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1.2 Algebraic Functions

The document defines and provides examples of algebraic and transcendental functions. Algebraic functions can be obtained using finite applications of basic operations on constants and identities, while transcendental functions include circular, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions. Examples are given of polynomial, rational, and radical algebraic functions by defining their properties and sketching representative graphs to illustrate domains, ranges, and key features.

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Lay Montenegro
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views

1.2 Algebraic Functions

The document defines and provides examples of algebraic and transcendental functions. Algebraic functions can be obtained using finite applications of basic operations on constants and identities, while transcendental functions include circular, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions. Examples are given of polynomial, rational, and radical algebraic functions by defining their properties and sketching representative graphs to illustrate domains, ranges, and key features.

Uploaded by

Lay Montenegro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

2 Algebraic functions and transcendental


functions
Definition 1.2.1 A function f is algebraic if f
can be obtained by applying a finite number
of algebraic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, taking
roots) on the identity function and a constant
function.
A function which is not algebraic is
called transcendental.
36
Polynomial functions, rational
functions and radical functions are
examples of algebraic functions.

Circular functions, exponential


functions, logarithmic and
hyperbolic functions are examples of
transcendental functions.

37
Definition 1.2.2 If a function f is
defined by

f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + …+ a1x + a0

where a0, a1, … , an-1, an are real


numbers such that an ≠ 0 and n is a
nonnegative integer, then f is called a
polynomial function of degree n.
38
Remarks:
1. A polynomial function of degree
0 is a constant function.
2. A polynomial function of degree
1 is called a linear function.
3. A polynomial function of degree
2 is called a quadratic function.
4. A polynomial function of degree
3 is called a cubic function.
39
The graph in R2 of
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a,b,c, ∈ R, a ≠ 0
is a parabola which opens
a. upward if a > 0;
b. downward if a < 0.

40
Example 1.2.1 Sketch the graph of f
if
f(x) = x2 + 4x + 1.
Solution:
Since f is quadratic and a = 1 > 0, the
graph of f is a parabola which opens upward.
Let y = x2 + 4x + 1. Then
y = x2 + 4x + 4 – 4 + 1
y = (x2 + 4x + 4) – 3
y + 3 = (x + 2)2 .
41
y + 3 = (x + 2)2

The vertex of
the parabola is
at (-2,-3) and
the length of the ∙ ∙∙ ∙

latus rectum is
1.
🖐: What is the range of the given function?
42
Example 1.2.2 Sketch the graph of f if

Solution:
Since f is quadratic and a = -1/2 < 0,
the graph is a parabola which opens
downward.

43
y

∙
∙ ∙ ∙

x
The vertex of the
parabola is at (2,2)
and the length of
the latus rectum is
2.
🖐: What is the range of the given function? 44
Definition 1.2.3 If a function f is
defined as the ratio of 2 polynomial
functions, then f is called a rational
function.

45
Example 1.2.3 Sketch the graph of f if

Solution:
Since f is a rational function and the
denominator is 0 when x = 1, the line x = 1
is a vertical asymptote of the graph.
Since f is the ratio of 2 linear functions
and the ratio of the coefficients of x in the
numerator and the denominator is 2, the
line y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote of the
graph. 46
y

∙
∙
y=2

VA: x = 1 ∙
∙
HA: y = 2 x
∙

🖐: What is
the range of
the given x=1
function? 47
Example 1.2.4 Sketch the graph of f if

Solution:
Since f is a rational function and the
denominator is 0 when x = -1, the line x = -1
is a vertical asymptote of the graph.
Since f is the ratio of 2 linear functions
and the ratio of the coefficients of x in the
numerator and the denominator is 1, the
line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of the
graph. 48
y

∙
∙
y=1 ∙
VA: x = -1 ∙
∙
HA: y =1 ∙
x

🖐: What is the
range of the
given function? x = -1
49
Definition 1.2.4 A radical function contains
a radical expression with an algebraic
expression in the independent variable
(usually x) in the radicand.

Example 1.2.5 Sketch the graph of f if

Solution:

50
y

Dom(f) = [-2,+∞) ∙
∙ ∙
∙
∙
∙ x

🖐: What is the range of the given function? 51


Example 1.2.6 Sketch the graph of f if

Solution:

52
y

but 0 ≤ y ≤ 3. ∙ ∙ x

53
Example 1.2.7 Give the domain and range
of the function f with the given graph.
a. b.

54
c.

y=1

x = -3 x=2

55
Assignment:

Review/Study circular functions and


exponential functions.

56

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