Dr. C.

SARITHA
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
UNIT – I
ARCHITECTURE OF INTEL 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor :
Microprocessor is a Programmable integrated device that has computing and decision
making capability similar to that of the central processing unit of a computer. It reads binary
instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes
data according to those instructions, and provides results as output.

Fig.1: Block diagram of a Computer (Microprocessor as CPU)

Microprocessor as CPU : Microprocessor is a primary component of a computer.
Traditionally, the computer is represented by a block diagram as shown in Fig.1. The block
diagram shows that the computer has four components : Memory, input, output and the central
processing unit (CPU), which consist of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). The
CPU contains various registers to store data, the ALU to perform arithmetic and logical
operations, instruction decodes, counters and control lines. The CPU reads instructions from the
memory and performs the tasks specified. It communicates with input/output devices either to
accept or to send data. These devices are also known as peripherals. However, the timing of
the communication process is controlled by the group of circuits called the control unit.
Memory : Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space for a fixed number of binary
numbers on each line. However, these pages are generally made of semiconductor material.
Typically each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight binary bits and several of these
registers are arranged in a sequence called memory. These registers are always grouped together

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
in powers of two. For example, a group of 1024 (210) 8-bit registers on a semiconductor chip is
known as 1K byte of memory.
INPUT/OUTPUT : The user can enter instructions and data into memory through devices such
as keyboard or simple switches. These devices are called input devices. The microprocessor
reads the instructions from the memory and processes the data according to those instructions.
The result can be displayed by a device such as seven segment LEDs or printed by a printer.
These devices are called output devices.
Evolution of Microprocessors :
The evolution of microprocessors has been classified into five generations :
First generation (1971 – 73)
Intel Corporation introduced 4004, the first 4-bit microprocessor in 1971. It is evolved
while designing a calculator chip.
There were three other microprocessors in the market during the same period:
• Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits)
• Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)
• National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)
➢ They were fabricated using PMOS technology which provided low cost, slow speed and
low output currents.
➢ They were not compatible with TTL.
Second Generation (1974 – 1978)
This era marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit microprocessors.
Some of the popular processors were:
• Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
• Intel’s 8085
• Zilog’s Z80
➢ They were manufactured using NMOS technology.
➢ This technology offered faster speed and higher density than PMOS
➢ It is TTL compatible
Third generation microprocessors (1979 – 80)
This age is dominated by 16 – bits microprocessors

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
Some of them were:
• Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
• Motorola’s 68000/68010
➢ They were designed using HMOS technology
➢ HMOS provides some advantages over NMOS as
➢ Speed-power-product of HMOS is four times better than that of NMOS
➢ HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared to NMOS
➢ Intel used HMOS technology to recreate 8085A and named it as 8085AH with a
higher price tag.
Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)
This era marked the beginning of 32 bits microprocessors
• Intel introduced 432, which was a bit problematic
• Then a clean 80386 is launched.
• Motorola introduced 68020/68030.
➢ They were fabricated using low-power version of the HMOS technology called HCMOS.
➢ Motorola introduced 32-bit RISC processors called MC88100
Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)
In this age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip functionalities and
improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along with introduction of 64-bit
microprocessors.
Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently dual and quad core processors
working with up to 3.5GHz speed.
Salient features of 8085 microprocessor
The main features of 8085 μp are:
• It is a 8 bit microprocessor
• It is manufactured with N-MOS technology
• It is a 40 pin LSI chip
• Operates at Single + 5V Supply
• Operates with 3MHz single phase clock
• On-chip clock generator

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
• It supports external interrupt request
• It has 16-bit address bus (A0-A15 )
• It has 8-bit data bus (D0 – D7 )

• A 16 bit program counter (PC)

• A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
• Six 8-bit general purpose registers : B, C, D, E, H and L.
Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor :
The functional block diagram or architecture of 8085 Microprocessor, gives the complete details
about a Microprocessor. It includes the ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit), timing and control unit,
instruction registers and decoder, register array, interrupt control, and serial I/O control etc. To
connect all the blocks with each other we need some buses such as address bus, data bus and
control bus. Fig.1. shows the Block diagram of a Microprocessor.

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 Dr. C. SARITHA
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
Fig (1): Functional Block Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
There is always a need to perform arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / and logical operations like
AND, OR, NOT etc. So there is a necessity for creating a separate unit which can perform such
type of operations. These operations are performed by the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
ALU performs these operations on 8-bit data.
Acumulator (A) :- It is an 8-bit register. It is used to store one of the operand in many
instructions. After the execution of most of the instructions the result is stored in the
accumulator. That’s why this is also called result register. It also works as a register for I/O
access.
Temporary Register :- It is a 8-bit register. As the name suggests this register acts as a
temporary memory during the arithmetic and logical operations. Unlike other registers, this
temporary register can only be accessed by the microprocessor and it is completely inaccessible
to programmers.
W and Z registers :- These are two 8- bit temporary registers used to hold temporary data
internally during the program execution. These are not accessible by the programmer.
Flags :-
Flags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are mainly associated with
arithmetic and logic operations. The flags will show either a logic 0 or 1 (i.e.) a set or reset
depending on the data conditions in the accumulator or various other registers. A flag is actually
a latch which can hold some bits of information. It alerts the processor that some event has taken
place.
There are five flip-flops in the flag register. They are as follows:
1. Sign (S)
2. zero (Z)
3. Auxiliary carry (AC)
4. Parity (P)
5. Carry (C)
The bit position of the flip flops in flag register is:

