Scientific J.

Flowers & Ornamental Plants

www.ssfop.com/journal
ISSN: 2356-7864 doi: *******

EFFECT OF PRE AND POST-HARVEST TREATMENTS ON THE

POSTHARVEST KEEPING QUALITY OF SUNFLOWER
CV. SUN RICH ORANGE CUT FLOWERS
Randa I. Diab; O.A. Abdelsadek and Naglaa F.S.I. Elbohy
Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Research Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., Agricultural Research
Center, Giza, Egypt

ABSTRACT: Two experiments were consummated in a saran’s

greenhouse at the Ornamental Nursery and the Ornamental
Laboratory of Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt to study the effect of

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two factors (NPK fertilization at different rates of 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5
g/l (pre-harvest) and some pulsing solutions i.e. distilled water (D.W.)
for 16 h, sucrose (S) at 20% for 16 h, S (20%) for 16 h + silver
thiosulfate (STS) at 1:4 mM for 18 min and S (20%) + 8-
hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) at 200 ppm for 16 h) to enhance
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Sun Rich Orange growth and

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9(1):**-** (2022).
keeping quality of cut flowers after harvesting during 2019 and 2020
summer seasons. Also, the interactions between these two factors
were assessed. Using any NPK fertilizer rate significantly enhanced
plant height, total fresh and dry weights of plant and flower diameter
as well as total chlorophyll content in the leaves, total carbohydrates
percentage in leaves and anthocyanin content in flower petals of
Scientific J. Flowers & sunflower compared to control. Moreover, the rate of 3 g/l of NPK
Ornamental Plants, gave the highest values of water uptake and water balance in
comparison with the other rates. The longevity of the cut flower was
Received:
gradually increased with increasing NPK fertilizer rate up to 3 g/l then
27/2/2022 it decreased. S + STS or S + 8-HQS as a pulsing solution recorded the
Accepted: highest values in water uptake and water balance at 2, 4 and 6 days of
15/3/2022 shelf life periods as well as increased longevity and fresh weight
change (%) of cut sunflower compared to the other ones under study.
Corresponding author:
R
Randa I. Diab
In general, the interaction between S + STS or S + 8-HQS and 3 g/l of
[email protected] NPK gave the highest values of water balance and longevity
compared to the other interaction treatments. It could be concluded
that S + STS as well as S + 8-HQS, showed a uniform influence in
keeping quality of sunflower cut flowers under 3 g/l of NPK fertilizer
with increasing longevity and total sugars content in the flowers.
Key words: Sunflower, NPK fertilizer, pulsing solutions, growth,
quality, cut flowers, sucrose, 8-HQS.
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INTRODUCTION several social events viz. birthday parties,

weddings, visiting the patients and
Sunflower plants can become oddly decorating buildings have been utilized in
large comparative to their container size, Egypt. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
especially when grown in a greenhouse and has potential as a potted flowering plant due
can be complicated to hold adequately- to ease of propagation, short crop time,
watered in the post-harvest climate (Whipker attractive flowers but postharvest life is short
and Dasoju, 1998). Cut flowers not only (Pallez et al., 2002). Sunflower is a serious
prettify our circumference but also express cut flower and can be used both for bedding
our emotions. Utilizing of cut flowers for
 Randa I. Diab et al.

or bordering through gardens and cut flower vase life and water balance compared to
purposes. Sunflower plant is a species control (Helaly, 2019). Furthermore, pulsing
belonging to the Asteraceae family and is solution treatments of (sucrose + silver
described by a great ornamentally, as the thiosulphate) increased the longevity and
production of cut flowers (head flowers) decreased fresh weight loss of Lilium
varying in the various cultivars by color of pumilum cut flowers compared to non-
the flower, from cream to yellow as far as treated as a control (Krause et al., 2021).
heavy brown and various flower size The main objective of the current study
(Devecchi, 2005). was to investigate the effect of pre-harvest
Post–harvest life of various cut flowers treatments (NPK fertilizer rate) on growth
is affected by pre-harvest factors like and flowering as well as post-harvest

