In [2]: # get a single string from two given strings, separated by a space and swap the first two

characters of each string.

# i/p: abc, xyz
# o/p: xyc, abz
def chars(a, b):
x = b[:2] + a[2:]
y = a[:2] + b[2:]

return x + ' ' + y

print(chars('abc', 'xyz'))

xyc abz

In [4]: # get a string made of the first 2 and last 2 characters of a given string. If the string length is less than 2, return the empty string instead.
def string_both_ends(str):
if len(str) < 2:
return ''

return str[0:2] + str[-2:]

print(string_both_ends('w3resource'))
print(string_both_ends('w3'))
print(string_both_ends('w'))

w3ce
w3w3

In [5]: # Remove the characters which have odd index values of a given string
def values(str):
result = ""
for i in range(len(str)):
if i % 2 == 0:
result = result + str[i]
return result

print(values('harishreddy'))
print(values('revanthreddy'))

hrsrdy
rvnhed

In [1]: # Display an input string in upper and lower cases

str = input("Enter a string:")
print("My language is:",str.upper()) # all letters will be in upper case
print("My name is:",str.lower()) # all letters will be in lower case
print(str.capitalize())# only first letter capitalize

Enter a string:HarishREDdy
My language is: HARISHREDDY
My name is: harishreddy
Harishreddy

In [8]: str = "python"

print(str[::-1])
print(str[:-2:-3])
print(str[:-1:-4])

nohtyp
n

In [11]: list = [(1,2),(2,3),(4,5),(5,6)]

list[1::-3]

[(2, 3)]
Out[11]:

In [14]: string = "harishreddy"

string[::-1]

'ydderhsirah'
Out[14]:

In [15]: string[0:8:2]

'hrsr'
Out[15]:

In [16]: list[0:-3:-1]

[]
Out[16]:

In [60]: string[-1:-9:-3]

'yes'
Out[60]:

In [17]: string[:-1:]

'harishredd'
Out[17]:

In [18]: import itertools

In [19]: print(''.join(itertools.islice(string, 3, 7)))

ishr

In [20]: my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[::-2])

[5, 3, 1]

In [21]: print(my_list[::2])

[1, 3, 5]

In [22]: print(my_list[1:4:2])

[2, 4]

In [23]: import operator

d = {1: 2, 3: 4, 4: 3, 2: 1, 0: 0}
print('Original dictionary : ',d)
sorted_d = sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1))
print('Dictionary in ascending order by value : ',sorted_d)
sorted_d = dict( sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True))
print('Dictionary in descending order by value : ',sorted_d)

Original dictionary : {1: 2, 3: 4, 4: 3, 2: 1, 0: 0}

Dictionary in ascending order by value : [(0, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4)]
Dictionary in descending order by value : {3: 4, 4: 3, 1: 2, 2: 1, 0: 0}

In [24]: # Add a key to dictionary

d = {0:10, 1:20}
print(d)
d.update({2:30})
print(d)

{0: 10, 1: 20}

{0: 10, 1: 20, 2: 30}

In [25]: dic1={1:10, 2:20}

dic2={3:30, 4:40}
dic3={5:50,6:60}
dic4 = {}
for d in (dic1, dic2, dic3): dic4.update(d)
print(dic4)

{1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}

In [30]: # Create a string made of the first, middle and last character
str1 = "Harish"
print("Original Character",str1)
res = str1[0]
print(res)
l = len(str1) # string size
mi = int(l/2) # middle index number
print("middle number",mi)
res = res+str1[mi]
print(res)# get middle character and add it to the result
res = res+str1[l-1] # get last character and add it to the result
print("New string:",res)

Original Character Harish

H
middle number 3
Hi
New string: Hih

In [5]: # Create a string made of the middle three characters

str2 = "JhonDipPeta"
print(str2[4:7])

# (or)

def get(str2):
print("original string",str2)
mi = int(len(str2)/2)
print("middle character:",mi)
res = str2[mi-1:mi+2]
print("Middle characters are:",res)
get("JhonDipPeta")
get("JaSonAy")

Dip
original string JhonDipPeta
middle character: 5
Middle characters are: Dip
original string JaSonAy
middle character: 3
Middle characters are: Son

In [34]: # Append new string in the middle of a given string

def append_middle(s1,s2):
print("original strings are:",s1,s2)
# middle index number of s1
mi = int(len(s1)/2)
print(mi)
# get character from 0 to the middle index number from s1
x = s1[:mi:]
print(x)
# concatenate s2 to it
x = x + s2
print(x)
# append remaining characters from s1
x = x + s1[mi:]
print("after appending new string in the middle:",x)

append_middle("Ault", "Kelly")

