Physical Science-2~ Sem ELC: Give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Gang theory. MODULE 1: INTHE BEGINNING (BIG BANG THEORY AND FORMATION OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS) ‘Specific Learning Outcomes ee ‘The learners should be able to 1. Briefiy discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model 2. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model 3. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the frst elements A.INTRODUCTION: > Give a big picture of Chemistry by describing it as “the study of stuft” Give a es general outine ofthe lessons for the quarter a * Study where all the suff in the universe came from # See how our understanding of al stut has changed and continues to change *Try to find answers as to why stuffis 8 cerain way and why it changes in certain ways: * Develop an appreciation of why stuffs important in our daily lives Objective using any of the suggested protocols (Verbatim, Own Words Read-alous) ‘You can give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory. Inttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEy6M3IZAM important term to remember: * Cosmology rey + Big Beng theory/8ig Bang model + Singularity * Inflation * Anninilation + Recombination * Redshift + Relative abundance * Cosmic microwave background 11, MOTIVATION: Cosmology and the Big Sang model as @ cosmological theory from science. Cosmological Model, or simply cosmology, provides @ description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, ultimate fate olution. And hetpsi//www.youtube,com/watch?veqlu71957yKY Cosmology as the study of how the universe began, how it continues to exist, and how it will end. Religious cosmology is an explanation of origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe from a religious perspective. This may include beliefs on origin in the form of a creation myth, subsequent evolution, current organizational form of nature, and eventual fate or destiny Examples of cosmologies from different religions and cultures based on their beliets 1. According to mo: monotheistic religions, God created the universe as well as the laws governing it, and he Continuously maintains its existence. For this reason, there is a potential connecton between the Christian God — or Yahve or Aliah — and the universe studied by physicists ang astronomers. Since scientific cosmology was largely born in environments strongly influenced by Christian values, in what follows, religion will be largely identified with Christianity Even with this simplicaton, there has never been a simple correspondence between cosmological positions and rebgious beliefs 2. The universe of the ancient Israelites was made up of a fat disc-shaped on earth floating water, heaven above, Lunderworid below.3. Christianity and Judaism believe that a single, uncreated Ged was responsible for the creation of the cosmos, 4 Islam teaches that God created the universe, including Earth's physical environment and human beings, 5. InBuddhism, lke other Indian religions, there is no ultimate beginning nor final end to the universe. Science brings forth a cosmological theory, not from belief, but from scientific evidence that the universe once begen to ‘expand and continues to expand until today, This theory was eventually called the Big Bang theory or Big Sang model [Astronomers George Lemaitre and Edwin Hubble were some of its first proponents. George Lemaitre was a Catholic priest. He did not find his theory {or science as a whale) incompatible with his religion. Reasons why some people think science goes against what they believe in. INSTRUCTION ‘The Big Beng model 2. The universe may have begun 2¢ n infinitely hot and dense initial singularity, a point with all of space, time, matter and energy. This means that there was nowhere, when or what. There is no space around the singularity — just nothingness. b. All ofit then began to rapidly expand ina process known as intlation. Space itself expanded fester than the speed of light. In this still hot and dense mass of the universe, pairs of matter and antimatter (quarks and antiquarks) were formed from energy, but these pairs cancelled each other back into energy (annihilation), The universe cooled down as it expanded. An excess of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons and other particies) somehow came to be in a highly energetic “plasma soup.” Photons (light particles) were being scattered everywhere in this “soup”. Protons and neutrons came together to form different types of nuclei by snucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion, d, Much later on, electrons started to bind to ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral atoms in a process called recombination, The bound particles no longer scattered photons so light and energy moved freely across space. The period was hence known as the “dark ages” Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto one another to form stars and galaxies and eventually, other matter. This stil happens until today. Space also continues to expand at an accelerating rate, thus increasing the distance between the matters inside it ACTIVITY. DO THIS: This attempts to model cosmic inflation, Learners provide the following + Balloans + Balloon pump (optional) + Small stickers {any design) Instructions: 2. Stick small stickers randomly on the surface of the uninflated balloon, b. Quickly infiate the balloon with a pump or your breath. Observe the stickers. ¢. Answer the following questions ‘= Why do the stickers appear to be moving away from each other? + Are the stickers moving across the balloon? + Do the stickers themselves grow in size? How using different instruments can enable us to detect the light of other gelaxies. This light is found to be redshifted (the light looks “stretched”). This suggests that other galaxies are moving farther away from ours. It was later determines that they are not moving away. Instead, space itself is expanding in all directions causing all the galaxies to be relatively farther apart. From this “redshift” we learn how fast the universe is expanding. Redshift is the first piece of evidence for the Big Bang model ‘The Doppler re-shift of light observed from distant stars and galaxies gives evidence that the universe is expanding (moving away from the central point). This allows for the Big Bang Theory, because after 2 “beng” occurs all the matter moves away from the point of origin. Focus on nucleosynthesis and how free protons and neutrons would routinely combine and separate from each other due to the high energies at the time. Present the diagram that shows the most significant reactions that occurred.Discuss the reactions by balancing proten and neutron count, given the compositions of the nuclei: Point out that due to ‘the rapid cooling due to expansion, nucleosynthesis ground to a halt about three minutes after the Big Bang occurred, This left us with mostly