Coin Hoards in Yugoslavia I. A. Mirnik BAR International Series 9 5 1981BAR. B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England GENERAL EDITORS A. R, Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil, D. R. Walker, M.A, S95, 1981: "Coin Hoards in Yugoslavia". © L.A. Mimnik, 1981. Price £10. 00 post free throughout the world. Payments made in currency other than sterling must be calculated at the current rate of exchange and an extra 10% added to cover the cost of bank charges. Cheques should be made payable to British Archaeological Reports and sent to the above address. ISBN 0 86054 111 8 BAR publishes monographs and collections of papers on all aspects of archae- ology and on related subjects such as anthropology, classical and medieval history and numismaties, BAR publishes BAR International Series which is concerned with world archae- ology and BAR British Series which covers the British Isles. For details of all BAR publications in print please write to the above address, Information on new titles is sent regularly on request, with no obligation.to purchase, Volumes are distributed direct from the publishers. All BAR prices are inclu- sive of postage by surface mail anywhere in the world. Printed in Grect BritainD. M. UTRIUSGUE. CATHARINAE, AVIAE, MATRISQUE PIENTISSIMIS, CPTIMISQUECONTENTS Abstract List of Ilustrations Acknowledgements Introduction Physical and Economic Background Historical Background ‘The Metal Provenance and Distribution CATALOGUE a) b) e) a) ©) f) 8) bh) i) i) ky b m) n) 9) P) r) Sth-3rd centuries B.C. 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. Ist century A.D. 2nd century A.D. ard century A.D. 4th century A.D, bth century A.D. 6th century A.D. Tth-10th centuries A.D. 1th century A.D. 12th century A.D. 13th century A.D. 14th century A.D. 15th century A.D. 16th century A.D. 11th century A.D. 18th and 19th centuries A.D. APPENDIX _ Alphabetical index of sites APPENDIX II Museums and collections APPENDIX III __ Bibliography Page 93 96 104 119 126 139 150ABSTRACT The aim of this book is to describe the coin hoards on the territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from the very first appearance of currency in the sixth century B.C. to the mid-nineteenth century A.D., from published sources or from the records and collections of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Together with the chronological and alphabetical catalogue, a general account of the geographical, economic and historical framework has been provided. Further sections deal with the metals in the hoards, as well as with the provenance of coins and their distribution. ‘The work is completed by a list of museums and collections and a bibliography.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures in text 1 Hoards containing gold, silver or bronze coins 2 Provenance - Mid-3rd century A.D. (Slavonia and Serbia) 3 Provenance - 2nd half of the 8rd century A.D. (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia) 4 Provenance - 2nd half of the 4th century A.D. (Slavonia and Serbia) 5 Provenance ~- 1st half of the 4th century A.D. 6 Provenance - Mid-4th century A.D. (Local and western mints) 7 Provenance - Mid-4th century A.D. (eastern mints) 8 Provenance - 2nd half of the 4th century A.D. 9 Provenance - 5th century A.D. (Kostolac Hoard) 10-18 Survival in coin hoards Maps: Coin hoards in Yugoslavia Geographical map of Yugoslavia Roman roads Imported currency Sth-Ist centuries B.C. Mediaeval roads Imported currency 6th-13th centuries A.D. Imported currency 14th-19th centuries A.D. Illyricum before the Romans Distribution maps of coin hoards: 5th-Srd centuries B.C. 2nd-Ist centuries B.C, Roman provinces: 1st and 2nd centuries A. D. ard century A.D. 4th century A.D. South Slavic provinces 6th-10th centuries A.D. South Slavic states in the 10th and 11th centuries 11th and 12th centuries A.D. 13th century A.D. 14th century A.D. 15th century A.D, Ottoman and Venetian occupation in the 16th century 16th century A.D. 17th century A.D. 18th and 19th centuries A.D. Page 10 cbt 12 14 15 16 16 23-31 223 224 225 226 226 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book forms a part of a thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London. I should like to express my thanks . and sincere gratitude to the many colleagues and friends who have helped me with this work, In the first place there is my supervisor Richard Reece of the Institute of Archaeology in London, who kindly directed the development of thethesis and who together with Michael Crawford of Christ's College, Cambridge, gave further suggestions concerning the metamorphosis of the thesis into a book. Ivica Degmedzic, formerly of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb con- tributed greatly by her profound knowledge of Ancient and Mediaeval sources, as did also Djurdjica Gavrantié, an eminent Yugoslav economist, who helped me to avoid several false conclusions. Further information on various coin hoards was given by Zdenka Dukat of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Ivan Marovié of the Archaeological Museum in Split, Aleksander Jelonik of the National Museum in Ljubljana, Peter Kos and Efrem Pegan, both of Ljubljana and Andjela Horvat of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. ‘The English text was corrected by Sonia Bigani¢ of the Philosophical Faculty in Zagreb. The maps were first drawn by the author to a scale of 1:75, 000and then redrawn by Ljiljana Rakovac of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute in Zagreb. Finally T wish to convey my thanks to my former director, Professor Duje Rendi¢-Mioéevic who has always encouraged my interests in numismatics ever since we first met at the faculty.INTRODUCTION Hidden treasure, or "blaga" (blago in the singular), is the word some of the South Slav languages use to cover movables, riches, wealth, possessions, either money or other valuable objects. Awareness of such treasure is deeply rooted in the folk tradition. Scientific records of coin hoards, however have been kept only since the mid-nineteenth century, buta major problem is still the integrity of coin hoards, something which must influence the supposed date of burial a great deal. Nevertheless, considerable material exists for a scientific study of coin hoards in Yugoslavia covering the entire spanof 24 centuries, from the very first hoards recorded as hidden in the early fifth century B.C. to the mid-nineteenth -century A.D. Special attention has been given to coins issued from local mints which existed on Yugoslav territory; coins of various Ilyrian and Barbaro-Celtic tribes etc. , Roman coins from the mints of Siscia, Sirmium and Viminacium, Byzantine coins (some possibly minted in Salona in the 6th century A.D. and imitative Slavic seyphates of a later period), and finally the flourishing South Slavic coinage of the Mediaeval periods (Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, as well as those from various mints on the Adriatic coast and in Styria and Carniola) ‘The data concerning the hoards was collected from various publications, chiefly periodicals, because a complete corpus of coin hoards found in Jugo- slavia would take more than a decade to compile. Even so the sum of more than 850 coin hoards—all are listed in the index—is still impressive. The catalogue will provide a basis for any future analysis of hoards of any period, as will also the bibliography, both for Yugoslav and foreign experts. Any new find may easily be incorporated. Let us hope that this is the first step towards an effort to assemble all the coin hoards which must still be lying unpublistted, either in their complete form, or in remnants, or even only re- corded in archives in Yugoslav museums. PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ‘The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a relatively new state, founded after the First World War, uniting all the Southern Slavs (with the exception of the Bulgars) in one state for the first time. It consists of six Socialist republics: Slovenia in the North-West, Croatia (Hrvatska), crescent- shaped, in the North and the South, Bosnia and Hercegovina in the mountainous centre, Serbia in the East, Montenegro (Crna Gora) in the South and Mace- donia in the South-East. There are also two autonomous provinces within Serbia: Vojvodina in the North-East, bordering Hungary and Rumania, and Kosovo in the South, lying next to Albania. All these regions have their own geographical features and have had their own individual courseof history.