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1. Sign (S) – If MSB of the result of an operation has a value 1, this flag is set otherwise it is
reset.
2. Zero (Z) - If the result of an operation has a value zero, this flag is set otherwise it is reset.
3. Auxiliary carry (AC) – During the arithmetic operation, if a carry is transferred from D3 to
D4, this flag is set otherwise it is reset.
4. Parity (P) - If the result of an operation contains even number of 1s, this flag is set otherwise
it is reset.
5. Carry(C) - If the instruction resulted in a carry (from addition) or borrow (from either
subtraction or comparison) out of higher order bit, this flag is set otherwise it is reset.
General Purpose Registers :-
Apart from the accumulator 8085 consists of six special type of registers called General Purpose
Registers. These general purpose registers are used to hold data like any other registers. The
general purpose registers in 8085 microprocessor are B, C, D, E, H and L. Each register can hold
8-bit data. These registers can also be used to work in pairs to hold 16-bit data.
They can work in pairs such as B-C, D-E and H-L to store 16-bit data. The H-L pair works as a
memory pointer. A memory pointer holds the address of a particular memory location. They can
store 16-bit address as they work in pair.

Program Counter :- It is a 16 bit special purpose register used to store the memory address of
the next instruction to be executed next. The execution of a program is initiated by loading the
PC by the address of the first instruction of the program. Once the first instruction is executed,
the PC is automatically incremented to point to the next instruction and this process is repeated
till the end of the program. Hence it is also called as ‘Memory Pointer’.
Stack Pointer :- It is a 16 bit special purpose register, which controls a portion of memory
known as stack and it holds the address of this stack top. This stack is used to save the content of
a register during the execution of a program.
Instruction registers (IR) :- It is an 8-bit register. It is used to hold the current instruction which

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the microprocessor is about to execute. Note that this register is not accessible by the
programmer.
Instruction Decoder :- It interprets the instruction stored in the instruction register. It generates
various machine cycles depending upon the instruction. The machine cycles are then given to
the Timing and Control Unit.
Incrementer/Decrementer Register :- It is a 16-bit register used to increment or decrement the
contents of PC and stack pointer. It is also not accessible by the programmer.
Timing and Control Unit :- The timing and control unit is a section of the CPU. It generates
timing and control signals which are necessary for the execution of instructions. It provides
status, control and timing signals which are required for the operation of memory and I/O
devices. It controls the entire operation of the microprocessor and peripherals connected to it.
Thus it is seen that control unit of the CPU acts as a brain of the computer.
There are two control signals:
1. RD - This is an active low control signal used for read operation.
2. WR -This is an active low control signal used for write operation.
There are three status signals used in microprocessor S0, S1 and IO/ M . It changes its status
according to the provided input to these pins.

Serial Input/Output Control :- There are two pins in this unit SID and SOD . This unit is used
for serial data communication.
Interrupt control :- There are 6 interrupt pins in this unit. Generally an external hardware is
connected to these pins. These pins provide interrupt signal sent by the external hardware to the

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
microprocessor and microprocessor sends acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt signal.
Generally INTA is used for acknowledgement.
Note : Registers are small memories within the CPU. They are used by the microprocessor for
temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions. Data remain in the registers till they
are sent to the memory or I/O devices.
8085 Bus Structure :
Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries information, all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through Bus.
There are three buses in 8085 Microprocessor:
1. Address Bus
2. Data Bus
3. Control Bus

Address Bus:
• The address bus is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15.
• The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in one direction - from the microprocessor to
peripheral devices.
• The microprocessor uses the address bus to perform the first function: identifying a
peripheral or a memory location.
• The Length of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address
(216=65535 bytes =64 Kb).
Data Bus:
• The data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow.
• These lines are bi-directional - data flow in both directions between the microprocessor
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and memory and peripheral devices.
• The microprocessor uses the data bus to perform the second function: transferring binary
information.
• The largest number that can appear on the data bus is 11111111.
Control Bus:
• The control bus carries synchronization and timing signals.
• The MPU generates specific control signals for every operation it performs.
• These signals are used to identify a device with which the MPU wants to communicate.
Pin configuration of 8085 Microprocessor and its description :
Intel 8085 is an 8-bit, N-channel Metal Oxide semiconductor (NMOS) microprocessor. It is a 40
pin IC package fabricated on a single Large Scale Integration (LSI) chip. The Intel 8085 uses a
single +5V DC supply for its operation. Its clock speed is about 3MHz. It has 80 basic
instructions and 246 opcodes. The 8085 is an enhanced version of its predecessor, the 8080A.

