15MMH21 and 15MMH22 - Dr. T.

Sridhar
Do-it-yourselves Hints for Assignment 2

15MMH21

A. 1. For an isentropic process undergone by a constant specific heat ideal gas: p/ = C.
Hence, 𝑎 = 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜌 𝑠 = 𝛾𝐶𝜌𝛾 −1 = 𝛾𝑝 𝜌. The rest follows by use of the ideal
gas EOS. Since cp = 7R/2, cv = 5R/2 and, therefore,  = 7/5. Also, R = 8314.4/28.97 =
287 J/kg-K for air. When T = 273.15 K, a = 331.3 m/s.

A. 2. (a) Use ideal gas EOS with R = 8314.3/31.999 = 259.83 J/kg-K for O2 at state 2 to
obtain T2 = p2v2/R = 384.9 K. (b) The same EOS at state 1 gives v1 = RT1/p1 = 0.7747
m3/kg. Hence, v = v2 – v1 = –0.6747 m3/kg. (d) It is better to find h = h2 – h1 first.
Change in enthalpy dh = cpdT only for an ideal gas, therefore:
𝑇2
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑅 𝑐𝑝 𝑅 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
𝑎1 2 𝑎2 3 𝑎3 4
= 𝑅 𝑎0 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 − 𝑇12 + 𝑇2 − 𝑇13 + 𝑇 − 𝑇14
2 3 4 2
𝑎4 5
+ 𝑇 − 𝑇15
5 2
Verify the given value yourselves. (c) u = (h2 – p2v2) – (h1 – p1v1) = h – RT =
57.9 kJ/kg. (e) For an ideal gas, s = s2 – s1 is found as:
𝑇2
𝑐𝑝 𝑅
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln 𝑝2 𝑝1
𝑇1 𝑇
𝑇2 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 3
= 𝑅 𝑎0 ln + 𝑎1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 − 𝑇12 + 𝑇 − 𝑇13
𝑇1 2 3 2
𝑎4 4
+ 𝑇 − 𝑇14 − 𝑅 ln 𝑝2 𝑝1
4 2
On substitution, s = –361.6 J/kg-K.

A.3. (a) For a polytropic process: p2v2n = p1v1n, or n = ℓn(p1/p2)/ℓn(v2/v1) = 1.125. The
process work is:
𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1
𝑊𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛−1
Verify the given value yourselves. (b) By First Law, Qin = mu – Won = –12.23 kJ.

A. 4. The missing values are all shown in blue:

T p v Region u h s f (kJ/kg) g (kJ/kg)

(oC) (kPa) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-K)
56.0 10.0 15.145 V 2452.5 2604.0 8.207 –248.83 –97.33
10.0 100.0 0.001 L 41.99 42.09 0.151 –0.766 –0.666
91.79 75.0 0.1121 L+V 490.2 498.6 1.5259 –66.66 –58.26
x = 0.0501
200.0 1553.8 0.098 L+V 2189.5 2341.9 5.4789 –402.8 –250.4
x = 0.7684

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A. 5. The given initial state of steam is (p1, T1) = (5 bar, 250oC), which is superheated
steam (why?). Corresponding to this state, v1 = 0.4744 m3/kg and u1 = 2723.9 kJ/kg.
Hence, V1 = mv1 = 0.4744 m3. (a) Denoting state 2 as the state of steam when the
piston just leaves the upper stops A, the steam pressure p2 = patm + mpg/Ac = 120 kPa
and v2 = v1 = 0.4744 m3/kg. Hence state 2 is wet steam, with x2 = 0.3201. Thus, u2 =
1099.13 kJ/kg (h2 = 1156.06 kJ/kg). By First Law, Qin = m(u2 – u1) only (why?), and
so Qin = –1624.6 kJ. (b) Denoting state 3 as the state of steam when the piston just
reaches stops B, V3 = V2 – AcL = 0.3744 m3, or (p3, v3) = (120 kPa, 0.3744 m3/kg).
This fixes state 3 as wet steam with x3 = 0.2524 and h3 = 1004.04 kJ/kg (u3 = 959.1
kJ/kg). Since process 2-3 is isobaric, First Law gives Qin = m(h3 – h2) = –152.02 kJ.
(c) When T4 = 25oC, v4 = v3 = 0.3744 m3/kg. Hence the final state 4 is wet steam with
x4 = 0.0086, and u4 = 124.59 kJ/kg. First Law gives Qin = m(u4 – u3) = –834.5 kJ. The
final p4 = psat@25oC = 3.166 kPa.