‘Yugoslavia covers an area of 255,805 square kilometres. In the North- West it borders Italy, in the North Austria, Hungary and Rumania, in the East Bulgaria and inthe South Greece and Albania. Owing to the diversity of geographical and historical factors, the pattern of hoarding varies from region to region and from century to century. Geo- graphically Yugoslavia can be divided into threemain zones: —the Pannonian Plain in the North (Northern Croatia, Slavonia and Vojvo- dina) spreading northward into Hungary; —the predominantly mountainous region in the centre part (Bosnia and Hercegovina and Montenegro); —the Adriatic Coast in the West, with 725 islands. Most parts of the country lie on the Balkan Peninsula, whose mountains, rich in minerals and covered by dense forests and good pasture grounds, form the economic basis of life in the region. ‘The mountains guaranteed greater safety than the plains in the North, where themajor concentration of coin hoards, included here, was found (Slovenia, Northern Croatia, Slavonia and Vojvodina—see the distribution map of all hoards). ‘The reasons for this may be twofold. ‘The Pannonian soil is rich, communications are good, by both the roads and the navigable rivers (the Save, the Drave, the Danube), and life was easier than in the mountains. When there was peace, the popula~ tion descended into the valleys and into the plains, but if there was war, they took the opposite direction, ‘The invaders usually remained in the plains and colonized them much more quickly than the upland (Mirkovic, M., 1958, 5-6). Most of the cities were also situated in the plains. ‘The other reason for this obvious concentration of recorded coin hoards in the North of Yugoslavia is that there was a well-developed system of museums there as early as the first half of the 19th century. The natural barrier of the mountainous belt is crossed by ancient routes that start in the coastal towns. Following the rivers, these routes traverse the steep passes across the watersheds. The busiest pass from Italy connected ‘Trieste (Tergeste), Postojna and Vrhnika (Nauportus) and was, in Late Roman Empire, protected by a system of walls, the clausurae Alpium Juliarum. More difficult to cross were the road passes used by the roads from Rijeka (Tarsatica), ‘Senj (Senia) and Karlobag into the mainland. Zadar (Jader), also on the coast, had connections inland through the Obrovac Pass, and Salona, the capital of Roman Dalmatia, through the Klis Pass. More tothe South, the Neretva (Narenta), partially navigable, connected the Adriatic with Vid (Narona) and further with the mining districts of Bosnia. Greece had good trade routes penetrating Macedonia by following the Vardar, and going further to the North along the Morava, reaching Pannonia and the Danube. Agriculture with some additional cattle-breeding was possible in the plain, while cattle breeding was more imiportant in the mountains, agriculture being only an additional feature. ‘The coastal economy combined the two with fish- ing, sea-faring, olive and vine growing and trade (Mirkovic, M. 1958, 2-5). Such an economy hardly changed for millennia, until the introduction of corn and potatoes in the eighteenth century.Roman Dalmatia was renowned for its iron and copper mines, which produced metal for the Danube armies (Rostovizeff, M. 1963:243, 341, 343). Pannonia too had mines, run by the Illyrian tribe of Pirustae. Here, Siscia, a Flavian colony was the main metallurgical centre; it was also later one of the Roman Imperial mints. The most famous metallurgical province however was Noricum, part of which is situated in Yugoslavia (Rostovtzeff, M. 1963: 72). The first commercial exchange must have been limited to local Ilyrian tribes; the only known long-distance trade in the pre-historic period concerns imported amber from the Baltic. Saltmust have also been exported from the Bosnian mines. The Illyrians were able to offer the Greek colonists food, corn, salt, cattle, and dogs, while the latter could give them in exchange various metal objects, pottery, etc., imported from Greece (Wilkes, J. J. 1969:7-8; Beaumont, R. L. 1936:181-188). Analmost identical situation occurred in the Middle Ages between the Roman city population and the Slavs who had occupied the land. With the arrival of the Romans all kinds of local products began to be ex- ported, but their main interest was focussed upon the minerals, iron ore, copper, silver and gold. The bases of the economy remained agriculture and cattlebreeding (Wilkes, J. J. 1969:4141-415; Rostovtzeff, M. 1963:202, 237, 239, 345). Many sources, ancient, mediaeval and modern witness the export of these goods. The most detailed is the Edictum de pretiis, issued by Emperor Diocletian and his colleagues in A.D. 301 (Giacchero, M. 1974). ‘There must have been many imports too—corn was brought from Egypt, also paper, glass, linen, ete. ; jewels and spices from theOrient; dyed silk from Phoenicia and Palestine; skins and hides from Cappadocia; wine from Cilicia; oil from Pamphylia; lead from Macedonia; slaves from Mauretania, ete. (Stein, E. 1928:25). The Danube provinces were among the chief markets for Italian products (Rostovtzeff, M. 1963:19, 21, 55, 67), which passed chiefly through Aquileia. All parts of Roman provinces on theterritory in question made their own pottery. With the Migration Period this flourishing trade and industry were des- troyed together with the cities. ‘The economy became very backward and primitive; agriculture also suffered astrong setback because thebarbarian peoples lived a nomadic life. Only onthe Dalmatian islands and in some of the coastal towns did life continue its relatively normal course, being connected with other parts of the Empire by sea. Even Salona was destroyed in 614 or later. In the sixth and seventh centuries, with the arrival of the Slavs both the pastoral and the agricultural economy began to recover, while trade was in the hands of the Roman inhabitants of the coastal towns. Among the latter Dubrovnik (Ragusa) emerged, becoming later a major trading power which influenced the entire Balkans for centuries (Mirkovit, M. 1958:108-112). In the Middle Ages three types of towns can be discerned: the coastal towns, mining towns in Bosnia and Serbia and towns in the plains. The last lived on an agricultural basis and were situated in Slovenia, Northern Croatia and Slavonia, Northern Serbia, parts of Bosnia and Macedonia and they were 3connected by rivers and roads. Crafts were ofgreater importance in these townsthan trade (Mirkovic, M. 1958:62). The coastal towns managed to com- bine agriculture and crafts with a well-developed maritime trade, exporting toreutic products, lead, iron, cattle, hides, wax, honey and timber (Mirkovic, M. 1958:62) and their heyday was in the 13th-15th centuries. ‘The mining towns of Bosnia and Serbia were built near silver or iron mines; they were usually protected by a castle and some of them contained a mint. Their pop- ulation was often mixed, for instance, in the case of Saxonian miners (Mirkovic, M. 1958:63). Trade flourished again from the thirteenth century onwards, as . can be proved by written documents and by the increasing number of coin hoards. The caravan routes were almost the same old Roman roads. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ‘The part of Europe discussed in this volume has had a long and eventful history. At the very dawnof history, which coincides with the first appearance of money on this territory, various Ilyrian tribes, about whom we possess some accountsby ancient Greek authors occupied the area. The Norici lived in what is now Slovenia, Histri in Istria, the Liburni on theCroatian Coast, the Jadastini near Zadar, the Delmatae in Central Dalmatia, while the Daorsii, the Ardiaeii, the Pleraei and the Dardani occupied the remaining Adriatic Coast. The mainland was inhabited by the Japodes, the Colapiani and Oseriates in Croatia, the Maezaei and the Daesidiates in Bosnia, the Breuci in Slavonia and the Scordisci and the Dindari in Serbia, to mentiononly the major ones. Some of them issued their own coins (the Labeatae, the Daorsii, and possibly the Maezaei). In the seventh and sixth centuries B. C. the Greeks began to colonize the Adriatic. Their colonies such as Coreyra, Heracleia, Pharos, Issa had their own mints. In 168 B.C. the Romans defeated the Ilyrian king Gentius, but the final subjugation of [yricum took place around the turn of theeras. The Roman conquest left positive traces on coin hoards. The Romans divided the territory into several provinces: Dalmatia (cov- ering the modern Southern Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina,Montenegro, a part of Western Serbia and also of Albania), Pannonia (Northern Croatia and Serbia), Moesia, Macedonia and Noricum (partly in Slovenia). After a rela- tively peaceful time these provinces entered turbulent period in the third and fourth centuries A.D. , well reflected in the quantity and distribution of coin hoards. The Migration Period marked an end to the Roman domination, Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) fell into Avar hands in 583 and Salona, the capital of Dalmatia was taken in 614 or even later. Nominally the emperor in Constantinople remained the supreme lord of these parts until 1204. The Slavic nations arrived in the 6th and 7th centuries and settled down. Among the first states they established was Carantania in the seventh/eighth : centuries, which was followed by Croatia in the 8th century. The latter be- came united to the kingdom of Hungary in 1102 after the death of the last national king. ; ‘The Serbian or Rascian state also became independent. Its zenith was reached in the mid-fourteenth century and was followed by disintegration into 4small demesnes, which in their turn became an easy prey to the advancing Turks. Another important South Slavic state was Bosnia, which fell into Ot- toman hands in 1463, a fact well illustrated by coin hoards. ‘The Croato-Hungarian kingdom suffered a severe setback in 1241 during the Mongol (Tartar) invasion (much less reflected in hoards than one would expect), while the Adriatic coast was almost entirely occupied by the Venetians a century later. Slovenia, on the other hand was divided among many foreign feudal secular and ecclesiastical lords, finally becoming one of the hereditary lands of the Hapsburg family. The latter became rulers of Croatia and Hungary in the sixteenth century. The Turkish wars, all extremely well reflected by coin hoards, lasted for several centuries ending with the liberation of Hungary and Croatia in the second half of the seventeenth century. Serbia as an inde- pendent state was resurrected in the first half of the nineteenth century, as was Montenegro. Macedonia and Bosnia and Hercegovina remained Ottoman for a much longer time. After the Napoleonic wars the Austrian Empire was enlarged by new provinces: Venetia, Istria, Dalmatia and the territory of the former Republic of Dubrovnik. The old order crumbled in 1918 after the First World War and the new state of Yugoslavia emerged. In 1941 it was dismembered by the Fas- cist powers, but already in 1943 the fundations of a new republic were laid, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. THE METAL Different metals were hoarded in different periods. Gold coins have been found in some of the earliest hoards, but soon afterwards gold disappeared until the first century B.C. It is scarce in the second and third centuries A.D. Byzantine gold coins were the most sought-for currency in the following few centuries, being replaced by Venetian, Hungarian and Ottoman gold later on. Silver, on the other hand, was easier to acquire and it is present in most of the hoards, being scarce only in the third and fourth centuries A.D. and vanishing entirely in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. It began to flow in from the West in the tenth century, and increased in the following centuries, particularly around 1500. Copper and bronze currency, which were normally the only money the common people saw and were able to lay aside, dominate hoards in the fourth and sixth centuries A.D. In composite hoards, consisting of coins of two (or more) different metals, the most frequent combination in Antiquity is that of silver and bronze, and silver and gold in Mediaeval and Modern times. PROVENANCE AND DISTRIBUTION ‘The oldest coins to befound in Yugoslavia are of Greek origin (5th-3rd centuries B.C. ) and therefore discovered in Macedonia. Illyrian mints pre- dominate on the Adriatic, penetrating inland as well (Heracleia, Pharos, Issa, DIM). The circulation of Graeco-Illyrian bronze was quite limited, while the only silver from Ilyrian soil in this early period came from the Damastian mint and had amuch wider circulation, reacing as far as Serbia and Kosovo.ewes) SZNOYS A YSATIS ‘C109 ONINIVLNOD SCGYVOH avoa 1In the 3rd century B.C. we find the earliest hoards of Barbaro-Celtic coins, whose origins are in many cases difficult to establish. Greek coins were not frequent, but in someof the hoards both Greek and Celtic issues were buried together. The former were chiefly Macedonian tetradrachms of Philip If and Alexander III (in one case gold staters in a hoard from the vicinity of Leskovac in Serbia) as well as those of the Diadochot. ‘The list of mints and countries, as well as rulers suddenly widens in the second and first centuries B.C. There are hoards of Greek and Illyrian coins, hoards of Barbaro-Celtic coins, hoards of Italic, Roman Republican and African (Numidian, Ptolemaic and Carthaginian) coins. Each ofthese four groups covered a specific area of the country. Greek coins appeared now sporadic- ally in a few hoards found in Istria, Bosnia and Macedonia, while Illyrian silver of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium formed hoards in Central Dalmatia, from the islands of Hvar and Brac to the mainland as far as Duvno (Delminium) and also around Narona. Barbaro-Celtic coins in hoards have been found only in the Northern parts of the country (Slovenia, Northern Croatia and Slavonia, Vojvodina). One group of Italic and Roman coin hoards was found situated in Istria and Slovenia, a second one in Northern Dalmatia, and a third in Central Dalmatia as far as Narona. In Slavonia Roman Republican issues were in circulation at the same time as Ilyrian (Apollonia and Dyrrhachium) and Celtic coins. Several hoards of Roman Republican coins were discovered in Srijem and in Vojvodina. Among the Graeco-Illyrian coins one ought to mention those found in the mining district of Japra (no. 27), hitherto unknown, supposedly Maezean (Basler, D. 1973). Three hoards were entirely royal Illyrian, with issues of king Ballaios, a ruler, whose very numerous bronze and several silver speci- mens are the only historical source for his existence, probably after 168 B. C. (Rendic-Mioéevic, D. 1964; Dukat, Z. and I. Mirnik 1976:185-186; Marovic, I. 1976). A group of bronze hoards from Lika and Krbava, both in Croatia, and from Western Bosnia, probably arrived by the valleys of the Zrmanja, the Lika andthe Una. They contained various bronze denominations of Carthago, ‘Numidia (Micipsa and his co-rulers) and Ptolemaic Egypt, together with aes rude, aes signatum and aes grave. The biggest of all is the Mazin hoard (no. 76), preserved nearly in its entirety in the Zagreb Collection. Some of them have been dated to the late second century, others to the first century B.C. Of all these hoards, judging from the literature the most curious one must have been the Marpurgo hoard (no. 32). As all the facts concerning it are very misleading and inaccurate, it shouldbe understood in the future that this was a hoard of fourteenth century gold coins from Maribor (no. 500) and not of Carthaginian gold. ‘The last group of hoards buried in the course of the second century B.C. consisted of Barbaro-Celtic coins, sometimes found together with Greek issues in a line from the western part of Northern Croatia, running eastward to Serbia and down to Macedonia. The most important of them, the Narta (no. 33) and Ribnjaéka (no. 36) hoards, came from Croatia, from the vicinity of Bjelovar. The first, found in 