Pin diagram of 8085

The 8085 signals are grouped as follows:

1. Address bus
2. Address/data bus
3. Control and status signals
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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
4. Interrupt signals
5. DMA signals
6. Timing and synchronization signals
7. Serial I/O signals
8. Power supply
(1) Address signals: A15 – A8
These signals form the higher order address lines
(2) Address/Data signals: AD7 – AD0
This is a time multiplexed address and data bus used for carrying both
• lower order address signals
• Data signal at different time intervals
Address bus is unidirectional and data bus is bidirectional
(3) Control and Status signals:
(a) Control Signals:
RD - This is an active low signal. This signal indicates that selected I/O or memory device is to
be read and that the data is available on the data lines.
WR - This is also an active low signal. This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be
written into the selected memory or I/O location.
(b) Status Signals:
IO / M - used to differentiate between I/O and memory operation.
1 – I/O operation 0 – Memory operation
S1, S0 – These signals along with IO / M are used to identify various operations of the
microprocessor.
ALE – This signal is generated during the first clock period of every machine cycle. It is used to
demultiplex the multiplexed lower order address and data bus.
(4) Interrupt Signals:
An interrupt is a request to the microprocessor to suspend the execution of the main program
temporarily and execute another program called Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) corresponding
to a device which has requested microprocessor through any of the 5 interrupt lines i.e., TRAP,
RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 & INTR. INTA is an acknowledgement to a maskable interrupt.

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
(5) DMA Signals:
DMA (Direct Memory Access) is the process of transferring data from the I/O device to memory
without the interference of the microprocessor. We must keep in mind that for initiating the
DMA process microprocessor is needed.
HOLD – This signal indicates a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting for the use of
address and data bus.
HLDA – This output signal acknowledges the HOLD request.
(6) Timing and synchronization signals:
RESETIN - when the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to 0, buses are
tristated and microprocessor is reset.
RESET OUT – This signal indicates that the microprocessor is reset and can be used to reset
other devices.
CLKOUT – This signal can be used as system clock for other devices.
X1 and X2 – The crystal is connected across these pins. The frequency is internally divide by 2.
Thus, to operate a system at 3MHz, the crystal must have a frequency of 6MKz.
READY – This input signal is used to delay the microprocessor read/write cycles until an I/O
device is ready to send/accept data.
(7) Serial I/O signals:
SID – serial input data: The data on this line is loaded into accumulator bit – 7 whenever a RIM
instruction is executed.
SOD – Serial output data: This line is set or reset as specified by the SIM instruction.
These two signals are used to establish serial communication between the microprocessor and
external serial I/O devices.
(8) Power supply signals:
VCC - +5V Power supply
VSS – ground reference

Interrupt structure of 8085 :

The 8085 has a very powerful interrupt structure having five itnterrupt inputs. These are

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR. The TRAP has the highest priority, followed by
RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR.
TRAP : It is a non-maskable, vectored and hardware interrupt. It has the highest priority and it
cannot be enabled or disabled. Its input is sensitive to a raising edge followed by a high level
until accepted. This means that, if the signal on the TRAP pin has a leading edge and a sustained
high level, the microprocessor completes the current instruction, pushes the contents of PC on to
the stack and CALLs to the location 0024H. This interrupt is generally used in critical events
such as power failure and emergency shutoff.
RST 7.5 : It is a maskable, vectored and hardware interrupt. It is sensitive to only a raising edge
and an internal D flif-flop is used to latch the occurrence. During the program execution,
microprocessor completes the current instruction, pushes the contents of PC on to the stack and
CALLs to the location 003CH. This interrupt is generally used when the interrupt signal remains
for a very short time.
RST 6.5 : It is a maskable, vectored and hardware interrupt. It responds to a high level on its
interrupt pin i.e, its input is sensitive to a high level until accepted. In otherwords, a high at RST
6.5 causes the 8085 microprocessor completes the current instruction, pushes the contents of PC
on to the stack and CALLs to the location 0034H.
RST 5.5 : It is a maskable, vectored and hardware interrupt. A high at RST 5.5 causes the 8085
microprocessor completes the current instruction, pushes the contents of PC on to the stack and
CALLs to the location 002CH. Note that the recognition of either RST 7.5 or RST 6.5 or RST
5.5 disables the 8085 interrupt system.
INTR : It is a maskable, vectored and hardware interrupt. A high at INTR causes the 8085
microprocessor completes the current instruction, pushes the contents of PC on to the stack and
generates INTA pulse on the control bus. The 8085 then expects either a 1-byte CALL (RST0-
RST7) or a 3-byte CALL.
Applications of Microprocessor
Microprocessors are being used for numerous applications and the list of applications is
becoming longer and longer. Some of them are given below.
►Personal Computer ► Numerical Control
►Mobile Phones ►Automobiles

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 Dr. C. SARITHA
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS
►Bending Machines ►Medical Diagnostic Equipment
►Automatic voice recognizing systems ►Prosthetics
►Traffic light Control ►Entertainment Games
►Digital Signal Processing ►Communication terminals
►Process Control ►Calculators
►Sophisticated Instruments ►Telecommunication Switching Systems
►Automatic Test Systems.

*****ALL THE BEST*****

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