Schlemmer Et Schnitzer - 2021 - Research Note Ski Touring On Groomed Slopes and T
Schlemmer Et Schnitzer - 2021 - Research Note Ski Touring On Groomed Slopes and T
Research note: Ski touring on groomed slopes and the COVID-19 pandemic
as a potential trigger for motivational changes
Philipp Schlemmer *, Martin Schnitzer
Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Ski touring on groomed slopes is a relatively new outdoor sport that has steadily been gaining interest. So far,
Ski touring little scientific attention has been given to this outdoor activity. Thus, few questions have been asked about the
Groomed slopes motivation for practising this sport, and even fewer about whether the current COVID-19 pandemic has had an
Trend
impact on the frequency of and motivation for ski touring. For this reason, we conducted a large-scale study (n =
Outdoor sport
COVID-19
6802) in the Austrian Alps. Results revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has not changed the motive structure
for ski touring; however, the findings showed that many people have even started to practice this sport. This
research note contributes to the existing knowledge by (a) documenting ski tourers’ motives using a large
sample, (b) giving insights into the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on this specific outdoor sport, and (c)
showing COVID-19-related impacts on practicing ski touring.
Management implications:
1. Introductory literature changing conditions, while they were kept closed, for example, in
neighbouring Italy. The ski touring trend had already been evident
Physical activity in alpine environments, especially ski touring on before this pandemic (Ernstbrunner et al., 2020). However, against the
groomed slopes, has been booming in recent years (Ernstbrunner et al., background of the persisting COVID-19 pandemic, ski touring has
2020). Though, a fundamental change in the situation has resulted from gained much more importance, as ski areas remained closed or partly
the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a major impact on closed. Moreover, tourists frequenting ski resorts throughout the season
global tourism, alpine regions, and therefore also ski destinations. The were missing. The sports industry recorded a fierce drop in sales for
virus led to a shortened season in 2020 with closures in mid-March, classic winter sports (e.g., skiing, tobogganing, ice skating) equipment;
followed by the repeated postponement of planned steps of in 2020, the decrease was in the high double-digit percentage range
re-opening. In the subsequent season of 2020/2021, ski lifts in Austria compared to the previous year. Interestingly, ski touring equipment
were finally allowed to open over Christmas, but under constantly sales increased by more than 50% in the same period compared to the
* Corresponding author. Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Schlemmer).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100413
Received 31 March 2021; Received in revised form 5 July 2021; Accepted 10 July 2021
2213-0780/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Philipp Schlemmer, Martin Schnitzer, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100413
P. Schlemmer and M. Schnitzer Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism xxx (xxxx) xxx
previous year (FAZ, 2020). In total, 2051 persons with 44.2% female respondents, a mean age of
This outdoor recreation activity boom, however, does not contribute 38.5 (±12.9) years, and an average ski touring experience of 8.0 (±8.5)
to the economic success of ski resorts; on the contrary, ski tourers are years were surveyed. For further analyses, 1143 participants were
beneficiaries of the ski resort infrastructure, especially by ascending and assigned to the group MST [female: 45.4%; mean age: 36.0 (±12.6)
descending groomed slopes without utilising cable cars or paying any years; min. age: 18 years; max. age: 77 years; ski touring experience: 6.5
monetary compensation (ski tickets etc.) for it (Pröbstl-Haider & Lampl, (±7.3) years] and 928 to FST [female: 43.1%; mean age: 40.9 (±13.6)
2017a). Due to the density of ski resorts—in 2020 there were 208 in years; min. age: 18 years; max. age: 80 years; ski touring experience: 9.7
Austria—and the expansion of cable cars (Steiger & Scott, 2020) ski (±9.5) years].