1894, also contained types of Dacian provenance— the Hugi-Vovriesti type of Preda (Preda, C. 1973:122-123, pl. XXUI-XXVI)—imitating the tetradrachms of Philip II of Macedonia, which had been in circula- tion for a long time and have cuts. This hoard seems to have been buried in the mid-2nd century B.C. The Ribnjaéka hoard (no. 36) consisted of coins of different provenance and of three types (the Turnierreiter, Kinnloser type, Audoleon) and is considered as the hoard with the most beautiful and skillfully executed coins. The Barbaro-Celtic hoards from Serbia and Macedonia con- tain imitations of Larissan coins, coins with thick flans and curly executed hair Dickschrottlinge; Ringellocken), as well as the so-called Syrmian and the Leiertyp and other imitationsof coinsof Philip II and Alexander III. As has been said, coin hoards concealed in the course of the first century B.C. follow the same lines. In the North, the barbaro-Celtic coinage pre- dominated, chiefly silver and some Boian gold (no. 56—Dobrna-Retje; no. 67— Lemberg; no. 80—Obrovac Backi), but there are Roman Republican and Ilyri- an coins as well. The Slovenian hoards of this period contain the East Norican types (the earlier Styrian-Carniolan: theBrezelohrtypus, DIM, OTE and Augentypus, all dated around 80 B.C. and the later Styrian group: ‘I-type, Wuschelkopftypus, dated after 80 B.C. ), probably autochthonous, which can all be dated in the Middle and Late La Tene Period. All these hoards have been re-published by P. Kos (Kos, P. 1977). Celeia (Celje) must have been a very important centre at that time, with a major concentration of hoards. In Croatia one encounters Barbarian coins of the so-called Croatian group, older than the Slovenian one and divided into three main types named after the most important hoards: the Varazdin (Krizovljan near Varazdin, no. 65), the Samobor (Oki¢ near Samobor, no. 84) and the Djurdjevac hoard (Semovec near Djurdjevac, no. 60). The silver coins decline both in weight and in quality of metal as one approaches the end of Barbarian coinage. Soon afterwards for the first time the coinage becomes unified in this ter- ritory. Roman silver coinage (victoriati and denarii) follow the earlier bronze denominations. At first currency was imported chiefly from Rome and other mints, but much later there were several local mintson the territory of Yugo- slavia. These were Siscia, Sirmi m and Stobi, the two first situated in Pannonia, the third in Moesia Superior and the last in Macedonia. Siscia and Sirmium were both Flavian colonies. Siscia (Sisak) was an impor- tant metallurgical centre, particularly for iron, and the main port for supply- ing the Danube legions (Rostovtzeff, M. 1963:244). The mint must have been . opened between A.D. 259 and 262, under Gallienus. It was active for almost 125 years and its output of aes was enormous. Other metals were also minted. ‘The main concentration of Siscian coins in hoards is naturally in Pannonia (Zmaji¢, B. 1961). irmium (Sremska Mitrovica) became the capital of Pannonia early in the second century A.D. ; several Illyrian military emperors of the third century A.D. were born there. The mint was probably founded by Constantine the Great between A.D. 320 and 324, Between A.D. 346 and 351 it was closed : down and reopened in 351 by Constantius II, There was another interruption between 365 and 378, it was then active for one year and then again in A.D. 389 and 395 . It might be interesting to mention that Sirmium once again be- ° came the site of a mint run by the Gepides and their king Cunimund in the fifth century A.D. The Roman mint issued coinsin all metals, medallions and gold ingots as well (Zmaji¢, B. 1959; Zmajic, B. 1960).ANT Sue SRI TE MTSOVCA Ds Q252VRKASICE ACA PROVENANCE - MID-3rd CENT.A.D.(SLAVONIA & SERBIA) A-WESTERN MINTS B-EASTERN MINTS C-LOCAL MINTS Fig. 2 9[238.POSTO |180.KOMIN PROVENANCE: 2nd HALF OF THE 3rd CENT. AD. (SLOVENIA, CROATIA, BOSNIA) A-LOCAL MINTS B-WESTERN MINTS C-ORIENTAL MINTS Fig. 3 1064.0. PETROVC! 81 KOSTOLA fl62.D. PETROVCT TIC ROMA 18. KOSTOLAC DIZ SATNICA |235.SIMANOVCI 164.0. PETROVCI 81. KOSTOLAC PROVENANCE: 2nd HALF OF THE 3rd CENT. AD. (SLAVONIA & SERBIA) A-LOCAL MINTS B-WESTERN MINTS C-EASTERNMINTS Fig. 4 it282. GHRUSEVEC 4S LE SCE 82GHRVSEVEt .GHRUSEVEC 310 TRUEBANI USC PROVENANCE: Ist HALFOF THE 4th CENT.AD. A-LOCALMINTS B-WESTERN MINTS C-EASTERN MINTS Fig. 5The third mint, Viminacium (Kostolac) on the Danube, became a colony under Gordian II, who also opened the mint. Only bronze and copper coins were minted until the reign of Gallienus. The circulation of Viminacian coins. was relatively limited, while there is no mention of Stobi coins found in a hoard. There are relatively few coin hoards from the first and second centuries A.D, from Yugoslavia. At this stage Emona (Ljubljana) began to store hoards for future numismatists. Most of the coins in all hoards came from Rome, but individual colonial issues are known from Lycia, Caesarea Cappadociae and Ephesus (hoards nos. 123, 134, 138, 144, 227). Legionary issues of Mark Anthony (c. 31 B.C.) continued in use for a while. In Northern Croatia there are two groups of hoards of the second century A.D. , one around Bjelovar and one in Slavonia, only the latter being found near the main Roman roads. Other hoards belonging to the first and second centuries A.D. were grouped along the Danube, from Belgrade (Singidunum) down to the Iron Gates. There are no hoards recorded from Vojvodina from the first four centuries. Several hoards of Roman Imperial coins ofthe first and second centuries A. D. From the reign of Severus until the mid-3rd century A.D. there are hoards from Eastern Yugoslavia (Slavonia, Serbia, Macedonia), that show a strong representation of the Viminacium mint. The western mints represented at that time in hoards were Rome and Milan, and the eastern ones Antioch, Dacia, Laodicea and Emesa, but the last two are negligeable. Hoards concealed in course of the secon ‘of and the ‘century A.D. from c. 250 to 280 show the rise ofthe importance of the Siscian mint and the decline of Yiminacium, Rome still produced very many coins for the Danube Provinces, whereas other Western mints were: Ticinum, Mediolanum, 'Gaul', and Treveri. The presence of Eastern mintsis not prominent at all (Laodicea, Antioch, Cyzicus, Serdica, Tripolis, Alexandria etc. ) in these parts. There is a similar situation for the same period in Slavonia and Serb’ ‘The Siscian mint is very important and among the Western mints are Rome, Ticinum and Lugudunum, The same hoards also contained considerable quan- tities of coins from other Balkan and Oriental mints: Cyzicus, Serdica, Antioch, ‘Moesia, Tripolis and Alexandria. Coins from this last mint formed the main part of a few hoards from Slovenia a known sites in Northern Serbia. were je Do). The percentages of Siscian coins in hoards vary from place to plate ‘depending very much upon the distance from Siscia. Other well represented mintsof this period were Rome, Ticinum and Aquileia, while Arelate, Treveri, Jondinium, Lugdunum and Ostia provided much smaller percentages. Among the Balkan and Oriental mints one must mention Thessalonica, Heracleia and Cyzicus. The further one moves westward, thepresence of the Oriental mints is less felt, the best indication of this being the large Centur hoard (no. 267). gmetimes Alexandria, Antioch, Nicomedia, and Serdica appear as well, their 13C 251 JUBLJANA THES [292 LJUBLJANA " 303 SR.MITROVICA ALE THES cYZ 309. TRESTANOVCT Ni BIT VRANIC THES CON PROVENANCE: MID-4thCENT. A.D. (EASTERN MINTS) Fig. 6 14SBC Aa 272. DOBROTIN PROVENANCE : MID-4th CENT. A.D. A-LOCAL MINTS B-WESTERN MINTS Fig. 7 15289.LUPOGL AV bs NKOVCT Fig. 8 PROVENANCE: 2nd HALF OF THE 4th CENT.AD. A-LOCALMINTS B-WESTERN MINTS C-EASTERN MINTS 003°%4 Fig. 9 PROVENANCE: Sth CENT. A.D.