Systems of classification

.ua/. . a. . . . .
w w.as.ua.ue.an .my/.e a. ons ipsnwm.ai.s
Artificial system Natural system Phylogenetic
d d system
earliest based natural
system on
&
of classification .

affinities among the MOST ACCEPTABLE SYSTEM

Organisms $ considered both : -

Given by Caro tous extend $ intend Features

Based on
evolutionary
•

Linneaus -

embryology phyto chemistry organisms .

used
morphological
•
and .

Characters such as • Assumes that

organisms
habit ,
colour ,
no .
$
•
Given
by Bentham $ belonging to same taxa

have
shape of leaves etc .
Hooker a common ancestor .

Mainly based on
•

vegetative
On the
characters
androecium Str
OI
New development of
tasconomy
.

✗
separated closely related
•

species since were based (A) NUMERIC-AL-TAXONOM.ly : -

characteristics
on
few
.

↳ carried out
by computers $ is based on all observable

characters
Gave
equal weight age to
.

•÷
characteristics is not $ the data are then
processed .

acceptable z
since we know
•

importance $ at
given equal100s the same time
]
,
characters be considered
of can

vegetative
.

that
often the

characters are more

easily affected by env . (B) cYT0TA✗0N0MY_ ÷ based on

cytological information
like chromosome no .
Str . behaviour .

g ,

(C) CHEMOTAXON0MY_ : -

based on chemical constituents

of the
plant .

Algae
--

GEICIERII-tATURC-swf-ss.im pie ,
thalloid
, autotrophic , mostly aquatic [ fresh ,

REPRODUCTION ! -
marine]
f moist soil damp ↳
surface ASEXUAL
.

g EGETATIVE SEXUAL
some occur in Association with
fungi
→
d tr
d ↳ ( lichen ) By fragmentath through fusion
with animals
& egg zoospores
↳ ( sloth bear) d OF 2
gametes
-

marine $
each
fragment ex .

Flagellated
•

1) Anisogamy games chiamydomonas

develops into
→

( motile)
Size $ Form of Massive plant dissimilar
Algae
in size
: - are

$
•
on ,
some

Bodies helps A thallus fusion btw species of

germinating give 2) Oogamy
→
-

Forms
→

•
Colonial → V0 / VON 1 motile male Chlamydomonas
Large
non
+ 1
rise to new motile Female
gamete
.

•
Microscopic unicellular forms Chlamydomonas→
3) Isogamy → Gametes
' " " °"

Plants
.

$ Focus !
•

Filamentous Forms → Ulothzyze are

flagellated $ siimnilsairze
• ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE Agathe
d

Atleast 112°F Total CO2 Fixn of the

→ one
on Earth is carried
by Algae through
→ out
commercial products
Photosynthesis
Primary
rich obtained
producers of Energy compounds from
→ -

Gelidium $ Gracilaria
d d
which the basis of
forms the are used to
microbes
grow
and in
cycles of all aquatic animals
,
food
preparation of ice
'

-
creams

Many species Porphyria

]→
•
of :
$ jellies
-
.

Laminar ia $ are used as

sargassum
Food '

chloreÑhuuw
(
Among 70 marine species
( µ

]→
Marine Brown used as
food)
•
unicellular
Algae
.

$ Produce
large amounts
of substances Rich in proteins
peg µ,
gae hydro colloids 1h20 holding )
* Used
by space travellers
.

Egf Algin ( brown algae)

carrageen ( red algae)

or

n
pyei ofpo xiwswj.MY
 CHLOROPHYCEAE PHAEOPHYCEAE RHODOPHYCEAE
d d d
[ Green
Algae] [BROWN ALGAE ] [ RED ALGAE ]
•
Unicellular colonial • Found in Marthe
, ,
habits • Red
pigment Knt)
filamentous
.

Possess
chlorophyll
↳ clan -

phywerytnrin
Are Grass
chtasbz
.

ago
•

green
• →
,

in chloroplast carotenoids and xanthophill •

marine [ man . in warmer
d area ]
1) simple branched
can be : -

Discoid Plate like , filamentous Penetrates

great depth
, ,

Ectocasrpus
•

Reticulate ↳ .

, cup-shaped ,
in oceans
Branched
.

spiral ribbon shaped

•
.

,
↳ [ reach 100m ]
Helps may * RedThalle°_
May be unicellular
•

multi 01
,
.

