Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268

Urban Planning and Architecture Design for Sustainable Development, UPADSD 14- 16 October
2015

Challenges of Urban Housing Quality: Insights and Experiences of

Akure, Nigeria.
Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye *

Abstract

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the housing infrastructure and quality in Akure, capital city of Ondo state,
Nigeria. It tries to identify the problems that have aided the degradation of basic housing infrastructures, substandard housing,
overcrowding and the likelihood of future incidences of disease and epidemics. In order to achieve the above; the city was
divided into high, medium and low – density zones. The study also made use of the existing demographic and land use
characteristics of the city and both primary and secondary data were used for the data collection. From the methodology, there
were questionnaire administration, collection and updating of the base maps, observation checklists and the use of necessary field
instrument for the study. Penalty scoring was used to assess the conditions and quality of houses. A total number of 180 houses
were selected for the study. Secondary data involved information from existing literatures, books and journals. The study reveals
that Houses in the high – density area have the worst property and environmental characteristics followed by houses in the
medium – density area. Based on housing condition alone, approximately half of all the dwellings surveyed (54.44%) in the three
zones are categorized as either sub – standard or unfit for human habitation. More than half of the houses surveyed have at least
one or more major defects. Many of the houses are overcrowded with perhaps up to eight persons per room and the rooms are
subjected to tenant’s abuse by internal conversion to increase the occupancy rate. Also, many of the residents in the high density
area are polygamists. The study further suggested a regeneration by private investors with possible displacement of residents
from the high – density zone to new towns; a vigorous programme of housing and health education; enhanced collaboration
between stakeholders to develop enforceable standards for existing housing stock is necessary; while the government is also
expected to improve the existing infrastructures.

©
© 2016
2016Published by Elsevier
The Authors. Ltd. by
Published This is an open
Elsevier Ltd.access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange.
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
Keywords: Housing quality; Housing infrastructures; Nigeria; Urban development, Overcrowding,Environmental health.

1877-0428 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.036
 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268 261

Introduction
Housing as one of the most important basic necessities of mankind is known to tremendously affect human
health and well-being. According to Eldredge [1], housing represents a bundle of goods and services which
facilitate and enhance good living; and a key to neighbourhood quality and preservation. Likewise, Agbola
[2] notes that housing is a combination of characteristics which provide a unique home within any
neighbourhood; it is an array of economic, social and psychological phenomena. In other words, housing could
be seen as a multidimensional package of goods and services extending beyond shelter itself. It is widely
acknowledged that adequate housing is essential for good life, is a key requirement for an efficient and satisfied
labour force and the foundation of satisfactory community life.
The study of Page [3] provides evidence to support the view that poor housing can exacerbate existing health
problems. He also established linkages between poor housing and its detrimental effects on health with particular
emphasis on the mental health of residents. In the Nigerian situation, Oluwande,[4], concluded that children’s
progress is stunted by damp, overcrowded, ill-ventilated and poorly lit accommodation.
Unlike developed nations, the Punch Newspapers [5] reported that, the mortgage industry is still in its infancy in
Nigeria with the real estate sector contributing less than one percent to the nation’s GDP. According to Coker et al [
6] residential land accounts for the largest proportion of total urban land uses in many African cities. The zoning
regulations in many of these cities arbitrarily determines the quality of land supplied to the urban land market and
not by the laws of supply and demand, which Egbu et al.[7] found out fails to meet the demand.
Most housing developments are executed by private developers, taking the form of flats and rooming-
accommodation, which are popularly called ‘face me, I face you’. These account for between60 and 80 percent of
urban housing in Nigeria as observed by Ogu and Ogbuozobe[ 8].