(THE KOSTOLAC HOARD)lar pattern can be followed for coin hoards of the mid-fou fury. Siscia is strongly represented in many hoards. Of the western ‘mints Aquileia, Rome and Treveri are the ones with the highest percentages, but coins struck at Narbo, Lugdunum and Arelate have also been identified. ‘The eastern mints slowly gain in importance and their coins seem to be more common than before—there arenumerous specimens from Thessalonica, Nicomedia and Antioch and the coins from Constantinopolis begin to infiltrate this territory ona larger scale. Very similar conclusions can be drawn for second half of the fourth century A.D., with the difference that the outpuj Little can be said about the provenance of coins from the fifth century hoards, for there are too few to permit any far-reaching conclusions and only three of them have been analyzed according to their mints. In a hoard from Dalmatia (no. 323) the following mints are represented: Alexandria, Antioch, Aquileia, Constantinopolis, Cyzicus, Heracleia, Nicomedia, Rome and Thes- salonica. The hoard from Serbia (no. 333) has issues from Alexandria, ‘Antioch, Aquileia, Constantinopolis, Cyzicus, Nicomedia, Thessalonica and Treveri together with coins from Siscia and some barbarian imitations. The situation was similar with the Kostolac hoard (no. 328), where it was possible to calculate the percentages. ‘The number of hoardsburied in the course of the sixth century is relatively small. ‘The main mint at that time was Constantinople, the remainder of money arriving from Thessalonica, Nicomedia, and Antioch. The last coins of Sisciawere still found in Budva (no. 334). ‘The concentration of hoards around Salona (Solin near Split) has been seen as evidence in favour of a mint established there during Justinian's wars. Ostrogothic coins have been found in three hoards from Dalmatia and one from Sisak contained Langobardic coins (no. 346). ‘Not much can be said about the provenance and distribution of coin hoards of the centuries following. Byzantine coinage was the only one in circulation. In the seventh century one hoard consisted of barbarian imitations of Heraclius' solidi (no. 356-Zrmanja). After a gapof one century or more, coin hoards were hidden again, this time in the northern parts of Yugoslavia and they con- tain Abbasid coins of the eighth and ninth centuries A.D. , while others show the usual Byzantine gold. The Arab currency must have been lost or buried by Jewish tradesmen who were the only ones to travel from Europe to the East at that time. Of the two known hoards of the tenth century A.D. one contained Byzantine bronze (anonymous folles) and the second French silver, a proof that Western money had begun to be brought into these parts of Europe again after several centuries and was soon to replace the Eastern currency. But in the eleventh century A.D. mostof the coin hoards are Byzantine, mainly of gold, and only one hoard contained early Hungarian silver coins (no. 369- Srbija), Later on Hungarian currency became dominant in Pannonia. ‘The number of known coin hoards increased in the twelfth century A.D. and they can be divided into two main groups, both geographically and accord- ing totheir content, The first group containing Byzantine gold or bronze scy- phate coins and is found in Macedonia and Serbia as far as theDanube, and Wwoccasionally in Dalmatia. The other group consists of Western silver denom- inations, chiefly Frisatic coins andwas discovered in a line from Slovenia to Vojvodina as far as Sombor (no. 385) and Dalmatia. These Friesachers usually belong to the ERIACENSIS type. Three hoards produced French issues of Limoges, Albi, Le Puy, Normandie, Valence, Provins-Sens, Troyes and Champagne. In some cases bracteates were also found and in one hoard Byzan- . tine gold nomismata were buried together with Hungarian silver denars. ‘The hoards of the thirteenth century may be divided into five main groups: 1. Byzantine scyphate coins in the South and South-East of the country, in Serbia and Macedonia. These play an important part in the economy of the first half of thecentury, but in the second half already began to con- tain early Serbian and Bulgarian scyphates. On the Adriatic coast Byzan- tine currency slowly vanished and gave way to Italian, mainly Venetian money. 2. Italian, chiefly Venetian currency all along the Adriatic Coast and in the North-West of the country. 3. The Friesacher Pfennige group in the northern parts of Yugoslavia, with a slight concentration in Slovenia. There they circulated freely together with coins of some Italian cities (Venice, Aquileia, Trieste, Gorica, Verona and Bologna). 4, Croatian denars (denarii banales) struck by the viceroy in Croatia and Slavonia (ban, banus in Latin), found in hoards in the Pannonian Plain, ‘This region was also reached by Frisatic silver from Slovenian and ° Hungarian mints and by English coins. 5. Other South Slavic issues, the first Serbian and Bulgarian coins, found in Serbia. The distribution map of this century shows a hoof-like shape, beginning in Istria and Slovenia, spreading across Croatia, Slavonia and Vojvodina, and reaching Macedonia through Serbia. Fewer hoards have been recorded from the coast, and the central part of the country has remained blank. : The Friesacher Pfennige of this period were numerous, the Slovenian mints being of great importance for national numismatics. The mints usually owned by the Archbishops of Salzburg were active in parts of the former duchies of Styria and Carniola: Kostanjevica (the German Landstrass), Brezice (Rann), Slovenjgradec (Windischgritz), Kamnik (Stein), Ljubljana (Laibach), Ptuj (Pettau) and Brod na Krki Gutenwerth). ‘The extremely rare Croatian Frie- sachers have been identified inone single hoard. Hungarian coins are relatively rare in hoards found in Croatia and Slavonia, which had its own currency of high quality ofboth silver and crafts- manship (group no. 4). In Croatia it was Duke Andreas (1196-1204) who : began to mint silver, and later series of denarii banales were issued between the reigns of Bela IV (1235-1270) and Ludovic I the Great (1342-1982), Such denars from the thirteenth century have been found in the Pannonian Plain and c in Bosnia. The very first bagattini of the community of Split have been found in one hoard only—their number in hoardsof the fourteenth century is bigger. 18If we plot all the known hoards hidden during the fourteenth century A.D. on a map, we suddenly arrive at an entirely different picture. Not only are their contents generally South Slavic in character, but they are almost equally distributed throughout the country, leaving only a few blank regions. This can easily be explained by the strong interest of Yugoslav numismatists in their national field. Almost every hoard was hidden along a main trade route or at a reasonabledistance from it. In the fourteenth century Slovenia, i.e. Styria and Carniola, shows a strong penetration of Venetian and other Northern Italian currency, found as sole con- tents in hoards, or sometimes in combination with other Western European coins. The only hoard with a strong South-Slavic character is the Metlika hoard (no. 503), which produced somelater Croatian denars of the early four- teenth century. ‘The Lika and Krbava regions in Croatia have yielded a few hoards consist- ing of Venetian, Hungarian and Austrian coins, whereas Northern Croatia and Slavonia show the domination of—with a few exceptions—Hungarian currency— some of these hoards include the last emissions of the Croatian banal denars (banovei) (no. 534-Sokolovac; no. 555-Zgruti). Hoards seldom contain coins more than fifty or sixty years old. In Dalmatia Italian currency is plentiful in hoards, but more interesting are the small silver coins of the Split Community. In Central Bosnia there is a group of hoards with a large number of Dubrovnik denars, as well as some Bosnian, Serbian and Venetian coins. In Vojvodina coin hoards also have a generally Hungarian imprint with some Serbian, Italian, Wallachian and Bul- garian additions. The fourteenth century hoards from Serbia are an extremely interesting complex of material for the study of Serbian Mediaeval coinage. There are isolated cases of Hungarian coins found in Serbia and Wallachian coins in Eastern Serbia. Most of the coin hoards from Macedonia have also produced Serbian issues, together with some from Venice which arrived from Venetian possessions in Albania. A few of the hoards of the fourteenth century also show the first appearance of Turkish silver. We must also mention the pre- sence of various imitations of Serbian grossi and Serbian imitations of Vene- tian grossi the latter quite frequent