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fertilization, irrigation and some growth treatments (pulsing solutions) for keeping
regulators, which can be determined as water quality of sunflower cv. Sun Rich Orange cut
uptake, water loss and water balance as well flowers.
as sugars level of flowers; harvest factors
including time and stage of harvest and post- MATERIALS AND METHODS
harvest factors viz. pre-cooling, pulsing This study was carried out at a black net
solutions, preservatives, packaging and house (saran’s greenhouse) of Ornamental
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storage (De et al., 2015). Using NPK
fertilization rates as well as using nutrient
management at the appropriate rate
significantly increased the yield of flowers
(Gurav et al., 2004; Singh and Jauhari,
2005). In addition, Elbohy (2017) pointed
out that the maximum values of sunflower
growth traits and flower characters were
achieved by treating plants with nitrogen +
Nursery, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig
University, Egypt, during two consecutive
seasons of 2019 and 2020.
Plant materials and cultivation:
Sunflower seeds of cv. Sun Rich Orange
were obtained from the Ornamental Nursery,
Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt and were
sown in 30-cm-pots filled with 12 kg of
potassium fertilization rates at 5 g/pot. Also, mixture medium of clay + sand (1:1, v:v) on
Neima et al. (2020) indicated that April 10th and 16th during the 1st and 2nd
fertilization rate of 1 or 1.5 g/l significantly seasons, respectively. The physical and
improved the flower yield and enhanced chemical analyses of the utilized medium
quality of rose flower. mixture (average of the two seasons) are
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shown in Table (1) according to Chapman
Moreover, pulsing solutions seemed to
and Pratt (1978).
prolong cut flower vase life. In this
connection, some chemical preservatives, i.e. The present study had two main factors
sucrose, silver thiosulphate, 8- as follows:
hydroxyquinoline sulfate as pulsing solutions 1. NPK fertilizer rate as a pre-harvest
were utilized in prolonging flowers vase life. treatments:
Moreover, sucrose decreases ethylene
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production and improves bud opening and Four NPK fertilizer rates (0.0, 1.5, 3.0
inhibits senescence of flowers through and 4.5 g/l) as powder commercially known
enhancing sugars content (Ichimura and as Agro Kristalon Plus, which consists of the
Hisamatsu, 1999). However, silver following minerals: N (19%), P2O5 (19%),
thiosulphate was extremely operative as an K2O (19%), Magnesium (1%) and Sulphur
inhibitor to ethylene realization and action (3.7%) was obtained from Agro Egypt
and a bactericide (Nowak and Rudnicki, International Company (AEIC). The
1990). However, the treatment of silver different NPK rates were applied to pots as
thiosulphate + S + 8-HQS recorded a soil application every two weeks (starting
significant increase in gerbera cut flowers after 25 days from the sowing date) during
the two growing seasons (2019 and 2020).

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 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

Table 1. Physical and chemical analyses of experimental growing mixture media

(average of two seasons).
Physical analysis
Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Soil texture
21.37 7.83 70.80 Sandy
Chemical analysis
E.C. Soluble cations (mmol/l) Soluble anions (mmol/l) Available (ppm)
Time pH (dsm-1) ++ ++ + ++ ++ - - --
Ca Mg Na Zn Mo Cl HCO3 SO4 N P K
Before sowing 7.82 0.59 1.81 0.97 0.32 1.09 1.29 3.03 1.13 0.83 117 54 58
2. Pulsing solution as a post-harvest solution. The combination treatments

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treatments: between NPK fertilizer rate and pulsing
solutions consisted of 16 treatments.
The sunflower flowers were harvested
when the ray florets were completely opened Experimental design:
and placed in the refrigerator at 4 °C for 3 h The sixteen treatments were arranged in
as a pre-cooling treatment. Immediately the a factorial design with three replicates, where
end of flower stems was recut to 80 cm with NPK fertilizer rate treatments were utilized
keeping 3-4 leaves and removing the upper
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leaves. The cut sunflowers were kept at a
temperature of 22-25 °C and 64-72% relative
humidity, light was about 520 lux for
imposing the pulsing treatments. Distilled
water (D.W.), sucrose (S) at 20%, S + silver
thiosulfate (STS) and S + 8-hydroxy-
quinoline sulfate (8-HQS) as post-harvest
treatments were used.
as factor A, while pulsing solutions were
randomly used as factor B.
Data recorded:
Pre- harvest characters:
1. Growth parameters:
After 70 days from the sowing date, the
following parameters were recorded: plant
height (cm), total fresh weights/plant (g), dry
Two flowers were placed in a glass jar of weights /plant (g) and flower diameter (cm).
1000 ml capacity and covered with
impermeable plastic and a plastic tie. All 2. Chemical constituents:
flowers were divided into equal and similar After 50 days from sowing, total
four groups which were treated with various chlorophyll content (SPAD unit) was
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chemical solutions as follows: determined in sunflower fresh leaves by
1. The first group was pulsed in distilled using SPAD-502 meter (Markwell et al.,
water (D.W) for 16 hours (control 1995). Also, total carbohydrates percentage
treatment). in the dried leaves was determined according
2. The second group was pulsed in sucrose at to the method described by Dubois et al.
20% [S (20%)] for 16 hours. (1956). Moreover, at the harvesting stage,
3. The third group was placed in sucrose at sunflower petals were dried at 65 °C till a
20% [S (20%)] for 16 hours + silver constant weight and anthocyanin pigment
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thiosulfate (STS) (1:4 mM) for 18 content (mg/100 g) was assessed according
minutes. to Francis (2000).
4. The fourth group was pulsed in sucrose at Post-harvest characters:
20% + 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8- 1. Water relations:
HQS) at 200 ppm for 16 hours.
 Water uptake (g/flower) was determined
The combination treatments between after 2, 4 and 6 days from the treatment.
NPK fertilizer and pulsing solution:
 Water loss (g/flower) was calculated as the
Each treatment of NPK fertilizer rate difference between the beginning fresh
was combined with each treatment of pulsing weight of cut flower plus the beginning