original strings are: Ault Kelly

2
Au
AuKelly
after appending new string in the middle: AuKellylt

In [7]: # Create a new string made of the first, middle, and last characters of each input string
# s1 = "America" s2 = "Japan"
# o/p: AJrpan
def mix_string(s1,s2):
# get first character from both string
first_char = s1[0] + s2[0]
print("first character:",first_char)
# get middle character from both string
middle_char = s1[int(len(s1)/2):int(len(s1)/2) + 1] + s2[int(len(s2) / 2):int(len(s2) / 2) + 1]
print("middle character:",middle_char)
# get last character from both string
last_char = s1[len(s1) - 1] + s2[len(s2) - 1]
print("last character:",last_char)
# add all
res = first_char + middle_char + last_char
print("Mix String is ", res)

s1 = "America"
s2 = "Japan"
mix_string(s1, s2)

first character: AJ
middle character: rp
last character: an
Mix String is AJrpan

In [8]: # Arrange string characters such that lowercase letters should come first
# i/p: PyNaTive o/p: yaivePNT
str1 = "PyNaTive"
print("original string:",str1)
lower = []
upper = []
for char in str1:
if char.islower():
# add lower characters to lower list
lower.append(char)
else:
# add upper characters to upper list
upper.append(char)
# join both the lists
sorted_str = ''.join(lower + upper)
print("res:",sorted_str)

original string: PyNaTive

res: yaivePNT

In [9]: # Count all letters, digits, and special symbols from a given string
str = input("Enter a string:")
alphabets = numbers = special_characters = 0

for i in range(len(str)):
if(str[i].isalpha()):
alphabets = alphabets+1
elif(str[i].isdigit()):
numbers = numbers+1
else:
special_characters = special_characters+1

print("Total number of alphabets:",alphabets)

print("Total number of numbers:",numbers)
print("Total number of special_characters:",special_characters)

Enter a string:@!#HArish3217#
Total number of alphabets: 6
Total number of numbers: 4
Total number of special_characters: 4

In [76]: # another way

def find_digits_chars_symbols(str):
char_count = 0
digit_count = 0
symbol_count = 0
for char in str:
if char.isalpha():
char_count += 1
elif char.isdigit():
digit_count += 1
# if it is not letter or digit then it is special symbol
else:
symbol_count += 1

print("Chars =", char_count, "Digits =", digit_count, "Symbol =", symbol_count)

str = "P@yn2at&#i5ve"
print("total counts of chars, Digits, and symbols")
find_digits_chars_symbols(str)

total counts of chars, Digits, and symbols

Chars = 8 Digits = 2 Symbol = 3

In [12]: # Create a mixed String using the following rules

s1 = "Abc"
s2 = "Xyz"

# get string length

a = len(s1)
b = len(s2)

# get length of a bigger string

length = a if a > b else b
res = ""

# reverse s2
s2 = s2[::-1]

# iterate string
# s1 ascending and s2 descending
for i in range(length):
if i < a:
res = res + s1[i]
if i < b:
res = res + s2[i]

print(res)

AzbycX

In [78]: # check if two strings are balanced. For example, strings s1 and s2 are balanced if all the characters in the s1 are present in s2. The character’s
def string_balance_test(s1, s2):
res = True
for char in s1:
if char in s2:
continue
else:
res = False
return res

s1 = "Yna"
s2 = "PYnative"
res = string_balance_test(s1, s2)
print("s1 and s2 are balanced:", res)

s1 = "Ynf"
s2 = "PYnative"
res = string_balance_test(s1, s2)
print("s1 and s2 are balanced:", res)

s1 and s2 are balanced: True

s1 and s2 are balanced: False

In [79]: # Find all occurrences of a substring in a given string by ignoring the case
str1 = "Welcome to USA. usa awesome, isn't it?"
str1 = str1.count("USA")
print(str1)

#(or)

str1 = "Welcome to USA. usa awesome, isn't it?"

sub_string = "USA"

# convert string to lowercase

temp = str1.lower()

# use count function

count = temp.count(sub_string.lower())
print("The USA count is:", count)

1
The USA count is: 2

In [80]: # Calculate the sum and average of the digits present in a string
str = "Harish@#$%6!78201"
total = 0
count = 0

for char in str:

if char.isdigit():
total += int(char)
count += 1

Average = total/count
print("Sum is",total, "Average is",Average)

Sum is 24 Average is 4.0

In [81]: # by using regular expression

import re

str = "PYnative29@#8496"
digit_list = [int(num) for num in re.findall(r'\d', str)]
print('Digits:', digit_list)

# use the built-in function sum

total = sum(digit_list)

# average = sum / count of digits

avg = total / len(digit_list)
print("Sum is:", total, "Average is ", avg)

Digits: [2, 9, 8, 4, 9, 6]
Sum is: 38 Average is 6.333333333333333

In [82]: # count occurrences of all characters within a string

str1 = "Apple"

# create a result dictionary

char_dict = dict()

for char in str1:

count = str1.count(char)
# add / update the count of a character
char_dict[char] = count
print('Result:', char_dict)

Result: {'A': 1, 'p': 2, 'l': 1, 'e': 1}

In [83]: # Reverse a given string

str = "Harish"
str = str[::-1]
print(str)