and notorious. intheir time. The small state of Zeta, ruled by the Balsi¢ family also minted money, found in two hoards. One single hoard also contained grossiof the Subi¢ family from Bribir in Dalmatia. If we now observe coin hoards buried in the fifteenth century, we can divide them into four main groups. The first one, situated in Slovenia displays chiefly Austrian currency from all mints as well as those of other Western European countries, sometimes including Venetian coins. The second group, cmcentrated in the Lika and Krbava regions and their immediate vicinity, consists of Venetian coins only, except for two hoards of South German issues. The third group, in Slavonia produces only Hungarian money, sometimes combined with Venetian and Western European coins. The Kusonje hoard (no. 581) also contained a rare silver denar minted by the last and only titular king of Bosnia, Nicholas of Mok. 19‘The fourth group, consisting so far of seven hoards, situated in Central Bosnia, is characterized by entirely South Slavic contents (Serbian, Bosnian and Dubrovnik coins). Some of them were contemporary with the fall of the Bosnian kingdom in 1463 (Sigic, F. 1962:232-233), but some were hidden much earlier. Chronologically the span between the earliest and the last issues within the fifteenth century is always less than a century. South Slavic minting activity was suddenly interrupted by the Turkish oc- cupation of their various states inthe fifteenth century. The mint of Dubrovnik was one of the few that survived. Two hoards also contained coins of the : Community of Split struck during the administration of Duke Hrvoje Vukéic- Hrvatinie (1403-1413), whereas coins of Kotor have been found in one hoard. Very rare coins struck in Zadar under Venetian rule between 1410 and 1419 with the inscription MONETA DALMATIE were found in the still unpublished Pridraga hoard (no. 590). Among other rara and rarissima let us not forget a unique four ducat piece struck by the last Bosnian king Stjepan TomaSevic (1461-1463) discovered in the Prijepolje hoard (no. 591) which has unfortunately disappeared and only a drawing, a photograph and a replica haveremained. This is a unique case of any of the South Slavic states issuing gold coins. At Gaberje (ao. 568) and at Jugorje (no. 571) one-sided silver pfennige of the last two counts of Celje, Frederic II (1362-1454) and his son Ulrich II (1406-1456) are known. Among the Serbian coins of this century, mainly small silver of the despots _Djuradj 2 Brankovic (1427-1456) and Stefan Lazarevic (1389-1427), unique pieces issued both by Djuradj Brankovi¢ and Janos Hunyadi in 1455, were found at Deronje (no. 564). Coins buried in the course of the sixteenth century A.D. can be linked with the main historical events in various parts of the country; owing to a massive amount of written documents, printed leaflets, books and pamphlets, the Turkish wars are extremely well documented. Nearly all the hoards re~ corded as from the sixteenth century have been unearthed in the northern half of Yugoslavia. The contents are in general very complex and there are few . hoards with uniform currency. In Slovenia and Istria most of the hoards con- tain Austrian coins (all mints), Hungarian and Italian (chiefly Venetian) cur- rency. Croatia and Slavonia usually have Hungarian coins, starting with Matthias I Corvinus or even Sigismund I, but there are also Austrian, Venetian and other Western European issues. This is also true for Vojvodina, with the difference that Italian money seems to havebeen scarce. Ottoman money can be found in hoards in Serbia, Vojvodina and Croatia, even as far as Ljub- Vjana in Slovenia, but it never forms the main part of a hoard. Coins minted on the territory of Yugoslavia have been selected in seven hoards. The hoards from Batajnica (no. 605) contained very interesting silver coins minted at Novo Brdo. Srebrenica and Rudnik, all old South Slavic mints taken over by the Turks. Some of the specimens from Ljubljana (no. : 636) were struck at Novo Brdo, Kratovo and Skopje. A hoard from Macedonia (no. 637) consists of specimens from Kratovo, KoGane, Novo Brdo, Skopje, Beograd and Cajnie. The same is true for the hoards from Opatinee (no. 7 645) and Svinjarevci (no. 658). The Ragusan grossetti, in spite of the fact that they were struck in huge quantities in the sixteenth century, as proved 20by the Dubrovnik archives, are scarce in treasures. Relatively rare speci- mens of denars of the Croatian magnate Nicholas II Zrinski (1493-1534) have so far been found in four hoards (no. 609-Bukova; no. 622-Gaj; no. 668- Veraée; no. 670-Vinkovci). In the seventeenth century in Slovenia, i.e. in Carniola and Styria, both Austrian (all mints) and other western European currency can be found in com- bination with Venetian issues. Hungarian money predominates in Northern Croatia and Slavonia, but is often found together with Austrian and other Western European coins (German, Polish, Dutch, Belgian, French etc. ), as well as Italian, mainly Venetian money. Frequently there is also small silver Ragusan change, normally pierced. Ottoman coins too have been found, but it must be pointed out that a considerable number of hoards buried in provinces which at the time of deposit were still in Turkish hands, contain no Ottoman currency whatsoever, a fact which was already recognized by BrunSmid (Brunsmid, J. 1908-09:225) and later by Mazuran (Mazuran, I. 1956) and is confirmed by almost all new finds. Even in treasures where they are present, their quantity is negligable. ‘The reason for this must be sought in the decline of value and debasement of silver inthe Ottoman Empire, which had entered a long period of deterioration in the seventeenth century. ‘Turkish money was still minted on the territory of the former SouthSlavic states and is present in hoards (no. 676-Beograd; no. 677-Bezanija; no. 723-Sremski Karlovei). As in the previous century almost all hoards have been found in the northern half of the country. Ragusan coins have been found in 8 hoards dated to the eighteenth century, chiefly the grossetti. Among the many Hungarian coins there must be a cer- tain quantity of the so-called denarius croaticus, still unidentified, struck during the reign of Charles II (VI) with imported Hungarian dies (Herkov, Z. 1952; Kopaé, V. 1971). Venetian and other Italian money was also in circulation, particularly along the coast and its immediate hinterland, as well asin the Ottoman pro- vinces, but it became almost non-existent in hoards from Slovenia and Croa- tia. Hungarian coins are plentiful both in Croatia and Serbia, but the most commonly hoarded currency was that of Austria and other Western European (mainly South German) states. The variety of mints represented in a hoard also began to be less. ‘The nineteenth century finally bringsus to the last material to be discussed. ‘The monetary system was gradually becoming uniform. The second half of the nineteenth century is characterized by striking and printing of money by the autonomous states, the principalities, later thekingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (Mihailovic, V. and D. Glogonjac, 1973) in several European mints and at home also. In thefirst half of the century the mint of Dubrovnik was still active until it was closed down in 1808 after having been in existence five hundred years. “anAD. fo. Tsp igo 590 290 igo T_ 190, 290, 390490 590] 5 15a 7 20 22 24 25 42 42a 6la 68 69 nn 76 78 83 90 93 102 103 104 106 107 108 109 0 12 "3 Ne nS 16 7 8 19 120 122 123 126 125 126 127 128 129 130 fee rae AA | Fig. 10 Survival in coin hoardsNO. 131 132 13 134 136 138 139 140 13a a7 48 182 153 156 187 158 159 160 161 163 164 187 168 170 172 17% 175; 176 178 173 180 181 182 183 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193195 197 199 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 212 213 216 207 218 219 221 222 224 229 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 243 bk 246 207 48 209 250 251 253 255 300 200Wo. 258 261 262 266 265 267 268 272 276 277 279 280 281 282 265 286 287 288 289 292 293 295 300 302 303 304 306 307 308 309 0 3 312 313 317 320 321 322 AD. ee 323 326 325 328 332INO. 334. 