Housing standards
Housing standards vary from one nation to another and also within a particular country; variations in climate,
culture, degree of urbanisation, and socio-economic progress also affect standards. The UNO [9] stated that
standards derive from a people’s cultural level of attainment. It has been argued that standards should combine the
best features of traditional practice with the economy and rationality of modern techniques. The Nigeria’s Federal
Ministry of Housing and Environment has yet to come up with a definite housing standard for the country. However,
in a study on Benin City, Onokerhoraye [10] empirically classified housing standards in Nigeria into two categories:
first, space standard, which defines housing intensity development in terms of plot sizes, number of buildings per
unit area of land and occupancy sizes. The second relates to performance standard, which describes the quality of
the environment. This approach is a modified form of the housing standard specified by the American Public Health
Association (APHA)[11] in 1945, 1946 and 1950. The APHA method minimises individual opinions so as to arrive
at numerical values of the quality of housing that are comparable with results from other cities and can be
reproduced in the same city by different evaluators using the same system.

Housing Quality
Quality according to Onion cited in Afon [12] is a mental or moral attribute of things which can be used when
describing the nature, condition or property of that particular thing. Quality is a product of subjective judgement
which arises from the overall perception which individual holds towards what is seen as the significant elements at a
particular point in time as observed by Olayiwola et al[ 13] and Anantharajan,[14]. Ebong [15] identified some
criteria as indicators for quality evaluation in residential development. These include aesthetics, ornamentation,
sanitation, drainage, age of building, access to basic housing facilities, burglary, spatial adequacy, noise level within
neighbourhood, sewage and waste disposal, air pollution and ease of movement among others. However, Neison
[16] stipulates 5 basic criteria which provide that housing must be in compliance with tolerable standard, free from
serious despair, energy efficient, provided with modern facilities and services; and that it must be healthy, safe and
secure. The quality of housing within any neighbourhood should be such that satisfies minimum health
standards and good living standard, but should also be affordable to all categories of households as observed
by Okewole and Aribigbola,[17]. Studies have shown that the urban housing in Nigeria is in a deplorable condition.
Almost 75% of the dwelling units in Nigeria’s urban centres are substandard and the dwellings are sited in slums
(Onibokun,[18]; Wahab et al.[19];Olotuah, [20]; Jagun, [21]. These result from combined effects of natural ageing
of the buildings, lack of maintenance and neglect, wrong use of the buildings, poor sanitation in the disposal of
sewage and solid waste, wrong development of land, and increasing deterioration of the natural landscape.
262 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268

The slow process of urban planning and zoning, in the face of rapid urbanisation in most urban centres, has
resulted in poor layout of buildings with inadequate roads between them and inadequate drainage and provision for
refuse evacuation. Thus there is a high incidence of pollution (water, solid waste, air and noise) and
inadequacy of open spaces for other land uses.
Egbu et al [7] devised a model for three Nigerian cities and concluded that properly monitored land use
planning has a positive bandwagon effect on housing quality. The quality of a residential area not only mirrors the
city development, planning and allocation mechanisms between socio-economic groups, but also shows the quality
of life of the urbanites. The realisation of a decent home in a suitable living environment requires the availability of
clean air, potable water, adequate shelter and other basic services and facilities. The present study was aimed at
investigating housing quality as well as the quality of the environment in which such houses are sited.

Indicators for Evaluating Housing Quality

In assessing the quality or suitability of housing, qualitative studies have identified some criteria as relevant
indicators for quality evaluation in residential development. Among such is Ebong [15] who acknowledged
aesthetics, ornamentation, sanitation, drainage, age of building, access to basic housing facilities, burglary,
spatial adequacy, noise level within neighbourhood, sewage and waste disposal, air pollution and ease of
movement among others, as relevant quality determinants in housing. However, Hammer et al. [22] conclude that
qualitative housing involves the provision of infrastructural services which could bring about sustainable growth
and development through improved environmental conditions and improved livelihood. In determining the
quality of residential development, Neilson [16] stipulates five basic criteria which provide that housing must be
in compliance with tolerable standard, free from serious disrepair, energy efficient, provided with modern
facilities and services, and that it must be healthy, safe and secure. These indicators consist of variables such as;
access to basic housing and community facilities, the quality of infrastructural amenities, spatial adequacy and
quality of design, fixtures and fittings, building layout and landscaping, noise and pollution control as well
as security.
There are however indications from these various studies that a single variable may not be sufficient to assess
the qualitative nature of residential development; as noted by Jiboye, [23]. Therefore, housing acceptability and
qualitative assessment should also take into account type of constructions, materials used, services, spatial
arrangement and facilities within dwellings, function and aesthetics, among others