** Olive to various ↳ multicellular

Filamentous .

green ↳
cell
shades
of brown have
body
complex
•

Rigid wall

f b ↳ organisation .

Dinner Outer depending on

xanthophyll
# f00D_ Floridian starch
fucoseanthinin
→
Layer layer ( Pectose)
.

g. tr
(cellulose) FOOD_ store in
for'm of same
amylopectin
•
→
as

•
hi-Hat # storage bodies complex carbohydrates $
glycogen in structure .

clapyrenoids f Ty
contain Protein ←
Laminayia Manitol •

RGPR0DUCT10N_
* Food
storage → oil droplets .

REPRODUCTION
↳Ve§ewwgueMf_e,t& 1)
Vegetative Repro
"
: -

by Aignan
) Fragmentation
→
( covered
"
2) Vegetative Repro : -

2)
Fragmentation In Protoplast Asexually :
-
→

→
Spore formn ✓ I ↳ →
Non -
motile
spores
.

Nucleus
Plastids central
.

located 3) Sexually : -

2) Asexual Repron : -
Vacuole → Non -
motile
gametes
.

zoosporangium pLAN-BODY_t
→
*
d csogoimus
flagellated
qq.fydfygsjaetnosubstoatu.me
events )
zoospore .

complex post fertilisation

3) sexual Repro? like)

foondlleaf
-

1) isogamous vegetative Asexual E¥ ,

Porphyria ;
2) Anisogamous Gracillaria
Repron Repron ,
Gielidium .

3) 2 6
Oogamous .

fragmentation Biflagellate
Zoospore
( Pear shaped ,
Common
Algae : Repron
•
2
unequal
-

sexual
→
Chlamydomonas ,
volvox d d
anise
2 laterally
attached
Ultohrin spirogyra
so
oogamy
-

,
; ;
Chara .
* Gametes →
pyriform flagella)
↳ bear

2lateralaltatchedEXFELD@F1agella_Ectocarpusi.D
ictyota ; Luminaria ,

; fucus .
 → Mosses

Bryophytes
GENERAL FEATURES
→
Liverworts .

→ found in most shaded

areas in the hills .

s
Liver worts
( damp , humid $ shaded
moist , habitats [ bank of
localities ) shady streams
,
marsh
ground ,
damp soil
,
bark of trees , deep in the woods ]

cla Amphibians of
the
plant •

Thatcher -

Egg Marchant ia .

Kingdom ! ↳ dorsiventral
↳ can live in soil -

↳
? closely oppressed to substrate .

→
dependent on water
for sexual
repro
*
Leaf members

Body differentiated than

•
→ more
↳ have
appendages
in
tiny leaf like 2 rows on

Algae : -

stem on the stem Like structures .

a) Thallus like

b) Prostrate OI Erect .

Asexual
Repton : Sexual Repro ?
-

c) A- Hatched to substratum
Immune 2)
Fragmentation male Sen formal Sese

by unicellular OI 2) Formn of specialised organ ↳ f organ

multicellular rhizoids .

structures
z Knt) on same

d) * Lack Leaf $ stem but Gemmae : Green ; -

Ofdifft: thalli
f
&
# have [on Gemma Multi
like
Sporophyte
$ ;
leaf stem like
.

Cup ] Asexual Buds

structures
.

f d
.

Main foot
plant body Haploid capsule
•
n
Seta
Germinate to form individual spores d
Gametophyte ( produce gametes
new are
* Are
produced .

* multicellular .
sex
organs ltnt) Ll Germinate )
form
five living gametophyte
.

Male sex cla Antheridium

organs
→

Mosses
a f
Produce bi
flagellated Antherozoids
predominant is
stage Gametophyte
→
female Sese
organs → cla
a Archegonium &
( Flask shape) d
[consist stages]
2
Produce
single egg 1) Protonema
stage
a .

↳
Antherozoids
'
develops directly from the spore
[ Arirchegonium
.

& z *
creeping green branched $ filamentous
, ,
.

[ H2O ]
^
released in

where
they
d zygoteMw 2)
contact of
(2n )
* NO

immediate
leafy stage →

develops as lateral bud .

in f

/
come
red " of
zygote ! [beans ↳ consist of
son
upright ,
slender axes

zygote sporophyte as haploid organs] bearing spirally arranged leaves

* → .