3
 Randa I. Diab et al.

weight of the solution and fresh weight of diameter compared to control in both
cut flowers besides the weight of solution seasons. Increasing NPK fertilizer rates
after 2, 4 and 6 days from the treatments. gradually increased sunflower growth
 Water balance (g/flower) was calculated as parameters. Generally, the highest values in
the difference between water uptake and this regard were obtained when sunflower
water loss after 2, 4 and 6 days from the plants fertilized with the highest rate under
treatment. study in the two seasons. The increases in
total plant dry weight were 38.82 and
2. The longevity of sunflower cut flowers 42.81% compared to control in the 1st and
(days): 2nd seasons, respectively. The increase in
was determined when the number of sunflower growth due to the application of

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wilted flowers reached 75% of the total complete fertilizer (NPK) might be attributed
number of flowers. to its importance to consist the amino acids
to form the protein which participates in cell
3. Flower weight change (%): enlargement and cell division as explained
Was determined by the following by Devlin (1975). It is well known that NPK
equation: fertilizers could enhance plant growth due to
the role of nitrogen in nucleic acids and

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Flower weight
change (%)
=
Flower weight at 2, 4
or 6 days of shelf life
period (g)
Flower weight at 0
day of shelf life
period (g)
4. Sugars contents (mg/g dry weight):
Reducing and non-reducing sugars
×100

contents then total sugars (reducing + non-

protein synthesis and phosphorous as an
essential component of energy compounds
(ATP and ADP) and phosphor-protein as
well as the role of potassium as an activator
of many enzymes (Helgi and Rolfe, 2005).
Furthermore, fertilization allows the plant
roots to absorb an adequate quantity of the
applied nutrients to meet their necessary
nutritional requirements, actual for the
appropriate plant growth and flowering
reducing sugars) were calculated according
throughout the growing stage (Elbohy, 2017
to Smith et al. (1956).
and Manimaran et al., 2017).
Statistical analysis:
In addition, total chlorophyll content in
The complete randomized block design sunflower leaves which were determined as
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(CRBD) in factorial design was utilized in SPAD units was significantly raised by using
this experiment with three replicates. The NPK fertilizer rates when compared with the
obtained data were statistically analyzed and control (Table, 2). In the same line, all rates
the means were compared utilizing the least of NPK increased each of total carbohydrates
significant difference (L.S.D) at 5% level as percentage in leaves and anthocyanin content
reported by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The in flower petals compared to control in both
means were compared utilizing the computer seasons. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
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program of Statistix version 9 (Analytical potassium as main nutrients improved

software, 2008). sunflower chemical analyses because the
major roles of these elements might
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION contribute in the improving of plant growth
Effect of NPK fertilizer treatments (pre- that reflected on chemical analyses.
harvest treatment): Moreover, NPK fertilizer plays an important
Data presented in Table (2) show that role in a different physiological process of
using NPK fertilizer rates significantly the plant which was described by Lambers et
increased sunflower height, total fresh and al. (2000). In the same trend, Treder (2005)
dry weights per plant as well as flower reported that NPK fertilized lilies plants
contained higher chlorophyll than that of

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 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

Table 2. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rates) on vegetative growth parameters as well as

some chemical constituents of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plant during
2019 and 2020 seasons.
Plant growth parameters
NPK
Total plant fresh Total plant dry Flower diameter
fertilization rate Plant height (cm)
weight (g) weight (g) (cm)
(g/l)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
Control 90.33 94.00 57.70 60.57 12.70 14.37 10.60 11.57
1.5 95.33 96.67 67.43 72.43 15.67 16.90 12.50 13.17
3.0 102.00 105.00 74.50 80.97 16.73 18.03 12.63 13.43
4.5 108.00 110.00 78.70 86.50 17.63 21.37 13.50 13.73

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LSD at 5% 1.85 1.53 3.08 2.10 1.01 1.21 0.28 0.27
Chemical constituents
NPK Total chlorophyll content Total carbohydrates Anthocyanin content in
fertilization rate (SPAD) percentage in leaves flower petals (mg/100 g)
(g/l) 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
Control 36.33 37.17 32.30 34.40 2.350 2.440

AF1.5
3.0
4.5
LSD at 5%
36.90
38.70
39.83
0.69
38.70
39.20
40.23
0.29

non-fertilized plants. Also, Bi et al. (2008)

pointed out that florist’s hydrangeas plants
treated with 210 and 280 mg/l N during the
33.47
35.07
35.27
0.70
34.57
35.13
35.60
0.56
2.353
2.433
2.563
0.097