15MMH22

A. 1. (a) No hints. (b) Using the definitions of * and :

𝛿 𝑥 1
∗
𝑢 𝑢 3
𝛿 𝑥 = 1− 𝑑𝑦 = 1− 𝛿𝑑𝜂 = 𝛿 𝑥
0 𝑈∞ 0 𝑈∞ 10
𝛿 𝑥 1
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 37
Θ 𝑥 = 1− 𝑑𝑦 = 1− 𝛿𝑑𝜂 = 𝛿 𝑥
0 𝑈∞ 𝑈∞ 0 𝑈∞ 𝑈∞ 315

(c) Substitute the approximate velocity profile in the momentum integral to get:
𝑑 37 2𝜈𝑈∞
𝑈∞2 𝛿 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 315 𝛿 𝑥
or
𝑑𝛿 2 1260 𝜈
=
𝑑𝑥 37 𝑈∞
or,(x)/x = 5.836/(Rex)1/2. The corresponding Cf(x) = 0.6854/(Rex)1/2 (refer to your
notes for the missing steps). (d) For the given flow, taking L = 1 m, ReL = 4.975 x 106.
Hence, (x = L) = 2.62 mm. The drag force Fd/W = 7.67 N/m (refer to your notes for
all the missing steps).

A. 2. (a) Use the condition u(x, y = 0) = U and u(x, y = ) = 0, along with v(x, y = 0) = 0.
(b) Substitute the assumed u-profile into the momentum integral derived in Q. 2(a) to
obtain:
𝑑 1 𝜋𝜂 2 𝜋 𝜋𝜂
𝑈2 cos 𝛿 𝑥 𝑑𝜂 = 𝜈 sin =0
𝑑𝑥 0 2 2𝛿 𝑥 2 𝜂 =0
Hence,
1
𝑑 1 + cos 𝜋𝜂
𝛿 𝑥 𝑑𝜂 = 0
𝑑𝑥 0 2
or (x) = C.
(c) The assumed profile only satisfies: (i) u(x, y = 0) = U; and (ii) u(x, y = ) = 0. The
other requirements, (iii) [∂u/∂y](x, y = )= 0; and (iv) [∂2u/∂y2](x, y = 0)= 0 are not met.
(d) Fd/W = 0 (which is meaningless), due to the improper velocity profile assumption.

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A. 3. Substitute the assumed -profile, and the assumed u-profile of Q. 1 to set up the
energy integral:
𝑑 𝛿𝑇 3 1 3𝛼𝑓
𝑈∞ 2𝜂 − 2𝜂3 + 𝜂4 1 − 𝜂 𝑇 + 𝜂3𝑇 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 0 2 2 2𝛿𝑇
Use  = T and dy = dT, where (x) = T(x)/(x), to evaluate the LHS integral.
Thus,
𝑑 𝜉 3𝜉 3 𝜉 4 3𝛼𝑓
𝑈∞ 𝛿𝑇 𝑥 − + =
𝑑𝑥 5 70 80 2𝛿𝑇
For  < 1,
𝑑 15𝛼𝑓
𝛿𝜉 𝛿𝜉 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑈∞

Simplify by replacing (x) from the answer to Q. 1, and use (x) = [(x)]3, to get:
4 𝑑Φ 37
𝑥 +Φ=
3 𝑑𝑥 84𝑃𝑟
The solution to this ODE is:
37
Φ 𝑥 = + 𝐶𝑥 −3 4
84𝑃𝑟
Using an unheated length x0,
1 3
37 1 3 𝑥0 3 4
𝜉 𝑥 = 1−
84𝑃𝑟 𝑥
Putting x0 = 0, and using Fourier’s Law at the wall:
3𝑘𝑓
ℎ 𝑥 =
2𝛿𝑇
Finally, put T(x) = (x)(x) and use the result for (x) from Q. 1(c) to get: Nu(x) =
hx/kf = 0.3378(Rex)1/2Pr1/3.

A. 4. Taking the edge AC (leading edge of the plate) as x = 0, on the triangle ABC and at a
distance x from this edge, a strip area element of length dx and width y(x) can be
identified. Show yourselves that y(x) = W – 2x/3. The surface area of the strip shall be
dAs = ydx, and the local heat transfer coefficient at the strip location shall be h(x) =
Nuxkf/x. Thus,
𝑘𝑓
𝑑𝑞 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒𝑥1 2 𝑃𝑟 1 3 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
𝑥 𝑤
Over the entire triangle portion,
𝐻
𝑘𝑓
𝑞= 𝐶𝑅𝑒𝑥1 2 𝑃𝑟 1 3 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 𝑤
or
𝑈∞ 𝐻 −1 2 2
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑃𝑟 1 3 𝑘𝑓 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ 𝑥 𝑊 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜈 0 3
Do the integral yourselves. After putting H = 3W/2, you should get:
𝑞 = 1.633𝐶𝑘𝑓 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ 𝑊 𝑅𝑒𝑊 𝑃𝑟 1 3