tourers find perfect conditions including groomed slopes (also thanks to
artificial snow-making infrastructure), which furthermore magnifies the 3. Measurements
economic scope of this phenomenon. As the popularity of ski touring in
the Alps has already strongly increased (Roult et al., 2016), many ski Sociodemographic data included information about gender, age,
resorts have been facing problems with additional ski tourers occupying level of education, income, occupation, origin, level of physical activity
parking spaces and directly decreasing turnover through the loss of (survey and categorisation according to the Eurobarometer study on
ticket sales. In addition, the ski touring trend has not remained hidden sports and physical activity, Eurobarometer, 2018) as well as specific
from tourism, and in some alpine destinations, touristic interests in this information about the motivational backgrounds of ski touring on
kind of outdoor activity have emerged (Pröbstl-Haider & Lampl, 2017a, groomed slopes. We applied the motive structure utilized by Haber
2017b). Further problems are that ski tourers might obstruct skiers, fellner et al. (2012), Pröbstl (2012) as well as Pröbstl-Haider and Lampl
destroy freshly groomed slopes during descending after closing time, or (2017a; 2017b). Due to the specific focus on the COVID-19 situation, we
disturb snow groomers working with ropes, putting others and them added two additional motives: ‘avoiding expensive lift tickets’ and
selves at risk (Janssen & Weber, 2012; Österreichischer Alpenverein, ‘avoiding cable cars in times of the COVID-19 pandemic’. On top of that,
2011). Alpine regions have been trying to get control of this trend in a we included open questions asking the respondents why they had been
variety of ways and, above all, to generate economic benefits. Some doing more, less, or the same extent of ski touring compared to the
urban centres (e.g., Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria) have already responded previous winter. This allowed the participants to give feedback on why
by offering ski tourers opportunities for evening ski touring in the sur and how the COVID-19 pandemic had influenced their ski touring
rounding ski areas during alternating days of the week with paid park behaviour. Terms with similar meanings (e.g., ‘closed ski lifts’ and
ing, which corresponds exactly to the cluster solution addressed by ‘closed ski areas’) were merged, and, under the aspect of induction,
Pröbst-Haider and Lampl (2017a). By contrast, other ski resorts have condensed to a respective maximum of five and ten categories. We used
closed their slopes to ski tourers to ensure the best possible safety and word clouds to represent the importance of a category by its size. In the
comfort for their paying clientele comprising alpine skiers. quantitative questionnaire, respondents were asked to rate the different
Although ski touring on groomed slopes has experienced a boom in motives on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (‘does not correspond at
recent decades, few scientific studies on the topic exist to date (Roult all’) to 5 (‘corresponds exactly’). For the descriptive analysis, we
et al., 2016). Current literature has addressed issues such as the computed proportional frequencies and arithmetic means (MV) with
health-relevant effects of the ascent (Arbesser et al., 2008; Helmenstein standard deviation (SD). Group differences within the 14 motives as well
et al., 2007) as well as the risk of injury during skiing (Ruedl et al., as ski touring experience and frequency were tested inductively by
2015). Of particular interest, however, is the motivational structure of applying MANOVA. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Effect
people who practise ski touring and the impact of the COVID-19 sizes were expressed as partial eta squared (η2) and interpreted ac
pandemic on this structure. As Haberfellner et al. (2012) showed, ski cording to Cohen’s (1988) guidelines (η2 = 0.01 shows a small, η2 =
touring on groomed slopes often serves as preparation for off-piste tours 0.06 a medium, and η2 = 0.14 a large effect). Statistical analysis was
or, for more experienced people, as a training opportunity. In their performed with SPSS v. 24.0 (IBM Statistics, IL, United States).
survey, nearly half of ski tourers were either beginners or experts in ski
touring. As prime motives they mentioned physical activity in natural 4. Results
surroundings and recreation, as well the health-related benefits of the
sport. Social motives appeared to be only of marginal importance The analysis revealed descriptive differences in the sociodemo
(Haberfellner et al., 2012). Similar motivational backgrounds have been graphic patterns and the level of physical activity of the groups:
found in other contributions (Pröbstl, 2012; Pröbstl-Haider & Lampl, Compared to FST, the MST group showed a lower mean age, less ski
2017a, 2017b). However, we must keep in mind that ski touring pre touring experience, a higher general level of education, a lower per
sented almost the only opportunity to enjoy ‘skiing’ throughout most of centage of retirees, and a higher level of physical activity (see Table 1
the winter season 2020/21. Taking into account these specific circum and methods section).
stances, this research note aims to gain understanding of whether the The results of the inductive testing of motivational differences be
motivational background for practising ski touring on groomed slopes tween the FST and MST group are shown in Table 2. The groups
changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and how these changes may be significantly differed in nearly all motives; however, effect sizes were
explained. close to zero with only two small effect sizes, namely for ‘testing new
trends’ as well as ‘avoiding cable cars in times of the COVID-19
2. Material & methods pandemic’. The corresponding sociographic characteristics suggested
that many respondents had changed their ski touring habits or ventured
The present study utilized a cross-sectional approach to survey ski into ski touring due to pandemic circumstances; however, motivational
tourers in the Austrian Alps via an online questionnaire, which was backgrounds hardly differ.