(once/two weeks). It was also recorded that

the start plants (control) showed the
minimum value of water uptake in this
2.597
2.590
2.763
0.074

first season had more leaf chlorophyll regard (24.43 and 23.82 g/flower at 6 days of
content than the forcing in the second one. shelf life periods during both seasons,
These results are in harmony with the respectively) compared to the other ones
previous researches which stated that the under study. In most cases, the highest water
growth promotion was gained through loss (g/flower) values were obtained for
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adding NPK fertilizers. This was reflected in sunflower plants grown without fertilization
enhancing plant growth and improving (control) at 2, 4 and 6 days of shelf life
flower size due to the rise of chemical periods in both seasons. However, the lowest
constituents of plants (Parveen et al., 2015 values in this concern at any days of shelf
and Neima et al., 2020). life periods were achieved with a 3 g/l NPK
fertilizer rate compared to the other rates in
Effect of NPK fertilizer, pulsing solutions
both seasons (Table, 4). Water balance was
and their combination treatments (post-
enhanced under any NPK fertilizer rates
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harvest treatment):
(except at 2 days of shelf life period at the
Water relations: first season only with 4.5 g/l NPK rate)
As shown in Table (3) the comparison compared to control. The highest values of
between NPK treatments indicated that there water balance (29.30 and -6.51 g/flower as
was a significantly higher water uptake of well as 34.71 and -0.52 at 2 and 4 days of
flowers (63.95, 40.98 and 33.40 g/flower in shelf life periods during both seasons,
the first season and 66.97, 42.45 and 31.53 in respectively) were recorded when sunflower
the second one at 2, 4 and 6 days of shelf life was fertilized with a 3 g/l rate in comparison
periods during both seasons, respectively) in with the other rates under study (Table, 5).
the treatment with NPK at 3 g/l fertilization

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 Randa I. Diab et al.

Table 3. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rate) and postharvest pulsing solution treatments on
water uptake (g/flower) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cut flowers during
2019 and 2020 seasons.
2019 2020
NPK fertilization Pulsing
Shelf life period (days)
rate (g/l) solutions
2 4 6 2 4 6
Control 58.74 37.15 24.43 60.89 34.71 23.82
1.5 54.32 40.43 28.40 61.30 35.10 30.13
3.0 63.95 40.98 33.40 66.97 42.45 31.53
4.5 58.98 37.32 32.05 58.59 44.75 30.04

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LSD at 5% 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.09

D.W. 47.58 29.60 23.05 51.15 32.18 24.10

S 58.79 37.53 26.43 61.43 36.22 27.65
S + STS 62.74 43.32 33.39 66.16 41.95 30.05

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LSD at 5%

Control
S + 8-HQS

D.W.
S
S + STS
S + 8-HQS
D.W.
66.89
0.05

42.27
60.33
64.35
68.02
45.65
45.43
0.06

24.26
38.50
40.10
45.75
30.25
35.41
0.06

20.63
21.55
25.69
29.87
22.08
69.01
0.05

43.85
63.92
65.95
69.83
50.42
46.68
0.03

30.90
30.35
38.92
38.68
31.03
33.71
0.05

20.58
22.58
24.08
28.02
23.32
S 54.80 40.82 25.03 61.58 34.98 30.92
1.5
S + STS 56.42 45.17 30.55 68.32 35.05 32.77
S + 8-HQS 60.43 45.48 35.95 64.88 39.35 33.50
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D.W. 51.05 32.60 24.45 55.00 33.27 26.50
S 65.04 35.13 29.82 68.20 39.03 28.77
3.0
S + STS 68.67 48.00 38.50 70.17 43.83 32.50
S + 8-HQS 71.05 48.17 40.83 74.50 53.67 38.33
D.W. 51.35 31.29 25.03 55.33 33.50 26.00
S 55.00 35.67 29.33 52.00 40.50 28.33
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4.5
S + STS 61.50 40.00 38.83 60.18 50.00 30.83
S + 8-HQS 68.07 42.33 35.00 66.83 55.00 35.00
LSD at 5% 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.13
* D.W.: distilled water as control, S: sucrose 20%, STS: silver thiosulfate and 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquroline
sulfate.

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 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

Table 4. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rate) and postharvest pulsing solution treatments on
water loss (g/flower) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cut flowers during
2019 and 2020 seasons.
2019 2020
NPK fertilization Pulsing
Shelf life period (days)
rate (g/l) solutions
2 4 6 2 4 6
Control 37.03 56.93 49.33 39.23 51.40 44.88
1.5 36.07 51.76 46.54 36.02 47.90 46.17
3.0 34.65 47.49 43.77 32.26 42.97 39.90
4.5 37.53 50.07 50.66 33.55 48.36 37.31

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LSD at 5% 0.06 0.10 0.03 0.16 0.08 0.27