( multi ; spores attached to the soil

through multicellular $
-

attached to
f (n )
branched rhizoids
( oigameto
.

photosynthetic PHY "

vegetuleverepron-i.se#n:-
-

)
gametophyte sporophyte
•

SOMEECONOMKt-MPORTANCEmnmmn.LI Fragmentation .

SenJ§_ans I
" "dd " " """e-
•
" me
"¥
" " " " "" "" "
't
"" "°
Mote
_Z0idsg-g0nia-
Provide a
Food ! Provide Peat secondary foots & ↳
1st
.

d
• Are the
Otohlma -
Seta Capsule
Knt) at the apex
For
fuel $
material
as
packaging to colonise meiosis f
of leafy shoots
.

with lichens
along
'

blc have ←
capacity to spore ← spores
hold H2O .
( decompose rocks) dispersal .

• Form dense mats soil I

reduce impact OF rainfall '

E¥ Funauia ; Polytrichum ; sphagnum

.

on Peeevent soil erosion .

?⃝
 GAMETOPHYTE .

(
Antheridium Archaegoniun
I 1
egg
.

¥.GÑ
zygote Embryo sporophyte
to
t parasite
sporophyte t
.

Female
↳ gametophyte
seta-cafsnle.tn
Foot
( )
su
t
(m)

spore
mother
cells

t
( )
n

spores
1
living gametophyte
.

Free
 GENERAL FEATURES

•
Horsetails $ Ferns tent ]
Pteridophyte
as ornamental medicinal
purposes
•

, ,
soil binders $ 1st to have Female
↳ iterres trials)
vascular Tissues
d b
&
Gametophyte Male
gamete
.

xylem Phloem
* Retains on
(
through hzo)
Lives in moist , sometimes
:
damp shady
-
•
~ ,
, ,

sandy soil condn parent sporophyte

zygote(takes
in .

place in
f →
Female Gamete)
main is
Pteridophytes →
plant body
sporophyte Young embryo
g
* this event is Peeecursoo seed
of habit
have true → root
, stems
considered imp for
.
evolution 2
Leaves
* well differentiated
vascular tissue .

•
d
Microphylla
Macron ) (
selaginella phyllus
-

contains SPOROPANGEIA
to
( Fern ) Classes
subtended
by leaf -
like sporophylls
1) Psitopsida I Psilotum )
of sporophyll become
compact : then
• -

)
selaginella Lycopodium
strobili / cone
2) Lycopsida ( ,
is
formed
.

Eof Selaginella ; Eqeisteum .

3) sphenopsida (
Equisetum )
REPRODUCTION Pteris Adiantum)
# 4) Ptetropsida Dryopteris
• : -

( ,
,

sporangia contain meiosis spor

spore mother cells
I
@)
Protnal1us@jCfue living photosyn-thetic.g
multi
,

gametophyte)
thalloid

require cool
, damp ,

shady places .

bear d
Sese
organs

DhAgJAM
- →
Antheridia
have d
Archegonia
[ Antherozoids] )
( H2O req ) .

so ,
male
gamete Egg
↳ a
(
zygote )
d
Multicellular ,
well

differentiated sporophyte .

spores → same kind ( Homo

spores )
↳
difft .
Kind ( Heterosporous)

GEg Selaginella ; Salvini a

*
Megaspores
a
$ microspores
&
( Female Gametophyte ) ( male Gametophyte )
 Gymnosperm
a- d-
Naked seeds

* Ovules →
exposed ( no
ovary
wall )
seeds → are naked
* include medium sized trees ,
tall trees $ shrubs !

Giant Redwood tree

Sequoia
•
→

( one of the tallest )

• Roots →
Taproots
Pinus l with
Mycorrhiza fungus
)
•
→

coralloid roots
Cycas ( Nz firing )
•
→

(
cyanobacteria)
• Stem •
Leaves : -

simple , compound
unbranched : Pinnate leaves → persists
Cycas 1)
Cycas for few yrs
→ -
→ .

Pinus
branched Cedros withstand temp humidity $ wind
÷
→
,
•
extreme .

,
.

Conifers → have needle like leaves

f ( reduce the
surface area )

their thick cuticle stomata

$ sunken
2
also help to reduce

water loss .

Sporophytes arranged spirally

land
→ →
Form
compact OI strobili cones_

sporangia [Cluster ]
d Female cones

Are Heterosporous [
f ↳ Megasporophyll us od
Megasporangia
Haploid megaspores a
microspores
mega sporangiate female strobili
•

to
Microsporophyll us of micro
sporangia megaspore mother cell (
from
go nucellus )

micro
sporangiate se

d Protected
by envelops Cla ovule .

