Foundation Mind Map

Kunal Sir
1. Roadways
2. Railways
3. Airways
4. Communication and Tourism
Transport
 Roadways

✓ India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 54.7
lakh km.
Advantages Of Roadways
1.The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
2.Roads can cover more geographically harder locations that cannot be done by the
railways.
3.Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can be easily built-in traverse
mountains such as the Himalayas.
4.Road transport is economical.
5.It also provides door-to-door service
6.Road transport provides links between railway stations, air and seaports.
Classification Of Roads

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways

Golden Quadrilateral is a network of Highways connecting India’s four top
metropolitan cities, namely Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. These highway projects
are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).

National Highways
The National highways are a network of trunk roads that are laid and maintained by
the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is
called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.

State Highways
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State
Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works
Department (PWD).
Classification Of Roads
District Roads
These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

Other Roads
Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this
category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri
Grameen Sadak Yojana.

Border Roads
Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas
of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of
the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
Metalled and Unmetalled Roads

Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their
construction such as:

•Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal.

These are all-weather roads.

•Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.

 Railways
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads and bulky
goods for long and short distances in India. However, rail transport suffers from
certain problems as well, which are mentioned below:

1.Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for laying down the
railway lines.

2.In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills,
gaps or tunnels.

3.The Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the construction of
railway lines due to the highest elevation points in the surface, sparse population and
lack of economic opportunities.

4.It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.

Railways
Pipelines

➢ Pipeline network uses pipes, usually underground, to transport and distribute

fluids.

➢ These are used to transport water, crude oil, petroleum products and natural
gas, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

➢ Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
 Pipelines
• From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad.
It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to
Siliguri.

• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has
branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.

• The first 1,700 km long Hazira-VijaipurJagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, linked
Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with various ferilizer, power and industrial complexes in
western and northern India. Overall, India’s gas pipeline infrastructure has expanded from 1,700
km to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines.
 Waterways
➢ Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for
carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly
mode of transport.

➢ India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only
5685 km are navigable by mechanised vessels.
 National Waterways
•N.W. No.1 – The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km).

•N.W. No.2 – The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km).

•N.W. No.3 – The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam,

Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km).
 National Waterways
•N.W. No.4 – Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with
Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km).

•N.W. No.5 – Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta
channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km).
Inland waterways in India are Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak
and backwaters of Kerala through which transportation takes place.
Major Seaports
➢ India’s trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports. There are 2
major and 200 notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports in India.
Major Seaports
1.Kandla in Kachchh was the first port to be developed after independence. It is
also known as the Deendayal Port.

2.Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.

3.Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of India.

4.Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore.

5.Kochchi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon.

Major Seaports

1.Tuticorin port is situated at the extreme south-east.

2.Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of India.

3.Visakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port

4.Paradwip port located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron ore.

5.Kolkata is an inland riverine port.

6.Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure
on the Kolkata port.
 Airways
➢ The airway is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. Air
travel has made access easier to the terrain areas like high mountains, dreary deserts,
dense forests and long oceans.

➢ The air transport was nationalised in 1953. Air India provides domestic and
international air services.
 Airways

➢ Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation in its off-shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains.
But, air travel is not within the reach of the common people.
Communication
The major means of communication in India are television, radio, press, films, etc.
The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as
personal written communications.

•First-class mail is airlifted between stations covering both land and air.

•Second-class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.

They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.
Communication
India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. The Subscriber Trunk Dialling
(STD) facilities all over India have been made possible by integrating the development
in space technology with communication technology.

•Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people

about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television,
newspapers, magazines, books and films.

•India Radio Channel (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national,

regional and local languages.

•Doordarshan, the national television channel is one of the largest terrestrial networks
in the world.

•India publishes a large number of newspapers in about 100 languages and dialects.
International Trade
➢ The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to
as trade. Trade between two countries is called international trade.

➢ It is considered as the economic barometer for a country.

➢ Export and import are the components of trade. The balance of trade of a country
is the difference between its export and import.
Balance Of Trade
•When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favourable
balance of trade.
•If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as an unfavourable
balance of trade.
International Trade

➢ The commodities exported from India to other countries include gems and
jewellery, chemicals and related products, agriculture and allied products, etc.

➢ The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products,

gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, base metals, electronic
items, machinery, agriculture and allied products.
Tourism As A trade
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism in
India:

•Promotes national integration

•Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits

•Helps in the development of international understanding about Indian culture and

heritage.

•Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism,
cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
Lets meet in next lecture till then study hard