D.W. 41.89 56.33 53.18 40.97 52.66 47.56

S 41.23 53.93 49.37 38.30 49.43 44.38
S + STS 28.14 46.06 42.09 28.44 41.05 35.69

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LSD at 5%

Control
S + 8-HQS

D.W.
S
S + STS
S + 8-HQS
D.W.
34.03
0.08

41.74
42.00
29.00
35.40
42.92
49.92
0.08

60.33
60.03
52.13
55.22
57.00
45.66
0.02

60.80
49.15
40.05
47.33
51.03
33.35
0.12

45.52
42.48
31.85
37.07
40.73
47.49
0.09

59.27
55.55
40.22
50.55
55.45
40.63
0.22

50.09
50.03
38.42
41.00
48.98
S 40.93 55.60 50.57 38.70 45.62 47.95
1.5
S + STS 27.48 45.77 40.42 28.91 40.70 40.67
S + 8-HQS 32.97 48.65 44.13 35.73 49.82 47.08
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D.W. 40.92 53.95 48.73 38.13 45.22 45.45
S 40.67 50.10 47.25 35.00 45.91 40.28
3.0
S + STS 25.60 40.67 38.57 25.67 38.48 35.00
S + 8-HQS 31.42 45.22 40.53 30.25 42.25 38.88
D.W. 41.97 54.02 52.17 39.50 50.70 45.73
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S 41.33 50.00 50.50 37.03 50.63 39.27

4.5
S + STS 30.50 45.67 49.33 27.33 44.78 28.68
S + 8-HQS 36.33 50.60 50.64 30.33 47.33 35.57
LSD at 5% 0.16 0.17 0.05 0.26 0.18 0.46
* D.W.: distilled water as control, S: sucrose 20%, STS: silver thiosulfate and 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquroline
sulfate.

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 Randa I. Diab et al.

Table 5. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rate) and postharvest pulsing solution treatments on
water balance (g/flower) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cut flowers during
2019 and 2020 seasons.
2019 2020
NPK fertilization Pulsing
Shelf life period (days)
rate (g/l) solutions
2 4 6 2 4 6
Control 21.71 -19.78 -24.90 21.66 -16.69 -21.07
1.5 18.25 -11.33 -18.13 25.28 -12.80 -16.04
3.0 29.30 - 6.51 -10.37 34.71 - 0.52 - 8.38
4.5 21.45 -12.75 -18.61 25.04 - 3.61 - 7.27

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LSD at 5% 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.18 0.10 0.32

D.W. 5.69 -26.73 -30.14 10.18 -20.49 -23.46

S 18.33 -16.40 -22.93 23.12 -13.21 -16.73
S + STS 35.35 - 2.74 - 8.70 37.71 0.91 - 5.65

AF
LSD at 5%

Control
S + 8-HQS

D.W.
S
S + STS
S + 8-HQS
D.W.
32.62
0.08

0.53
18.33
35.35
32.62
2.73
- 4.49
0.09

-36.07
-21.53
-12.03
- 9.47
-26.75
-10.24
0.06

-40.17
-27.60
-14.36
-17.46
-28.95
35.67
0.11

-1.67
21.44
34.10
32.76
9.69
- 0.81
0.10

-28.37
-25.20
- 1.30
-11.87
-24.42
- 6.92
0.22

-29.51
-27.45
-14.34
-12.98
-25.66
S 13.87 -14.78 -25.54 22.88 -10.64 -17.03
1.5
S + STS 28.94 - 0.60 -9.87 39.41 - 5.65 - 7.90
S + 8-HQS 27.46 - 3.17 -8.18 29.15 -10.47 -13.58
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D.W. 10.13 -21.35 -24.28 16.87 -11.95 -18.95
S 24.37 -14.97 -17.43 33.20 - 6.88 -11.51
3.0
S + STS 43.07 7.33 -0.07 44.50 5.35 - 2.50
S + 8-HQS 39.63 2.95 0.30 44.25 11.42 - 0.55
D.W. 9.38 -22.73 -27.14 15.83 -17.20 -19.73
S 13.67 -14.33 -21.17 14.97 -10.13 -10.94
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4.5
S + STS 31.00 - 5.67 -10.50 32.85 5.22 2.15
S + 8-HQS 31.74 - 8.27 -15.64 36.50 7.67 - 0.57
LSD at 5% 0.14 0.22 0.13 0.26 0.20 0.50
* D.W.: distilled water as control, S: sucrose 20%, STS: silver thiosulfate and 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquroline
sulfate.