distributed through relevant forums, the Austrian Alpine Association, The analysis of the open questions (see Fig. 1) revealed why the
the Austrian Ski Federation, social media channels of ski resorts, and participants had practised ski touring more or less frequently. Among
different Facebook groups on ski-touring. We focused on ski tourers who the prime reasons for less ski touring were the protective COVID-19
practised ski touring on groomed slopes and questioned them about measures (n = 290) and avoiding the accumulation of crowds (n =
their behaviour, namely whether they had done more ski tours (MST) or 128) at lift stations, parking areas or popular, highly frequented ski tour
fewer ski tours (FST) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, they routes. Lockdown situations, curfews, and the family environment
were assigned to the groups MST and FST and considered as a whole (home schooling etc.) (n = 22) as well as the resulting lack of time (n =
population. The survey took place from 1 January to January 31, 2021. 47) also contributed to less ski touring. Moreover, trying to avoid any
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P. Schlemmer and M. Schnitzer Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1 Table 2
Comparison of FST and MST in terms of selected sociodemographic variables Differences in motivation between MST and FST group members.
and level of physical activity. Motives Group MV±SD p η2
General FST MST
Party in mountain huts General 2.0 ± 0.235 0.001
(n = members members
1.2
2071) (n = 928) (n = 1143)
MST 2.1 ±
% % % 1.2
FST 2.0 ±
Level of No schooling 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2
education completed Workout after work General 3.7 ± <0.001* 0.007
Minimum compulsory 2.2% 1.7% 1.5% 1.2
schooling MST 3.8 ±
Apprenticeship 19.8% 18.8% 15.4% 1.2
diploma FST 3.5 ±
General qualification 26.2% 24.7% 30.4% 1.3
for university entrance Being outdoors General 4.4 ± 0.002* 0.005
Higher education 46.1% 48.7% 49.6% 0.9
degree MST 4.5 ±
Others 5.2% 6.0% 4.6% 0.8
Occupation Pupil 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% FST 4.3 ±
Apprentice 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.8
College student 11.3% 8.8% 19.5% Meeting other people General 2.3 ± 0.666 0.000
Salaried employee 62.1% 62.1% 56.7% 1.1
Civil servant 7.0% 7.8% 6.3% MST 2.4 ±
Self-employed 10.2% 9.4% 10.2% 1.1
Unemployed/looking 1.1% 0.9% 1.7% FST 2.4 ±
for work 1.1
Retiree 4.7% 7.5% 3.4% Being out with friends General 3.9 ± <0.001* 0.007
Others 2.6% 2.8% 1.8% 1.1
Income Very difficult to cope 0.7% 1.0% 0.4% MST 4.0 ±
Difficult to cope 4.4% 5.1% 4.3% 1.1
Managing to live 40.4% 41.0% 39.8% FST 3.8 ±
Living comfortably 54.6% 53.0% 55.4% 1.2
Frequency of 5 times a week or more 18.7% 15.8% 20.6% Testing new trends General 2.9 ± <0.001* 0.02
physical 1.4
activity MST 3.2 ±
3–4 times a week 44.0% 40.1% 47.4% 1.4
1–2 times a week 29.8% 33.7% 25.9% FST 2.9 ±
1–3 times a month 7.2% 10.1% 6.0% 1.3
Less than once a month 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% Recreation General 4.2 ± 0.072 0.003
Never 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0
Skill level Beginner (ski touring 2.0% 8.8% 7.7% MST 4.3 ±
ascent only on easy, well- 0.9
prepared slopes; FST 4.2 ±
without kick turns) 0.9
Intermediate (ski 17.3% 33.2% 35.1% Experience of landscape and nature General 4.3 ± 0.071 0.002
touring on medium 1.0
slopes; in moderate MST 4.4 ±
conditions; difficulties 0.9
with kick turns) FST 4.4 ±
Advanced (ski touring 61.0% 42.3% 41.9% 1.0
on advanced slopes; in Health benefits General 4.6 ± 0.019* 0.003
advanced conditions; 0.7
no difficulties with kick MST 4.7 ±
turns) 0.6
Expert (mastering 19.6% 15.6% 15.3% FST 4.6 ±
demanding kick turns, 0.7
steep, icy sections Physical activity General 4.8 ± 0.012* 0.003
without problems) 0.6
Skill level Beginner (skiing on 6.6% 2.9% 1.7% MST 4.8 ±
descent easy, well-groomed 0.5
slopes) FST 4.8 ±
Intermediate (skiing on 28.9% 21.2% 17.5% 0.6
intermediate slopes in Being active in the mountains General 4.6 ± <0.001* 0.005
good conditions; 0.7
difficulties on poorly MST 4.7 ±
groomed slopes) 0.6
Advanced (mastering 44.1% 63.0% 57.6% FST 4.6 ±
any slope in all 0.7
conditions) Training for backcountry ski touring General 3.7 ± 0.083 0.001
Expert (ski instructor, 20.4% 13.0% 24.9% 1.2
racer …) MST 3.8 ±
FST = fewer ski tours; MST = more ski tours. 1.1
FST 3.8 ±
1.2
Avoiding expensive lift tickets General 2.4 ± 0.335 0.000
1.4
(continued on next page)
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Table 2 (continued ) people also used this time bonus for physical activity. Reacting to the
Motives Group MV±SD p η2 increasing demand, some ski resorts offered an extra service and
groomed separate slopes for ski tourers; probably, this led to an even
MST 2.5
stronger increase in ski touring, as respondents found favourable snow
±
1.4
FST 2.5 ± (n = 121) conditions.