#(or)
str = "Harish"
str = ''.join(reversed(str))
print(str)

hsiraH
hsiraH

In [84]: # Find the last position of a given substring

str1 = "Emma is a data scientist who knows Python. Emma works at google."
index = str1.rfind("Emma")
print(index)

43

In [85]: # Remove empty strings from a list of strings

str = ["Harish","Reddy","","Ganesh",None,"abcd"]
res_list = []
for s in str:
# check for empty string
if s:
res_list.append(s)
print(res_list)

['Harish', 'Reddy', 'Ganesh', 'abcd']

In [2]: #2 using inbuilt function

str_list = ["Emma", "Jon", "", "Kelly", None, "Eric", ""]

# use built-in function filter to filter empty value

new_str_list = list(filter(None, str_list))

print("After removing empty strings:",new_str_list)

After removing empty strings: ['Emma', 'Jon', 'Kelly', 'Eric']

In [90]: # Another Method

str_list = ["Emma","Jon","","Kelly", "None","Eric",""]
res = ' '.join(str_list).split()
print(res)

['Emma', 'Jon', 'Kelly', 'None', 'Eric']

In [1]: # Remove special symbols / punctuation from a string

import string

str1 = "/*Jon is @developer & musician"

print("Original string is ", str1)

new_str = str1.translate(str.maketrans('', '', string.punctuation))

print("New string is ", new_str)

Original string is /*Jon is @developer & musician

New string is Jon is developer musician

In [5]: # Another method

import re

str1 = "Harish?* Reddy/@ C*&"

print("Original string is: ", str1)

# replace special symbols with ''

res = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', str1)
print("New string is: ", res)

Original string is: Harish?* Reddy/@ C*&

New string is: Harish Reddy C

In [6]: # Removal all characters from a string except integers

str = "Hi I am 27 years old born in 1995"
res = "".join([item for item in str if item.isdigit()])
print(res)

271995

In [12]: # Find words with both alphabets and numbers

str1 = "Harish24 Is Reddy2"
print("The Original String is:",str1)
res = []
# split string on white spaces
temp = str1.split()
print(temp)

# Words with both alphabets and numbers

# isdigit() for numbers + isalpha() for alphabets
# use any() to check each character
for item in temp:
if any(char.isalpha() for char in item) and any(char.isdigit() for char in item):
res.append(item)
print("words with alphabets and numbers:",res)
# for i in res:
# print(res)

The Original String is: Harish24 Is Reddy2

['Harish24', 'Is', 'Reddy2']
words with alphabets and numbers: ['Harish24', 'Reddy2']

In [17]: # Replace each special symbol with # in the following string

str1 = "/Harish@ Reddy? Chapp*&idi%"
print("Original string:",str1)

replace_char = '#'
# string.punctuation to get the list of all special symbols
for char in string.punctuation:
str1 = str1.replace(char,replace_char)

print("After replacing:",str1)

Original string: /Harish@ Reddy? Chapp*&idi%

After replacing: #Harish# Reddy# Chapp##idi#

In [19]: # to count vowels and consonant

n = "Harish"
vow = 0
con = 0
for i in range(len(n)):
if n[i] in ['a','e','i','o','u']:
vow = vow + 1
else:
con = con + 1
print("Total vowels are:", vow)
print("Total conconants are:", con)

Total vowels are: 2

Total conconants are: 4

In [20]: # remove duplicates in a string.

n = input("Enter a Word ")
x = []
for i in range(len(n)):
if n[i] not in x:
x.append(n[i])
else:
pass
for i in range(len(x)):
print(x[i], end=" ")

Enter a Word Haariisshh

H a r i s h

In [21]: # count the number of letters in a word.

n = input("Enter a string ")
count = 0
for i in range(len(n)):
count = count + 1
print(count)

Enter a string Harish Reddy

12

In [22]: # convert lower to upper and upper to lower

num = input("Enter a String ")
x = []
for i in range(len(num)):
if num[i].isupper():
x.append(num[i].lower())
elif num[i].islower():
x.append(num[i].upper())

# printing result
for i in range(len(x)):
print(x[i], end=' ')

Enter a String HaRIsh REddY

h A r i S H r e D D y

In [23]: # search word in str

str = "HARISH"
if "H" in str:
print(True)
else:
print(False)

True

In [26]: list = ["harish","reddy","abcd"]

if "xyz" in list:
print(True)
else:
print(False)

False

In [29]: # sort letters of word by lower to upper case format.

str = 'pytHOnloBBy'
lower = []
upper = []
for i in range(len(str)):
if str[i].islower():
lower.append(str[i])
else:
upper.append(str[i])

# printing result
result = ' '.join(lower+upper)
print(result)

p y t n l o y H O B B

In [32]: def get(roll):

x = [12,24,25,26,33,45]
if roll in x:
print(f"Roll number {roll} is present")
else:
print(f"Roll number {roll} is not present")

roll = int(input("Enter Roll Number:"))

get(roll)

Enter Roll Number:41

Roll number 41 is not present