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 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

In general, using pulsing solutions highest values of water loss of cut flowers
significantly increased water uptake of (41.74, 60.33 and 60.80 g/flower as well as
sunflower cut flower compared to control 45.52, 59.27 and 50.09 at 2, 4 and 6 days of
(distilled water). The best results in this shelf life periods during both seasons,
connection were obtained with S + 8-HQS at respectively) were noticed in the treatment of
2, 4 and 6 days of shelf life periods in 1st and distilled water pulsing solution without NPK
2nd seasons compared to the other ones under fertilization (Table, 4). The combination
study (Table, 3). Using 8-HQS was an between S + STS as well as S + 8-HQS and
effective factor as a participating agent for 3 g/l of NPK gave the highest values of
enhancing water uptake through inhibiting water balance (g/flower) compared to the
microorganisms blockage of cut flower other combination treatments (Table, 5). In

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vessels, also utilization of sucrose as an this respect, Verma et al. (2007) on
improving agent of water balance and Dendranthema grandiflora found that the
osmotic in addition to its role as needed maximum amount of solution consumed was
respiratory material for metabolic processes noticed with the combined treatment of 0 g
took place which reflected on increasing of N and 20 g K/m2 in 2% sucrose in
flower longevity. interaction with 200 ppm 8-HQC, whereas,
Furthermore, a comparison between the the lowest values were noticed with the

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pulsing solution treatments indicated that
there was a significantly higher water loss of
flowers (41.89, 56.18 and 53.18 as well as
40.97, 52.66 and 47.56 g/flower at 2, 4 and 6
days of shelf life periods during both
seasons, respectively) in the treatment of
distilled water (Table, 4). Also, the lower
values of water loss of cut flowers were
noticed in the treatments of S + STS as well
interaction treatment of 60 g N and 0 g K/m2
treatment in distilled water (control).
Longevity and flower weight change (%):
Data in Table (6) show that the means of
longevity and flower weight change
percentages were significantly increased
with all NPK fertilizer rates to reach the
maximum values with the high rates (3.0 and
4.5 g/l) compared to control during the two
as S + 8-HQS as pulsing solutions, during consecutive seasons. Also supplying plants
both seasons, respectively. The highest with the rates of 3.0 g/l NPK significantly
values in water balance (35.35, -2.74 and increased flower longevity (9.38 and 9.54
-8.70 as well as 37.71, 0.91 and -5.65 g/ days) compared to control. In addition, the
flower, in the two seasons, respectively)
R
highest flower weight change % values
were recorded when the cut flower sunflower (10.99 and 11.97, 10.24 and 12.09 as well as
pulsed with S + STS at 2, 4 and 6 days of 4.66 and 1.48 % at 2, 4 and 6 days of shelf
shelf life periods compared to the other ones
life periods during both seasons,
(Table, 5). respectively) were obtained with the same
In general, there was a significantly NPK rate (3.0 g/l) compared to the other
higher water uptake of sunflower cut flowers ones under study. Chemical fertilization
(71.05, 48.17 and 40.83 g/flower as well as treatments have also proved to enhance the
D

74.50, 53.67 and 38.33 at 2, 4 and 6 days of longevity of zinnia cut flowers, probably by
shelf life periods during both seasons, increasing the sap movement in the xylem by
respectively) in the treatment of 3 g/l NPK enhancing plant growth (Abbasi et al.,
fertilizer rate interacted with sucrose only as 2004).
well as S + 8-HQS compared to the other Data presented in Table (6) show that
interactions under study. It was also recorded
longevity of Helianthus annuus L. cut
that fertilizing sunflower plants with 3 g/l flowers recorded significant increases (10.83
NPK combined with S + STS showed the and 11.13 days) as a result of exposing the
highest value in this regard compared to the cut flowers to the pulsing solution containing
other ones (Table, 3). At the same time, the S + STS compared to the control treatment.

9
 Randa I. Diab et al.

Table 6. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rate) and postharvest pulsing solution treatments on
flower weight change percentage and longevity (days) of sunflower (Helianthus
annuus L.) cut flowers during 2019 and 2020 seasons.
Flower weight change (%)
NPK Longevity
Pulsing Shelf life period (days)
fertilization (days)
solutions 2 4 6
rate (g/l)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
Control 4.87 6.97 9.86 8.00 0.92 -2.37 7.88 8.29
1.5 8.37 10.09 9.98 10.32 2.52 0.79 8.46 8.83
3.0 10.99 11.97 10.24 12.09 4.66 1.48 9.38 9.54

T
4.5 11.10 11.78 10.61 12.11 4.19 1.40 9.08 9.38
LSD at 5% 1.09 0.99 N.S. 0.89 0.60 0.59 0.70 0.54