3.0 The study area

Akure is one of the traditional Yoruba towns in Nigeria and has been in existence long before the advent of
British colonial rule in Nigeria. Akure was an independent region, until 19th century when it was included in Benin
Kingdom. Great Britain took over the control of the region in 1894. The city is located within Ondo State in the
South Western part of Nigeria. The current medium-sized urban centre became the provincial headquarter of
Ondo province in 1939 and capital city of Ondo State and a Local Government headquarters in 1976. The city
lies approximately on latitude 70°15’ north of the Equator and longitude 50°15’ east of the Greenwich Meridian.
The increased relative political influence of Akure as a state capital since 1976 has greatly promoted its rapid
growth and increased socio-economic activities. The 1991 national population census, reported the population of
Akure as 239,124 and its estimated population in 1996 was 269,207 as given by NPC,[ 24]. At present the city is
estimated to have over 350,000 people. The city’s morphology has changed over time to assume its present status
with its attendant housing problems, as experienced in similar medium sized urban centres in Nigeria.
Akure is located approximately 700 kilometres South West of Abuja, the Federal Capital of Nigeria and about
350 kilometres to Lagos the former capital of Nigeria. The population of the city grew from 144,544 in
1987 to 148,880 in 1988 and 153,347 in 1989 to 157,947 in 1990 (Ondo State of Nigeria, 1990). According to
NPC, [24] the 1991 national population census however, put the population of Akure at 239,124 and its estimated
population in 2006 was 353,211. At present the city is estimated to have over 387,087 people.
The rate of urbanisation in Akure outpaces the rate of economic development. It is currently experiencing a
high pace of urbanisation compared to other emerging cities in Nigeria. Omole [ 25] however, noticed
that some neighbourhoods of the city can best be described as slum characterised by congested district,
deteriorating, unsanitary housing environments and noticeably poverty area. Despite the enormous amount of
money proposed for urban investment in the National Development Plan Olotuah [26] very limited investment is
made in her infrastructure. An increasing shortage of urban services and infrastructure characterize Akure
 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268 263

town, and these are only accessible to a diminishing share of the population. Olanrewaju [27] had earlier
recommended that urban renewal in form of rehabilitation and upgrading programme was needed to facelift the city
and enhances its liveability.

Methodology
The study adopted a multi-stage stratified sampling technique. This method adopted a progressive sequential
approach committing that sampling was done at different stages of sampling.
At the first stage all the residential localities in Akure were identified and at the second stage the
settlements/locality in the city were categorized and classified into three residential density areas of low, medium
and high density areas. At the third stage, one locality was then randomly selected from each of the low, medium
and high density areas. A total of three residential areas were then selected composing of low, medium and high
density residential areas. The man roads/streets in each selected residential density area were then identified and
10% of such roads were randomly selected. All residential buildings in each selected roads/streets were enumerated
and 25% of these buildings were randomly selected irrespective of whether the building is owner – occupied or non
– owner occupied (rented). Thus, a total of 180 residential buildings were selected for sampling as presented in
Table 1.
The residents in each of the three were initially visited to seek their voluntary cooperation with the research
team. The greatest discouragement was met with gated community of low residential areas who when approached
refused to give audience to the research team.

Study Methodology
1. High – Density Residential District with a density of over 200 persons per hectare which are within
the core area of the city. Wards in this zone include Arakale, Ayedun Quarters, Ijoka, Oja – Oba, Odo Ikoyi.

Table 1: Akure Capital city and the residential density area selected
No of houses No of houses
Density Areas Locality Selected Streets selected
per/street selected (25%)
Ogbese Crescent 46 12
Oduduwa Street 52 11
Low Ijapo Estate
Akoko Avenue 43 12
Owo Avenue 49 13
Igbalaye street 56 14
Omudan Str. 61 16
Medium Oke – Aro
Afunbiowo Str. 49 13
Adesida Str. 59 15
Odundun road/str. 83 21
Akinyele martins str. 89 22
High Arakale
Idige str. 56 14
Ajegunle str. 69 17
Total 720 180

Source: Author’s field survey, 2015.