H Isotopes (p, D and 7), His isotopes and a very tiny bit of other elements lite Li. The relative ‘abundance of He and H did not change much until today. Figure 2. Significant nuclear reactions during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nucle! from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and rnuciel. According to current theones, the frst nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in @ process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis, After about 20 minutes, the universe had expanded and cooled to 2 point at which these high-energy collisions among nucleons ended, so only the fastest and simplest reactions occurred, leaving our universe containing about 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass. The restis traces of other elements such as ithium and the hydrogen isotone deuterium. Nucleosynthesis in stars and their explosions later produced the variety of elements and isotopes that we have today, in @ process called cosmic chemical evolution. The amounts of total mass in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (called ‘metals’ by astrophysicists) remains small (few percent) so that the universe stil has approximately the same composition. ‘Stars fuse light elements to heavier ones in their cores, giving off energy in the process known as stelar nucleosynthesis. ‘Nuclear fusion reactions create many of the lighter elements, up to and including iron and nicke! in the most massive stars, Products of stellar nucleosynthesis remain trapped in stellar cores and remnants except f ejected through stellar winds and explosions, The neutron capture reactions of the r-pracesa and s-process create heavier elements, from iron upwards, ‘Supemova nucieosynthesis within exploding stars is largely responsible for the elements between oxygen and rubidiuny from the ejection of elements produced during stellar nucleosynthesis; through explosive nucleosynthesis during the ‘supemova explosion; and from the s-nracess (absorption of multiple neutrons) during the explosion. ‘Neutron star mergers are a recenty discovered major source of elements produced in the r-process. When two neutron stars collide, @ significant amount of neutron-rich matter may be elected which then quickly forms heavy elements. ‘Cosmic ray spallation is a process wherein cosmic rays impact nuclei and fragment them. tis a significant source of the lighter nuclei, particulary "He, “Be and ”"B, that are not created by stellar nucleosynthesis. Cosmic ray spallation can ‘occur in the interstellar medium, on asteroids and meteoroids, or on Earth in the atmosphere or in the ground. This contributes fo the presence on Earth of cosmogenic nuclides. (On Earth new nuclei are also produced by radio genesis, the decay of long-lived, primordial radionuclides such as, Uranium, thorium, and potassium-40, Clarity the diagram ‘= These are not the only reactions that occurred but these were the most significant. ‘= Given the (a,b) format in the diagram, its that reacts with the particle while itis b that is produced or removed, y is the symbol for gamma radiation. ‘You may use an) accounting e sees approach to a neg ibrar count Place the aoe number of each eon parsceonenn gy eho tenn side and balance He oie) like 8 money. ue § Mectn a oe sheet Proton tmnt ny Newtron Gamma ray ¥ es infec oodD and T are isotopes of hydrogen namely deuterium and tritium, respectively, Relative abundance of light elements in the universe is the second piece of evidence to prove that the Big Bang occurred ‘Through measurements, we find that around 24% of the universe’s ordinary matter is currently comprised of helium, about 74% hydrogen, and 2% of other elements. These figures only make sense if nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang model actually occurred since no chemical process significantly changes these percentages, Third part evidence for the Big Bang model is the cosmic microwave background, or the energy (thermal radiation) that was left as a result ff recombination. Atoms became neutral due to the binding of nuclei and electrons. The remaining radiation then began to scatter. This is seen by scientists as 2 faint microwave glow not emitted by any object in space, Watch the video by Youtube animator Kurzgesagt. wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=-wNDGgL73inY. inform learners thatitcan serve a5 2 simple summary of the lesson that they may refer to as a more detailed discussion of the BBT and other cosmological theories are discussed later on EVALUATION 1. Arrange the stages of the Big Bang Theory: recombination, inflation, Big Bang singularty, and nucleosynthesis, 2. Given the composition of each nucieus, complete the nucleosynthesis reactions below Dalp.,InT=1p.,2msHe=2ps,Inate=2p, 2n7Be=4ps,3nrUedp,n a peen__ey eaHeeD__+ pe —2aHe d__+D Tepe e 2Bery 3. Which of these is true about the Big Bang model? a. The singularity is an established, well-defined part of the model. 'b. Cosmic expansion stopped at some point in time. . Part of its proof is the amounts of H and He we have in the universe today G. The Big Bang was a big explosion that threw matter into many different directions. 4, Using one to two sentences each, explain the three pieces of evidence presented for the Big Bang Theory: &. Redshift b, Relative abundance © cosmic microwave background Evaluate 5. Carl Sagan, the author of the essay, famously says in Paragraph 16, “We are made of star stuff” What do you think he meant by that? Performance Task Iftime and schedule permits, have groups of learners research the Steady State Theory, which is‘the alternate scientific cosmological theory proposed at the time. In their output, they must 2. Present the features of the Steady State Theory b. Compare and contrast Steady State Theory to the Big Bang Discuss the evidence that led to the Steady State Theory being discarded Present your research in the form of a poster, PowerPoint presentation, an essay, video, or infographic. A sample rubric may be given as follows: RUBRIC: § pene pein Explanation of Steady Stata Itis unclear whatthe key aspects | The ley aspects of SSTare Each ofthe aspects of SST was Theory (557) ofssrare discussed using the scientific | ciscussed in clear and simple ‘erminelogy ‘ay and includes 8 discussion of how SST was tnaorze. ‘Comparison of sst tothe Big fang Mode! (280) There was litle tone comparison done SST was sufficentiy compared to fsmiasa whole highlighting the main cifferences Each ofthe aspects of 281 a7@ aligned or matched with those of ‘the SST, showing a detailed Lundarstansing of both theories Preventation of widance va S57 Tie tone siderce war guanor twas poerly argued or related to the theory ‘Good evidence wae prevented with sufficent arguments presented “The merits of BRM va. SST ware presented using each pece ot ‘evidence and showed how SBM iz ‘ableto agian 3 phenomena that Reference: Teaching Guide for Senior High: School Physical Science