
 Positive or negative Coulomb’s Law
 It has potential energy  The electrostatic force is directly
 Smallest Units: electron & proton proportional to the product of the
 Fundamental Unit (SI): coulomb (C) electrostatic charges & inversely
 1 C: 6 x 1018 electron charges proportional to the square of the distance
between them
Electrified  Formula: F = k(QaQb/d2)
 The object that has too few or too many
electrons Electric charge distribution is uniform
throughout or on the surface!
Electrification
 The process of adding or removing electrons Electric charge of a conductor is concentrated
from an object along the sharpest curvature of the surface!
 It is created by contact, friction or by
induction Electric Potential
 SI Unit: volt (V)
Electric Ground  1 V: 1 J/C or 1 potential energy/unit charge
 The object that behaves as a reservoir for
stray electric charges ELECTRODYNAMICS

Electrostatic Laws Electrodynamics


 Unlike charges attract  The study of electric charges in motion
 Like charge repel
 Electric field radiate out from positive Electrical Engineer
charge  Work with electric current
 Electric field radiate toward a negative
Physicist
19

charge
 Uncharged particles do not have electric  Concerned with electron flow
Page

field
Four States of Matter
Electric Field  Conductor, Insulator, Semiconductor,
 The lines of force exerted on charged ions in Superconductor
the tissues by the electrodes
STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO
CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Conductor Electric Circuits


 Any substance through which electrons flow  The path of electron flow from the
easily generating source through the various
 Characteristics: components & back again
o Variable resistance
o Obeys Ohm’s law Increasing electric resistance results in a
o Requires voltage reduced electric current!
 Examples: copper (Z=29), aluminum (Z=13)
& water Electric Current/Electricity
 The flow of electrons through a conductor
Insulator  Direction: always opposite the electron flow
 Any material that does not allow electron  It is measured in Amperes (A)
flow  1 A: 1 C/s or 1 electric charge/second
 Characteristics:
o Does not permit electron flow Electric Potential
o Extremely high resistance  It is measured in volts (V)
o Necessary with high voltage  1 V: 1 J/C or 1 potential energy/unit charge
 Examples: glass, rubber & clay
Electric Resistance
Semiconductor  It is measured in ohms (Ω)
 A material that some conditions behaves as
an insulator & as a conductor Ohm’s Law
 Characteristics:  The voltage across the total circuit or any
o Can be conductive portion of the circuit is equal to the current
times the resistance
o Can be resistive
 Formulas: V = IR; R = V/I; I = V/R
o Basis for computers
 Examples: silicon (Si-14) & germanium Two Basic Types of Electric Circuits
(Ge-32)
 Series & Parallel Circuits
Superconductor
Series Circuit
 Any material that allows electrons to flow
 All circuit elements are connected in a line
without resistance
along the same conductor
 Characteristics:
o No resistance to electron flow Rules for Series Circuit
o No electric potential required  Rt = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
o Must be very cold  It = I 1 = I 2 = I 3
 Examples: niobium (Nb-41) & titanium (Ti-  Vt = V1 + V2 + V3
22)
20

Parallel Circuit
William Shockley (1946)  Elements are connected at their ends rather
Page

 He demonstrated semiconduction than lying in a line along a conductor


Superconductivity (1911)
 The property of some matter to exhibit no
resistance below a critical temperature

STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO


CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Rules for Parallel Circuit Electric Power


 It = I 1 + I 2 + I 3  It is measured in watts (W)
 Vt = V1 = V2 = V3  1 W: 1 A (current) x 1 V (voltage)
 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3  Formulas: P = IV = I2R

SYMBOLS & FUNCTION OF ELECTRIC MAGNETISM


CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Circuit Symbol Magnetite
Function  Oxide of iron (Fe3O4)
Elements
Inhibits flow of  Lodestone or leading stone
Resistor
electron
Provides electric Magnetism
Battery
potential  The fundamental property of some forms of
Momentarily matter
Capacitor stores electric  It has no smallest unit
charge
Measures electric Any charged particle in motion creates a
Ammeter
voltage magnetic field!
Measures electric
Voltmeter
potential Electron Spin
Turns circuit on &  A property created when electrons behave as
Switch off by providing if they rotate on its axis
infinite resistance  It is neutralized in electron pairs
Increases &  It creates a magnetic field
decreases voltage
Transformer
by fixed amount Magnetic Moment
(AC only)  A nuclear magnetic dipole created when
Rheostat Variable resistor magnetic field is created by spinning electric
Allows electron to charge
Diode flow only in one
 The basis of MRI
direction
The lines of a magnetic field are always closed
Direct Current loop!
 Electrons that flow in only one direction
Dipolar/Bipolar
Alternating Current (AC)  A magnet that has two poles
 Electrons that flow alternately in opposite  Poles: north & south pole
direction
 60-Hz current Magnetic Dipole
21

 The small magnet created by the electron


Waveform orbit
Page

 The graphic representation of a wave


 x-axis: time Magnetic Domain
 y-axis: amplitude of electric current  An accumulation of many atomic magnets
 AC: sinusoidal with their dipoles aligned
 DC: straight line

STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO


CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

 In Ferromagnetic Material: randomly Paramagnetic


oriented  Weakly attracted to both poles of a magnetic
field
Magnetic Permeability  Example: Gadolinium (Gd-64): contrast
 The ability of a material to attract the lines agent in MRI
of magnetic field intensity
Ferromagnetic
Magnets are classified according to the origin of  It can be strongly magnetized
the magnetic property!  Example: alnico (Al-12, Ni-28, Co-27) &
iron (Fe-26)
Three Principal Types of Magnets
 Naturally occurring magnets Magnetic Susceptibility
 Artificially produced permanent magnets:  The degree to which a material can be
 Electromagnets magnetized

Natural Magnet Wood


 A magnet that gets its magnetism from the  Low magnetic susceptibility
Earth
Iron
Permanent Magnet  High magnetic susceptibility
 A magnet whose magnetism is induced
artificially Hysteresis
 A bar or horseshoe-shaped magnet  A condition wherein some materials that are
 Example: compass very susceptible are also reluctant to lose
their magnetism
Electromagnet
 A coil or wire wrapped around an iron core Pole
that intensifies the magnetic field  The magnetically charged end of a material
 North & south poles
All matters can be classified to the manner in
which it interacts with the external magnetic Magnetic Laws
field!  Like magnetic poles repel
 Unlike magnetic poles attract
Four Magnetic States of Matter
 Imaginary lines of magnetic field leave the
 Nonmagnetic, Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, north pole
& Ferromagnetic
 Imaginary lines of magnetic field enter the
south pole
Nonmagnetic
 Unaffected by magnetic field Magnetic Induction
 Example: wood & glass
22

 The process of making ferromagnetic


material magnetic
Page

Diamagnetic
 Weakly repelled from both poles of a Magnetic Lines of Induction
magnetic field  The imaginary magnetic field lines
 Example: copper, water & plastic

STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO


CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Soft Iron
 An excellent temporary magnet Any charge in motion induces a magnetic field!

Ferromagnetic objects can be made into magnets


by induction! Right Hand Rule
 It determines the direction of the magnetic
Magnetic Force field
 The force of attraction between unlike poles
or repulsion between like poles Solenoid
 Directly proportional to the product of the  A coil of wire
magnetic pole strengths
 Inversely proportional to the square of the Electromagnet
distance between them  A current-carrying coil of wire wrapped
around an iron core
Magnetic Field Strength  It intensifies the induced magnetic field
 SI Unit: tesla (T)  Advantage: magnetic field can be adjusted
 Older Unit: gauss (G) or turned on & off
 1 T: 10,000 G
Electromagnetic Induction
ELECTROMAGNETISM  An electric current is induced in a circuit if
some part of that circuit is in a changing
Luigi Galvani (1700’s) magnetic field
 He observed that a dissected frog leg e.g radio reception
twitched when touched by two different
metals Michael Faraday
 He observed the current in a changing
Alessandro Volta magnetic field
 HE Contributed on the development of
battery Faraday’s Law
 Voltaic Pile: precursor of modern battery  The first law of electromagnetic
o A copper-zinc plates like a Dagwood
sandwich FARADAY’S LAW
 Modern Battery: carbon rod (+) & zinc The magnitude of the induced current depends
cylindrical can (-) on four factors:
1. The strength of magnetic field
Source of Electromotive Force 2. The velocity of the magnetic field as it
 Any device that converts some form of moves pass the conductor
energy directly into electric energy 3. The angle of the conductor to the magnetic
field
4. The number of turns in the conductor
23

Ferromagnetic objects can be made into magnets


by induction!
Page

Varying magnetic field intensity induces an


electric current!
Hans Oersted (1820)
 He demonstrated that electricity can be used Electromagnetic Devices
to generate magnetic fields  Electric motor, Electric Generator &
Transformer
STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO
CHAPTER 5
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, & ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electric Motor  It helps to reduced energy losses caused by


 Electric current produces mechanical motion eddy current
 Result: greater efficiency
Electric Generator
 Mechanical motion produces electric current Eddy Current
 Commutator Ring: switches the direction of  A current that opposes the magnetic field
current through the loop that induced it, creating a loss of transformer
efficiency
Transformer
 It changes the intensity of alternating Autotransformer
voltage & current  It consists of one winding of wire & varies
 It works on AC only in voltage & current by self-induction
 DC: induces no current in the secondary coil  It is located in the operating console that
controls the kVp
Induction Motor
 A type of motor used with x-rays tubes Shell-type Transformer
 It powers the rotating anode of an x-ray tube  It confines more of the magnet field lines of
the primary winding
Transformer Law  Rationale: the secondary is wrapped around
 The change in voltage is directly it & there are essentially two closed cores
proportional to the ratio of the number of  Advantage: more efficient than closed-core
turns (windings) in the secondary coil (Ns) to transformer
the number of turns in the primary coil (Np)
 Formula: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np

Step-up Transformer
 Turns ratio greater than 1
 Primary Side: low voltage, high current
 Secondary Side: high voltage, low current

Step-down Transformer
 Turns ratio less than 1
 Primary Side: high voltage, low current
 Secondary Side: low voltage, high current

Transformer Law Effect on Current


 A change in current & a change in voltage
are inversely related
 Formula: Is/Ip = Np/Ns = Vp/Vs
24

Types of Transformer
Page

 Closed-core, Autotransformer & Shell-type

Closed-core Transformer
 A square core of ferromagnetic materials
built up of laminated layers of iron
STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO

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