2. Medium – Density Residential District with a population density of 100 – 200 persons per hectare. It covers
wards such as Oke-Aro, Leo, Araromi and Champion.
264 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268

3. Medium – Density Residential District with about 60- 100 persons per hectare are found in the Government
Reserve areas(GRA).These are planned neighbourhoods which include areas such as Arakale, Ijapo Estate,
Alagbaka Estate, Avenue and Idofin

However, houses surveyed in the high density (n = 74), medium density (n = 58 ) and low – density (n = 48)
zones are considered to be representative of the general situation in the zones (Table 1.).
Data was collected from each density area by trained study team using a specially designed inspection form
named a housing quality survey form (HQSF). The HQSF measures the quality of the dwelling unit. It has three
components – facilities, maintenance and occupancy.
The Housing quality survey form (HQSF) captures basic deficiency with respect to water supply, toilet/bathing
facilities, source of electricity, and means of sewage disposal. The houses were classified into five groups: Good (0 –
29); Acceptable (30 – 59); Borderline (60 – 89); [5]

Results and Discussion

1. Housing Type
Bungalows in the likes of face – to – face (Brazillian type) were predominantly the building types found in the
high density area. These building were sited haphazardly such that no defined building setbacks were observed.
Most of the buildings had no access roads. And the only available means of reaching most of these houses were
through roof paths only available by chance of circumstances. Most houses in the high density area were built with
mud materials and the rooms were poorly ventilated as only one substance window per room was generally
recorded.
The medium density residential district comprises two storey – buildings lacking means of vertical accesses
(stairways) to upper floors thus cases of accidents sustained from falls by young and some old adults. The buildings
were built with a mixture of mud, cement block walls and timber floors. The houses in the low – density residential
density zone comprises duplexes, detached bungalows, and modern story building with detached boy’s quarters.

Table 2: Building Characteristics and Materials.

Materials used for Construction Frequency (180) Percentages % Total
High Medium Low High Medium Low
(a) Wailing – Mud/Mud/Blocks 56 35 00 75.7 60.4 00.0
- Cement/sandcrete blocks 18 16 39 24.3 27.6 81.3
- Brick 0 07 09 0.00 12.0 18.7
Total 74 58 48 100 100 100
(b) Floor – Sand – screed floor `29 32 16 49.1 55.2 25.4
- Timber 18 00 00 30.5 00.0 00.0
- Tiles 6 18 30 10.2 31.0 47.6
-Marble and/or Terrazo 6 8 17 10.2 13.8 27.0
Total 59 58 63 100 100 100
(c) Roofing – Zinc/corrugated iron sheet 52 47 25 76.5 72.3 53.2
- Asbesto’s materials 16 12 10 23.5 18.5 21.3
- Long span Alluminum 00 6 12 00.0 09.2 25.5
 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268 265

Total 68 65 47 100 100 100

Age of building
Below 10 years 14 35 26 22.9 49.3 54.2
10 – 19 years 21 19 14 34.4 26.8 29.1
20 – 29 years 14 12 8 23.0 16.9 16.7
30 – 39 years 7 3 0 11.5 4.2 00.0
40 years and above 5 2 0 08.2 2.8 00.0
Total 61 71 48 100 100 100
Source: Field survey, 2014.

