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Deuterostomes Echinodermata and Hemichordata
Anus forms at or near the blastopore Radial and indeterminate cleavage
Enterocoelous coelomates
Calcarea and Silicea ANCESTRAL PROTIST Eumetazoa Cnidaria
ZOO 3
Prof. Eleanor Aurellado
Common ancestor of all animals
Lophotrochozoa
Bilateria
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia
Echinodermata
Endoskeleton of
Water vascular system
Derived from the
calcareous ossicles often with spines
Pedicellariae pincers used for picking debris
coelom System of canals which open from the madreporite leading to tube feet or podia
Locomotion Feeding Respiration Sensing
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Pentaradial symmetry
Tube feet Adults show 5-part symmetry Larvae are bilateral
protrude through ambulacral grooves Ambulacral grooves can be open or closed
Fossil records also show bilateral ancestors
Development
Metamorphosis involves a reorganization into
Why five?
Evolution of endoskeleton may be responsible Skeleton is stronger if joints (weak points) are not
a radial juvenile.
Left/right becomes oral/aboral.
opposite each other
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Other characteristics
Decentralized nervous
Importance of echinoderms
Ornamental trade
system (nerve rings and radial nerves) No excretory or osmoregulatory system
Confined in marine habitats
Mutable connective
tissue
Capable of rapid reversible changes in stiffness
Ecological impacts
Hazardous
Acanthaster (crown-of-thorns starfish) feeding on coral
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Food
Habitat
Pearlfish living inside Bohadschia (sea cucumber)
Sea urchin roe or uni (Japanese sushi)
Clingfish living on arms of a feather star Sea cucumber (Chinese cuisine) Tripneustes
Echinoderm Classes
Class Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lilies)
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Form and function
Have feathery arms
Sea lilies
Have stalk for
with pinnules Ambulacral grooves ciliated and with tube feet Suspension feeders Both mouth and anus open on the upper surface
attachment to the bottom Dominated the Paleozoic fossil record Sessile lifestyle may explain why echinoderms became radially symmetrical
Feather stars
Modern sea lilies Has no stalk, found in coral reefs Can swim by undulating their arms
live in deep seas Some are known to creep along the ocean floor using their arms
Endoxocrinus
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Class Asteroidea (sea stars)
Form and function
Common on shores and coral reefs Arms broadly connected to central disk
Madreporite on aboral surface
Linckia laevigata
Protoreaster nodosus
Mouth on underside Open ambulacral grooves Podia with ampullae
Skin with gills called dermal branchiae With pedicellariae
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Feeding
Carnivorous Stomach everted
Regeneration
Can replace lost arms Can regenerate a new individual from an arm
through the mouth
Sea daisies
Formerly Class Concentricycloidea Discovered in 1986 from deep seas off New Water vascular system consists of a double
Zealand
ring of canals No arms
Xyloplax turnerae
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Class Ophiuroidea (brittlestars and basket stars)
Form and function
Arms distinctly marked
off from central disc Closed ambulacral grooves Podia for food gathering and w/o ampullae No anus and pedicellariae
Brittlestars or serpent stars
Madreporite on oral surface Bursae
Can cast off their arms (autotomy) Flexible unbranched arms used for
Respiration Reproduction
locomotion
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Basketstars
Sessile suspension feeders Branching arms
Class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Form and function
Ossicles fused into a rigid test With spines and pedicellariae
Feeding
Herbivorous with long intestine Feeding apparatus called Aristotle's lantern
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Sea urchins
Pedicellariae sometimes with toxins Used to cover themselves with debris
Astropyga radiata Toxopneustes Tripneustes
Diadema setosum
Sand dollars
Flattened test with short spines Podia for food gathering and respiration
Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
which protrude through petaloids
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Form and function
Elongated body Reduced dermal ossicles
Madreporite internal Respiratory tree
Oral podia modified into
tentacles
Deposit feeders
Other sea cucumbers
Can eviscerate themselves in defense Cuvierian tubules Toxins Can regenerate
Synapta
Holothuria
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