338 339 341 342 hu 345 351 352 354 355 357 358 359 360 10 1900 1100 1200 130 364 366 375 377 378 380 380 382 383 384 386 387 388 389 390 3900 391 393 395 397 398 399 401 405 41 14 27NO. 413 418 420 426 430 431 435 436 443 444 448 449 450 451 456 457 462 463 470 a7 472 476 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 486 487 488 489 491 493 499 500 501 504 508 aiz 10900 1000 100 1200 +: 1400 1500 11 1790 1800 -— -NO. 800900 1090 1100 ¥4,00_ 1500. 1600, 1700 1800, 511 512 sk 515 516 529 538 539 S41 542 543 S47. 548 551 S57 S59 565 566 567 . 571 S73 575 577 578 579 580 581 589 $93 a 596 599 600 601 603 604 609 611 613 14 618 620 621NO. '800__900_ 1000 "1100, 1200, 1300 1400, 1500, 16001700, ig09, 622 623 624 , (628 629 630 633 634 635 639 640 643 644 645 646 648 649 650 651 654 657 658 659 661 665 666 667 668 669 670 676 678 679 682 683 685 686 687 690 694 696 697 699 Fig. 17NO. 700 704 7206 708 709 710 2 6 NT 18 N39 720 m2 124 725 726 729 730 731 735 736 737 0 900K 3| 3 HOO 12 3 1800 Tat 743 TAS 747 149 751 752 757 760 765 766 769 mm 1713 175 776 717 778 779 780 781 | Fig. 18 3t Ls‘THE CATALOGUE Sth-3rd CENTURIES B. C. ‘The distribution map of the coin hoards of the earliest times of monetary circulation on the territory of modern Yugoslavia shows few treasures in a limited area. The coins from these hoards are either Greek, Barbaro-Celtic, or Ilyrian. ‘The Illyrian coin hoards are concentrated in Central Dalmatia, both on the islands and the mainland. Illyrian coins have also been found in the Bay of Kotor and in Serbia (two hoards), but in combination with other coins. In Macedonia, on the other hand, there were hoards entirely Greek in content, except for the Skopje hoard (no. 18), this is easy to explain because of the nearness of the ancient Greek mints. Further north in Serbia, Barbaro- Celtic issues become more dense—first around NiS (no. 16) and then in a group of coin hoards concentrated around the Danube (no. 15a-Kréedin; nos. 19-20- Zemun, no. 15-Jabukovac). All these hoards contained Greek denominations as well. Important quantities of money do not seem to have reached the other parts of the country. ‘The oldest Greek coins, octadrachms of Macedonian tribes from archaic times (mainly Derrones), were found in a hoard at Stip (no. 13), buried according to M. Thompson around 500 B.C. The trade routes by which the money was brought went from Macedonia in the South-East along the two main highways from Greece, especially up the Vardar Valley and to the North along the Morava, reaching the vicinity of Belgrade and the Danube. The earliest Barbaro-Celtic coins were found in hoards in Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia as as far as Skopje (no. 18). (One can draw few conclusions from the seven odd hoards dating from the Srd century B.C. All the hoards consisted of silver coins. One hoard con- tained Greek coins only, two Celtic, three both Greek and Celtic issues mixed together. The Greek coins were of different origin, but the predominant specimens were the drachms and tetradrachms of Philip Il and Alexander IIT (minted during his lifetime and later, from all mints), as well as those of Demetrius Poliorketes, Lysimachus, or Seleucus I. The Celtic ones, on the other hand, imitate the issues of Philip 1, Alexander III and of Larissa. ‘The earliest recorded hoard was discovered in 1780 in Zemun (no. 19), being thus the first known to be found on this numismatically rich site. An- other hoard from the 3rd century B.C. was discovered there in 1924 (no. 20) and it was preserved well enough to offer a great deal of information. Other hoards are those from Jabukovac (no, 15) and Prilepec (no. 17), equally im- portant both for their quality and quantity. ‘The two latter hoards may easily be connected with the Celtic invasion of this area around 280 B.C. , but the one from Zemun may be somewhat more recent and dated around 220 B.C. according to V. J. Hunter. 331. DOLNO EGRI (surroundings), Bistrica, Bitola, Makedonija AR, tetradrachms: Greece, Macedonia, Thracia Keramitéiev, A. 1972:70. 2. GRAD, Deléevo, Stip, Makedonija AR (c. 500), diobols: Histiaea Euboeae . Keramitéiev, A. 1972:70. 3. GRAISTE (surroundings), Demir Hisar, Bitola, Makedonija AR (28), tetradrachms: Greece, Macedonia, Thracia Keramitéiev, A. 1972:70, 4, HVAR (the island), Hrvatska, b. 1837 AV (1), AR (1), AE (162), 4th century B,C. (Thompson) Greece: Agrigentum (1) Illyria: Herakleia (49); Issa, Pharus (?1 AR, 58 AE) Disposition: AM Zagreb (38), formerly P. Nisiteo coll. Steinbitchel, A. 1837:164, 168; BrunSmid, J. 1898; Noe, S. 1925:117; Noe, S. 1937:165, no. 615; GCH, 64, no. 417. x probably identical with no. 12-Skudljivac 5. JANJEVO, Pristina, Srbija, 1961 4th century B.C. ; AR (c. 60); drachms (52), staters (8) Illyria: Damastium; Pellagia Disposition: dispersed Pegan, E, 1962:25-26. 6. JUGOSLAVISA, before 1924 4th century B.C. ; AR (12), tetradrachms Illyria: Damastium Disposition: dispersed Mitt. NG Wien, 15/1924:268; Noe, 8. 1925:226; GCH no. 369 7. MURTER, Tijesno, Sibenik, Hrvatska, before 1919 ?4th century B.C. (Thompson); AE (15) Illyria: Heracleia Disposition: AM Zadar Stockert, K. 1919:127; Noe, S, 1937:187, no. 708, GCH, 1973:65, no. 421, 8. PRVA KUTINA, Cele-Kula, Ni3, Srbija, 1923 tpq. 355 (May); AR (c. 100), tetradrachms Illyria: Damastium Greece Disposition: NM Beograd (3); Wien (12); dispersed; Munsterberg, R. Mitt. _NG Wien, 15/1924:268-269; Munsterberg, R. NZ, 58/1925:29; Sarla, B. 1924-25:97-99; Klemenc, J. 1936:126, no. 11; Horvat, B. 1996:27-29, 58; Noe, 8. 1987:158, no. 589; May, J. M. F. 1939:7-8, 11, 16, 51, 60, 72-74, 76-77, 85-89, 189, 200; Petrovic, J. 1935: 3-37 ; GaraSanin, D. 1951:177; GCH, 59, no, 369. 9. RISAN, Kotor, Cetinje, CrnaGora, 1927 € 380 B.C. (Horvat), tpa. 330 (May); AR (c. 300), tetradrachms, staters Greece: Corinthus (c. 100) and her colonies: Leucas, Anactorium; Paconia Illyria: Damasticum (c. 200): Daparria (3); Dyrrhachium; Pellagia (1); Tenestini (71); inc. 34 ca| 10. i. 12. 13. uu. 15. Disposition: NM Beograd (10); dispersed Horvat, B. 1934-36:26-64; Klemenc, J, 1934-36:127, no. 15; May, J. M. F. 1939:8, 11, 87, 91, 113-115, 119, 123-127, 164, 199-202; GCH, 1973:61, no. 391. SINS, Split, Hrvatska, before 1939 4th century B.C. (Thompson); AR (¢. 30), tetradrachms Illyria: Damastium Disposition: dispersed May, J. M. F. 1939:8 (note); GCH, 1973:64, no. 416. STARIGRAD, Hvar, Split, Hrvatska, 1836 ‘4th century B.C. (Thompson); ?AR; AE (162) Illyria: Heraclea (49); Issa (lonios-55); Pharus (58) Disposition: AM Zagreb (45), formerly P. Nisiteo coll. Steinbttchel, A. 1837:165; Nisiteo, P. Bull dell Ist., 1838, Rathgeber, G. 1838:89-91; 93-94; Ljubie, S. 1864:395; Brunmid, J. 1898:35; Noe, S. 1925:65; Noe, S. 1937:77, no. 254; GCH, 1973:64:no. 419. x probably identical with no, 12—Skudljivac SKUDLJIVAC, Vrbanj, Hvar, Split, Hrvatska, 1835 4th century B.C. (Thompson); AE (+92) Illyria: DI (M) (3); Heraclea (29); Issa (1); Pharus (60) Disposition: MS Osijek, formerly Unger coll. (partly) Capor, M. 1835; Nisiteo, P. 1835; Ljubic, §.1853:132; Kubitschek, W. 1897; Noe, S. 1925:192; Noe, S. 1937:269, no. 985; GCH, 1973:64-65, no. 420. STIP, Makedonija, c. 1912 c. 500 B.C. (Thompson); AR, octadrachms Macedonia: var. tribes, mostly Derrones (archaic) Disposition: New York (8); Berlin (c. 2); NM Beograd (1); London (1) Blutter fir Munzfreunde, 1913:5411; Noe, S. P, 1925:101; Noe, Ss. P. 1937:mo. 495; GCH, 1973:57, no. 355. ‘TOPOLCAMNI, Bitola, Makedonija, c. 1917 325-320 or later (Thompson); AV (c. 200), staters and distaters Macedonia: Philip 11; Alexander I Disposition: Sofia (4); dispersed Blatter fitr Mtinzfreunde, 1917:355; Noe, S. P. 1937:no. 1117; GCH, 1973:62, no. 399. ard CENTURY B.C. JABUKOVAC, Negotin, Srbija, 1920 c. 280 B.C.; AR (+29), tetradrachms (14), drachms (5), imitations (10) Barbaro-Celtic: imitations of Philip If (Eselsohrtypus 5); Alexander I (4); Larissa (1) Greece: Macedonia (1): Alexander II (17), ten mints Disposition: NMK Negotin (2); dispersed ‘Vuékovic-Todorovic, D. 1969; GCH, 1973:67-68, no. 447; Preda, C. 1973:138. 3516a, KRUEDIN, Beska, Stara Pazova, Srbija 16. 1. 18. 19. 20. mid-3rd century B.C. ; AR (10) Barbaro-Celtic; Greece: Macedonia: Alexander II; Lysimachus; Seleucus; Demetrius; Philippus IIT Brukner, B., B. Jovanovic and N. Tasic, 1974:296. NIS, Srbija, s.a. AR, Barbaro-Celtic Hrdic, S$. 