Microspores
a
f meiosis

B
Pg%9 Male
gametophyte _Éd pollen
Grain
[retained
megasporangium
within
]
4
megaspores
I
µ a [ Anyone
57 or into multi .

female gametophyte
A 1 Bears 2 oz
archegonia
more

01
female
Sese
organs )
* Male $ female gametophyte
d
#
Microsporangium → release
pollen grains
Not independent d through air currents

]
d come in contact with

retained kith in
sporangia
the
opening of the ovules borne od
b megasporophyll s
.

fertilisation zygote
On
sporophytes
→ →
Embryo .

'

$ ovules → seeds ( not covered )*

 ✓ Angiosperms (
Flowering plants )

kn
seeds are
s
enclosed
by $ ovules
fruits grains → are
developed in
Flowers
specialized Str .
called

Ctnt ) in wide Habitats

range of
.

smallest
angiosperm Wolfia :
• -

tallest
angiosperm Eucalyptus: → [over Loom ]
• - -

provide us with
food fodder fuel medicines $ several other
•

, , ,

commercially imp products

. .

# Divided into 2 classes 1)

Dicotyledons have
! 2
cotyledons
-

2)
Monocotyledons → have 1
cotyledon
.

male Sese in Flower Stamen

organ
☐ →

d
Each consist of
slender
filament with an other at the tip .

f meiosis

Produced pollen grains

.

☐
Female Sese
organ in Flower → Pistil OI Carpel
d
consist of
mbryosa_ → has 3 celled
egg
ovary
Apparatus enclosing 1- to
many 0m¥
d
cell has
within ovules
, highly

"""¥
one
egg reduced
female gametophyte → int )
" "
"" "
"" "" " ↳[
embryo ↳sacs ] "
[ nuclei . its Form
preceded
PnGain after dispersal from
by meiosis
•

eventually fuse to produce

anthers carried out Hence
,
by diploid secondary nucleus .

,
each cell of an
wind O_0 various other
embryo sac is
Haploid .

to
agencies stigma $ style →
$ reach to ovule .

DOUBLE FERTILISATION
male
gamete _€iMs egg cell

d Form
other male
gamete 2 fuse
•

zygote 12h )
diploid secondary nucleus with
[
syngamy ]
f Produces
Triploid primary endosperm nucleus ( PEN )

↳ This
process is Cla TRIPLE FUSION

DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE

zygote É Embryo ( with 1012

$ cotyledons)
( PEN )dÉs Endosperm ( which provide
nourishment to the

developing embryo)
synergies $ anti pods
degenerate after
•

develops fertilisation .

$ Ovule seeds $ ovaries → Fruit

?⃝
 SOME EXAMPLES

r Plant life cycles •

Algae →
tiaplontic
•

ECTOCATPUS POLY Sipho Mia

Hap, o dip, ontic
, ,
Both Haploid $ Diploid cells → -

mitosis helps
can divide
by
← →
•
Fucus →
Dipl ontic
Haploid Diploid body
•

Haploid →
Gametophyte
•
Diploid →
zygote sporophyte →

Haploid spores by meiosis

f bymitosisCwm)
Plant
Haploid
.

APLONTIC LIFE CYCLE

km)
c) sporophyte ) zygote
→

( Not
free living f( Meiosis )
Haploid spores
f( Mitosis)
Gametophyte

µMMM-#
↳ Dominant
Photosynthetic ,

E Volvox
, spirogyoa ,
some species of Chlamydomonas
.

DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE

•

sporophyte → Dominant , photosynthetic ,

independent
-

Gametophyte single to few celled →

•
.

t± Fucus
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
, ,

÷t multi celled
-

gametophyte .

HAPLO -
DIPL ONTIC LIFE CYCLE

Bryophytes $ Pteridophytes both phases

are multicellular
d
but dominant phases
differ in .

Bryophytes
Dominant , independent ,

thalloid OI erect .

d
Haploid Gametophyte
d
alternates with
sporophyte
↳ (short lived multicellular)

totally o_0
partially dependent on

Gametophyte :
-

for anchorage $ nutrition .

Pteridophytes →
diploid sporophyte .

↳ dominant independent , photosynthetic

, ,

vascular plant body .

d
alter with
gametophyte