1.4
Avoiding cable cars in times of the General 2.5 ± 0.017* 0.003 5. Discussion
COVID-19 pandemic 1.4
MST 2.6 ±
1.5 The motivational backgrounds of the individual groups (MST & FST)
FST 2.7 ± showed significant differences, but only with medium effect sizes.
1.5 However, the differences are limited to the ski touring experience and
Frequency of ski tours (times a week) General 3.1 ± <0.001* 0.051 the weekly number of ski tours. Taking a closer look at the mean values
0.9
MST 3.3 ±
(Table 2), we see that the individual groups stated relatively similar
1.0 motives with only minimal differences; though, the motive ‘testing new
FST 2.8 ± trends’ showed a significant difference with a small effect size, espe
0.9 cially when looking at the mean value of the MST group. In general, the
Ski touring experience (years) General 8.0 0.039
± <0.001*
data do not reveal any major differences to previous motive studies
8.5
MST 6.5 ± (Haberfellner et al., 2012; Pröbstl, 2012; Pröbstl-Haider & Lampl,
7.3 2017a, 2017b). Although the COVID-19 pandemic did not seem to have
FST 9.7 ± an impact on ski tourers’ motivational background, we assume that the
9.5 increase in ‘new’ ski tourers can explained or has at least been accel
FST = fewer ski tours; MST = more ski tours; * = p < 0.05; MST: n = 1143; FST: erated by the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions. This is substan
n = 928. tiated by the sociodemographic findings, which show that MST group
members are younger in age and have less experience in ski touring.
possible additional burden on the health system (n = 44) due to ‘un Furthermore, qualitative results provided answers to the question as to
necessary’ injuries occurring during sports seemed to be a decisive why the respondents did more or fewer ski tours: Above all, the time
reason for refraining from ski touring. Finally, the snow conditions (n = factor (due to COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns, followed by
28)—too much or too little snow, depending on the location—were a short-time work, etc.) and the closure of ski facilities prompted re
decisive reason for doing fewer ski tours in the pandemic year. Another spondents to increasingly engage in ski touring.
interesting argument, which is most likely linked to the aforementioned Recent studies have shown an increase in physical activity among
reasons, is the interest in alternative sports (n = 14) such as walking: previously less active people due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Schnitzer
Taking into account the reasons for avoiding ski touring, other sports et al., 2020). This phenomenon could also be a reason for the increase in
became individually appealing in the context of the COVID-19 ski touring beginners, especially in alpine regions such as Tyrol. All in
pandemic. Subjective health (n = 15) in the sense of self-protection all, one could assume that the COVID-19 pandemic has not changed the
was also an important motive for refraining from ski touring on general motive structure for ski touring, but raised interest in this sport,
groomed slopes. Instead of ski touring on slopes, some went to the attracting many beginners. Of course, this growth also poses some
backcountry (n = 58). Likewise, some respondents did only backcountry problems for ropeway operators. Up to now, parking in ski resorts has
ski touring in order to be physically active while keeping a safe distance usually been free for skiers, since they bought a lift ticket anyway and
from others. thus contributed to the economic success. By contrast, ski tourers intend
While some people did fewer ski tours on groomed slopes due to the to ascend on the slopes themselves and therefore do not need a lift ticket.
COVID-19 measures, others did more for the same reason (n = 173). Furthermore, cable car operators take great effort to keep the slopes in
However, the main factor for increasing ski touring activities was the good condition for holidaymakers or local guests; ski tourers also enjoy
desire to gain new sporting experiences (n = 221). With self-protection these slopes. Consequently, potential conflicts between cable car oper
(n = 151) by avoiding cable cars and pending crowds of people as ators, skiers, and ski tourers emerge. Thus, the main task for the future
another key intention, ski touring as a new outdoor sport where there is might be finding ways of dealing with the increased interest in ski
no need to worry about the distance to other people was especially touring that satisfy all stakeholders, especially ski tourers on the one and
attractive. For others, the acquired extra time (n = 160) due to the cable car companies as enterprises that pursue economic interests on the
lockdown regulations in each country were an important reason for other side.
increasingly practising ski touring on groomed slopes. Accordingly, This study also has some limitations, above all the geographically
Fig. 1. Reasons for (a) practising ski touring less and (b) more ski touring due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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P. Schlemmer and M. Schnitzer Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism xxx (xxxx) xxx
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