D.W. 5.73 7.50 8.28 8.10 1.17 -0.72 6.50 6.79

S 7.90 9.59 9.48 9.91 3.00 0.10 7.95 8.17
S + STS 10.53 11.74 10.92 12.24 4.65 1.05 10.83 11.13

AF
LSD at 5%

Control
S + 8-HQS

D.W.
S
S + STS
S + 8-HQS
11.18
0.87

3.69
4.50
4.69
6.59
11.98
0.81

6.45
6.46
6.66
8.30
12.00
0.77

6.65
9.02
10.97
12.77
12.27
0.71

7.29
7.30
8.26
9.14
3.48
0.44

-1.43
0.60
2.03
2.49
0.87
0.41

-4.11
-2.78
-1.49
-1.09
9.50
0.51

6.00
7.00
10.00
8.50
9.96
0.41

6.33
7.50
10.33
9.00
D.W. 4.21 6.45 8.17 8.41 0.90 -0.28 6.33 6.50
S 7.97 9.40 10.91 9.97 1.82 0.56 8.00 8.33
1.5
S + STS 10.58 12.16 10.07 11.78 4.08 1.62 10.50 11.00
R
S + 8-HQS 10.77 12.36 10.77 11.11 3.28 1.42 9.00 9.50
D.W. 7.33 9.16 9.09 7.04 2.28 -0.68 7.00 7.33
S 8.60 10.34 8.18 11.30 4.87 1.37 8.50 8.5
3.0
S + STS 14.21 14.03 10.84 15.10 6.63 2.08 11.50 11.67
S + 8-HQS 13.80 14.34 12.86 14.92 4.84 1.78 10.50 10.67
D.W. 7.67 7.95 9.21 9.64 2.94 0.85 6.76 7.00
D

S 10.54 12.14 9.83 11.09 4.71 1.26 8.33 8.33

4.5
S + STS 12.62 14.11 11.79 13.82 5.84 1.97 11.33 11.50
S + 8-HQS 13.56 12.94 11.60 13.89 3.28 1.53 10.00 10.67
LSD at 5% 1.85 1.72 1.55 1.52 0.97 0.92 1.13 0.89
* D.W.: distilled water as control, S: sucrose 20%, STS: silver thiosulfate and 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquroline
sulfate.

10
 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

However, placing cut flower bases in S + recorded the highest values of total sugars
STS as well as S + 8-HQS significantly content (52.31 and 51.48 mg/g d.w.)
increased the flower weight percentage compared to the other rates in both seasons.
(10.92 and 12.24 as well as 12.00 and Furthermore, Castro et al. (2011) stated that
12.27%, respectively) at 4 days of shelf life potassium fertilizer deficiency resulted in
periods as compared to control and other decreasing values of carbohydrates
treatments under study. STS pulsing solution accumulation in the leaves of Heliconia
increased fresh weight change % might be psittacorum. The data illustrated in Table (7)
due to that STS inhibited the action of indicated that the treatment of S + STS as
ethylene. Mayak et al. (1982) found that STS well as S + 8-HQS as pulsing solutions
inhibited the ACC to ethylene conversion recorded significant increases in non-

T
activity. Pulsing solutions with 8-HQS were reducing and reducing as well as total sugars
used to prolong the vase life of cut flowers. contents of sunflower cut flower compared
8-HQS contains bacteriocide materials that to distilled water (control). On the other
improve water uptake and sugars as an hand, the lowest values in this regard were
osmoticum and respiratory substrate. Dias- obtained with control compared to any
Tagliacozzo et al. (2005) reported that the pulsing solutions type in the two seasons.
decrease of flower fresh weight happens due The results also revealed a positive effect of

AF
to transpiration processes and the lowering
of water conductivity through the cut flowers
senescence. Also, Hayat et al. (2012) on rose
using a combination of STS with sucrose
regarding longevity found similar results.
The interaction between S + STS or S +
8-HQS and 3 g/l of NPK gave the highest
values of longevity (11.50 and 11.67 as well
as 10.50 and 10.67 days, in 1st and 2nd
STS on increasing the flower sugar contents.
Silver (Ag) has been noticed to decrease the
bacterial infection and plugging in the xylem
vessels of cut flowers. It enhances the water
movement in the vessels and inhibits the
production of ethylene, hence enhancing the
quality of cut flowers (Abbasi et al., 2004).
The interaction between S + STS or S +
8-HQS and 3.0 g/l gave the highest values of
seasons respectively) compared to the other total sugars contents of sunflower flower
interaction treatments (Table, 6). On the petals (56.10 and 53.80 as well as 55.63 and
other hand, the highest values of weight 56.93 mg/g d.w., in the 1st and 2nd seasons,
change of cut flowers (6.63 and 2.08% at 6 respectively) compared to the other
days of shelf life periods during both interaction treatments (Table, 7). All
R
seasons, respectively) were noticed in the interaction treatments between NPK
treatment of S + STS pulsing solution with 3 fertilizer rates and pulsing solutions
g/l NPK fertilizer rate in both seasons significantly increased the contents of non-
(Table, 6). The existence of sucrose (S) in reducing, reducing sugars as well as total
the pulsing solution causes this difference in sugars compared to control (without NPK
flower weight loss (Nascimento et al., 2019) fertilization combined with distilled water)
possibly to the role of sugar which decreases in both seasons. In the same trend, Helaly
D

the osmotic potential and maintains cell (2019) reported that the highest values of
turgor. total sugars percentage of gerbera flowers
Sugars content (mg/g dry weight): were obtained with pulsing solutions of S +
STS. Also, Krause et al. (2021) on Lilium
Table (7) pointed out that NPK fertilizer pumilum found similar results.
rates as pre-harvest treatments recorded
significant increases in non-reducing and CONCLUSION
reducing as well as total sugars contents in The above-mentioned results, showed
sunflower flower petals (mg/g d.w.) that it is favorable to fertilize Helianthus
compared to control (unfertilized plant). annuus, L. cv. Sun Rich Orange plants with
Utilizing NPK fertilizer rate at 3.0 g/l 3.0 or 4.5 g/l of NPK fertilizer rates every