1939:10. PRILEPEC, Prilep, Bitola, Makedonija, 1950 ©. 280 B.C. (Boehringer, Thompson); AR (+208), tetradrachms; pot burial Greece: Macedonia: Alexander I (137); Philip III (10); Demetrius Poliorketes (15); Lysimachus (19); Athenae (1); Seleucus I (6); Paeonia: Audoleon (1)~—various mints Disposition: AM Skopje (208); NM Beograd; partly dispersed. Marie, R. 1959a:179, no. 1, Vuckovie-Todorovie, D. 1958, Jenkins, G. K. 1960;31, note; Pegan, E. 1960, Num. Vest, 3,4:132-135; Keramitéiev, A. 1972:70; Boehringer, C. 1972:194; GCH, 1973:68, no. 448, SKOPJE, Makedonija, before 1922 AR, tetradrachms; Barbaro-Celtic; Greece: Thasos Noe, S. P. 1925:230; Noe, S. P. 1937:302, no. 1151. ZEMUN, Beograd, Srbija, 1780 AR (23), tetradrachms; Barbaro-Celtie: imitations of Alexander IT Disposition: formerly the Magistrate at Zemun Staats- und gelehrte Zeitung des Hamburgischen unpartheyischen Co: » 60, 14th April 1780; Munsterberg, R. 1915. ZEMUN, Beograd, Srbija, 1924 ©. 220 B.C. (Hunter), tpq. 230 (Boehringer); AR (+255), tetradrachms, drachms Barbaro-Celtie: imitations of Philip II (Eselsohrtypus; Alexander II; Larissa (+102) Greece: Athenae (1); Macedonia; Alexander II (41-39); Philippus I ©); Lysimachus (3); Demetrius Poliorketes (1); Eumenes (1): Attalus I(1); Seleucus I (2); Antiochus I (1) Disposition: NM Beograd (159); Newell Coll. (3); B. Horvat Coll. 11 (now GM Vinkovei) (+10); Wien (1); dispersed. Saria, B. 1927:11; Horvat, B. 1934-36:135; Noe, S. P. 1997:253, no. 959; Pink, K. 1939:36,59,61,65,71,77, 117,144; Newell, TT. 1941:187; Hunter, V. J. 1967; Vuékovie-Todorovie, D, 1969:393, 398, 400, 403; Boehringer,C. 1972:194; GOH, 1973:69-70, no. 458; Preda, C.'1973:138, 2nd AND Ist CENTURIES B.C. The last two centuries before the New Era provide the most interesting and varied material before the Middle Ages. Coins of five different cultures can be found on the territory of modern Yugoslavia: Greek, Illyrian, Barbaro- Celtic, African and Italo-Roman, 36 eee‘The dates of burial for the hoards of the 2nd century B.C. vary: 186-168 B.C. ; 180 B.C.; 170 B.C.; before 168 B.C. ; after 167 (two hoards); 150- 125 B.C, ; 124-92 B,C. ; 123-122 B.C. ; late 2ndcentury B.C. (three hoards). Other hoards can be dated only approximately within a longer period. The coin hoardsof the 1st century B.C. are also of great numismatic interest because of their threefold character. The main groups are the follow ing: the Greek and Illyrian coins still in circulation; the last Barbaro-Celtic coinage in the Northern part of the country, and the Roman republican coinage. A fourth group might well be added—the hoards from Lika and Krbava, con- taining, as has already been mentioned, large quantities of aes rude, aes signa- fum, aes grave, combined with Egyptian, Numidian and Carthaginian bronze of large and medium module. This group is not easily placed within the 2nd and Ist centuries B.C. ‘The dates of burial, especially of the hoards edited either by M. Thompson or M. Crawford, are the following: 124-92 B.C. ; 91-79 B.C. (two hoards); 89 B.C. (two hoards); 78-49 B.C. (two hoards); 49-45 B.C. ; 44-47 B.C. (two hoards); 29 B.C.; 27-2 B.C. (six hoards); 14 B.C. and2 B.C.-A.D. 11. For the rest, the data are incomplete anddo not permit more precise datation. 2nd CENTURY B.C. 20a. BASKA, Krk, Rijeka, Hrvatska, 1936 AE (c. 90); Italy: aes grave, uncia, libra (all series); asses; quadrans, ete. Disposition: AM Split (5); formerly the Court at Krk; AM Zagreb (archives) Considered as forgeries by V. Hoffiller and supported by K. Pink and B. Horvat. 21, DALMACWJA, Southern (around Budva or Risan), before 1958 tpq. 167 B.C. ; AE (7) + jewelry Illyria: Ballaeus Disposition: NM Beograd GaraSanin, D. 1964; Gaj-Popovic, D. 1964; GCH, 1973:81, no. 565. 22. DOJRAN, Titov Veles, Makedonija, 1932 2nd century B.C. (Thompson), before 168 (Klemenc); AE (c. 100) Macedonia: Philippus V (1); Amphiaxitis (1); Ampbipolis (8); Pella (13); Thessalonica (10) Disposition: AM Zagreb (26); dispersed. Klemenc, J. 1934-36:131, no. 33; GCH, 1973:79, no. 555. 23. DUTOVLJE, Sezana, Koper, Slovenija, 1889. c. 170 B.C.; ¢. 150 B.C. (Crawford); AE (117)-asses Roman republican, down to issue M. ATILI.SARAN (Atilia) Disposition: Gorizia; Trieste Mitt. Zent. Komm, 16/1890; LMS, 1890:127; Crawford, M. 1969:77, no. 139; ANS, 1975:134. 3724, 26. eT. 28. 28a. 29. 30. 31. GRACAC, Gospic, Hrvatska, 1925 late 2nd century B.C. (Thompson), 208-c. 180 B.C. (Crawford), 100 B.C. (Klemenc); AE (563-c. 60 kg); pot burial Aes rude (213); aes signatum (8); anon. asses (3) Aegyptus: Ptolomaeus III Fuergetes (1); Ptolomaeus IV Philopator (1); Ptolomaeus VI Philometor (4); Ptolomaeus VIII Euergetes II (3) Carthago (127); Numidia: Micipsa and his brothers (203) Castulo Tarraconensis (3) Disposition: AM Zagreb (all) . Klemenc, J. 1934~36:126-127, no. 13; Saria, B. 1927:12; Crawford, M. 1969:79, no. 145; GCH, 1973:81, no. 569. HVAR (the island), Hrvatska, before 1942 AE (#65); Ilyria: Ballaeus (65) Disposition: AM Zagreb AM Zagreb (archives). JAPRA, Maslovare, Kotor Varos, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina, 1961 AE (14+ 4); pot burial Illyria: Maezei ?, 3rd-2nd century B.C. Disposition: ZM Sarajevo Basler, D. 1973. JUGOSLAVIA . AR, barbarous imitations of Larissa Disposition: NM Beograd Saria, B. 1927:11; Noe, S. P, 1937:309, no. 1176. JUGOSLAVISA, AE (+51); Illyria: Ballaeus (51) Disposition: Oxford (51), ex J. M. F. May CHI, 1975:28, no. 88. KLADOVO, Negotin, Srbija AR; Barbaro-Celtic: Dickschrottlinge-Ringellocken Disposition: Wien (1); dispersed NK, 8/1914:62-64, 71; Pink, K. 1939:117, 139. ?KRIVAJA (?KRUINWA), TrZaéka RaStela, Bihac, Bosna i Hercegovina, ce. 1932 late 2nd century B.C. (Thompson); AE (ec. 100) Carthago; Numidia: Micipsa Graettens, E. 1934:17-18, 32; Num. Litt, Blatt, 1934:2757; Pegan, E. 1965-67, Argo, 4-6. GCH, 1973:81, no, 567. the exact position of this site remains an open question, KRUPA, BOSANSKA, Gornji Vakuf, Jajce, Bosna i Hercegovina AE; Carthago; Numidia Disposition: AM Zagreb (3). ?MARPURGO, 1932 AV (several hundreds); Carthago ~ Disposition: dispersed RassN_ 1932:91; Noe, S. P. 193’ 74, no. 656; Jenkins, G. K. and 3833. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. R. B, Lewis, 1963:61; Pegan, E. 1965-67, Argo, 4-6:34; GCH, 1973: 79, no. 549. it is impossible to establish which site was meant by this name—perhaps this hoard ought to be ignored in the future. NARTA, Ivanska, Bjelovar, Hrvatska, 1894 mid-2nd century B.C. (Preda); AR (+36), tetradrachms, pot burial Barbaro-Celtic: Pannonia (Hugi-Vovriesti type); imitations of Philip I; Greece (3) Disposition: AM Zagreb (33) Brunsmid , J. 1895; Patsch, K. 1896:278; Pink, K. 1939:35,38,141; Preda, C, 1973:112-118, 116-117; 122-123, 397, 445. countermarks and cuts. NOVI BANOVCI, Stari Banovei, Stara Pazova, Srbija AR (30), AE (8); Barbaro-Celtic: Pannonia (Syrmian type), tetradrachms (1); AE @); drachms (83); minimi (21) Disposition: AM Zagreb (NK, 9/1910:112; NK, 10/1911:25; Pink, K. 1939:66, 106, 141 x possibly a hoard PRACA, Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina, c. 1852 2nd century B.C. ; AR (c. 2000), tetradrachms Greece: Neapolis; Thasos; Croton; Macedonia: Philippus II, Alexander III; Massilia; Abdera; Istros; Agrigentum Disposition: dispersed Makanec, A. 1906:109. RIBNJACKA, Bulinac (Nova Rata), Bjelovar, Hrvatska, 1941 AR (c. 102), tetradrachms Barbaro-Celtic: imitations of Philip II (the "Tournament rider" with a lowered or uplifted lance), chin-less type; transitional Audo- leon type) Disposition: AM Zagreb (52); GM (Bjelovar (5); NM Ljubljana (1); Listie coll. Zagreb (28); partly dispersed Ligéic, V. 1955; Lisdic, V. 1957; Pink, K. 1957; Liscic, V. 1961; Castelin, K. 1967:148. X unpublished as a whole. RUJEKA, Hrvatska, 1858 ¢. 150-125 B.C. (Crawford); AR (4), denarii Roman republican: down to issue P. MAE. ANT.M. F. (Maenia) Archiv fr Usterreichische Geschichte, 29/1863: 310; Crawford, M. 1969:81, no. 156. RIJEKA, Hrvatska, 1860 c, 124-92 B.C. (Crawford); AR (45), drachma (1), victoriatus (1), denarii (43) Archiv fur Usterreichische Geschichte, 29/1863:308; Crawford, M. 1969:83, no. 165. RISAN, Kotor, Cetinje, Crna Gora, c. 1888 AR (437); AE (1); Illyria: ?Rhizon 39