11
 Randa I. Diab et al.

Table 7. Effect of pre-harvest (NPK rate) and postharvest pulsing solution treatments on
reducing and non-reducing sugars as well as total sugars contents (mg/g d.w.)
of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cut flowers during 2019 and 2020 seasons.
2019 2020
NPK fertilization Pulsing Non- Non-
Reducing Total Reducing Total
rate (g/l) solutions reducing reducing
sugars sugars sugars sugars
sugars sugars
Control 4.24 40.27 44.52 4.63 40.73 45.36
1.5 6.03 42.48 48.50 6.64 41.73 48.38
3.0 7.26 45.05 52.31 6.83 44.65 51.48

T
4.5 6.98 42.93 49.92 6.98 44.10 51.08
LSD at 5% 0.70 0.60 0.48 0.21 0.57 0.52

D.W. 4.68 39.62 44.29 4.75 40.15 44.90

S 6.12 42.47 48.58 6.21 41.41 47.62
S + STS 6.58 44.76 51.34 6.66 44.63 51.29

AF
LSD at 5%

Control
S + 8-HQS

D.W.
S
S + STS
S + 8-HQS
7.13
0.42

3.40
4.53
4.40
4.63
43.89
0.51

38.37
40.67
40.80
41.27
51.03
0.74

41.77
45.20
45.20
45.90
7.47
0.18

3.23
5.13
5.33
4.83
45.02
0.40

38.50
39.10
41.70
43.60
52.48
0.45

41.73
44.23
47.03
48.43
D.W. 4.80 40.30 45.10 5.43 39.43 44.87
S 5.87 42.47 48.33 6.60 40.97 47.57
1.5
S + STS 6.03 44.43 50.47 6.27 44.03 50.30
R
S + 8-HQS 7.40 42.70 50.10 8.27 42.50 50.77
D.W. 5.30 40.50 45.80 4.70 41.70 46.40
S 7.07 44.63 51.70 6.60 42.20 48.80
3.0
S + STS 8.30 47.80 56.10 7.67 46.13 53.80
S + 8-HQS 8.37 47.26 55.63 8.37 48.67 56.93
D.W. 5.20 39.30 44.50 5.63 40.97 46.60
D

S 7.00 42.10 49.10 6.50 43.37 49.87

4.5
S + STS 7.60 46.00 53.60 7.37 46.67 54.03
S + 8-HQS 8.13 44.33 52.47 8.40 45.40 53.80
LSD at 5% 1.01 1.06 1.37 0.37 0.91 0.93
* D.W.: distilled water as control, S: sucrose 20%, STS: silver thiosulfate and 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquroline
sulfate.

12
 Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022)

two weeks to enhance the growth Devlin, P.M. (1975). Plant Physiology, 3rd
parameters, total chlorophyll content as well Ed. Van Nostrand, New York, USA, 600
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quality of cut sunflower with increasing qualidade pós-colheita de lírio.
flowers longevity. Ornamental Horticulture, 11(1):29-34.
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 ‫)‪Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 9(1):**-** (2022‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻒ ‪ Sun Rich Orange‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﺍ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻼء ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻲ )ﺻﻔﺮ‪٤٫٥ ،٣٫٠ ،١٫٥ ،‬‬
‫ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ( ﻛﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪ ٪٢٠‬ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪ ٪٢٠‬ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﻪ ‪ +‬ﺛﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ٤:١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻤﻮﻝ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪-٨ + ٪٢٠‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺟﺰء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( ﻛﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺻﻨﻒ‬

‫‪T‬‬
‫‪ Sun Rich Orange‬ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫‪ ٢٠١٩‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٢٠‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻗﺎﺯﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻼﺕ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻨﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ ٣‬ﺟﻢ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ‬

‫‪AF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ‪-٨ +‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ‪+‬‬
‫ﺛﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻪ )ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪ + ٪٢٠‬ﺛﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ٤:١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻤﻮﻝ( ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ٤ ،٢‬ﻭ ‪ ٦‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﺯﻫﺎﺭ )‪ (٪‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ‪ +‬ﺛﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ‪-٨ +‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪٣٫٠ ،‬‬
‫ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﻴ ًﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪ + ٪٢٠‬ﺛﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ٤:١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻤﻮﻝ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ‪-٨ + ٪٢٠‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺟﺰء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻅﻬﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍ ً ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ‪ ٣٫٠‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪D‬‬

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