2. Quality of Wall Materials

Majority of the houses within the high and medium zones were either built with concrete blocks. This indicates a
relative urban slum quality with wood/iron sheet or others. Though the quality of the materials for the walls
appeared in good order, larger proportions of the buildings were not in good condition. In addition, the buildings
stood in weak foundation that endangers the life of the occupants especially in the high – density areas.
3. Floors Area Distribution and Assessment
Floor material is a reflection of the quality level of housing is a place and usually it is one of the areas researchers
do focus on during survey. The floor of houses in the high density had cement concrete as the floor materials while
timber materials also cover less which revealed that it is not a particular common material for floor in the study area.
Majority of the floors were cracked and those with lower foundation belts experiences dampness for most parts of
the year.
Generally the floor conditions in the medium density area were below average in terms of quality. The low
density area houses were finished with cement – sand screed floors, poly-vinyl tiles, ceramic tiles, and Marble plus
terrazzo materials.
4. Quality of the dwellings
The results of the HQSFs administered as shown in Table 3.0 revealed that none of the house (74) surveyed in the
high density area satisfied the conditions required for good housing. This part of the city comprises the inner core
area and it is occupied by the city’s indigenous early settlers who have deep emotional attachments to the area. The
occupancy rate in some cases is up to eight persons per room. Most rooms are not more than 9.6m2 in area. And
most of the house in this core area is very dilapidated and old. Some of them were built well above over a hundred
years ago, according to the history volunteered to the survey team.
About 70% (51 houses) in the high density zone were classified as unfit for human habitation. Many of the
residents in this area have more than one wife of which each of the wives do not have less than for children making
him to be fathering more than 10 children. Average number of persons in these households also varies. It ranges
between 7-10 persons. The occupancy rate in some cases is more than seven persons per room while most rooms are
not more than 9.6m2 in area. The dwelling in this area generally lack portable water, and toilet facilities, solid waste
disposed facilities and electricity guppy building many of the residents living in this core area refused to cooperate
with the research assistance thinking their house could be removed and they be relocated without compensation.
Some were even demanding for cash before giving them attention.

Table 3: Classification of Houses in Akure Considering the HQSF % of houses surveyed achieving a tar score
1. House 2. High – 3. Medium – 4. Low – density 6. Total
Classification Density (n = 74) density (n = 58) 5. (n = 48) percentage 180
7. A – good 9. (0) 11. 10.35 12. 16.67 13. 7.78
266 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268

8. 0 – 29 10. 0.0
14. B – Acceptance 16. 6.7 17. 27.58 18. 43.75 19. 23.34
15. (30 – 59)
20. C – Borderline 22. 4.1 23. 18.7 24. 25.00 25. 14.44
21. (0 – 89)
26. D – substandard 28. 20.3 29. 20.69 30. 8.33 31. 17.22
27. (40 – 119)
32. E – unfit 34. 68.9 35. 22.41 36. 6.25 37. 37.22
33. (120 or >)
38. Total 39. 100.0 40. 100.0 41. 100.0 42. 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2015.

Less than a quarter (22.41%) of the houses was classified as unfit for human habitation in the medium density
residential district. Only 10.35% of the dwellings surveyed can be said regarded to be in good condition and 27.58%
can be classified as acceptable. The medium density zone is fairly heterogeneous in terms of the socio-economic
status of the residents, availability of social infrastructure, type and age of buildings. Many of the storey buildings in
the area lack means of vertical access (stairways) to upper floors thus cases of accidents sustained from falls by
young and some old adults.
The low – density residential revealed that 16.6% of houses surveyed are good while 43.75% quality as
acceptable. The houses in these areas comprise duplexes, detached bungalows, modern storey building and some
with detached boy’s quarters.
However, some houses 6.25% are classified as unfit. Some of the houses have been converted from residential to
commercial purposes such as guest houses and hotels. Generally, many of the houses were officially allocated to
government workers (top civil servants, and other middle to high income people) who have added and extended the
original structure to accommodate their present needs. Some of the added structures include garages, bedroom and
shops.
In any of the three surveyed zones; there is no sound maintenance culture in place. This supports the findings of
Ayininuola and Olulusi [28] and Mijinyawa et al [29]. This however, is a notable contributing factor for the
downturn in housing quality as observed by Coker et al [5].

Table 4. : Number of Habitable Rooms and Number of Persons per Room

44. Number of habitable rooms in 45. Number of persons per
each building room
43. Location 46. 1 47. 3 48. 7 49. 11 50. > 51. 1 – 53. 7 –
52. 3 – 6
–2 -6 – 10 – 15 15 2 10
54. % 55. % 56. % 57. % 58. % 59. % 60. % 61. %
62. Arakale 63. - 64. 4 65. 25 66. 19. 67. 9 68. 56.4 69. 43.6 70. -
6.5 .1 2 .2
71. Oke – Aro 72. 0 73. 7 74. 20 75. 1.5 76. - 77. 66.5 78. 33.5 79. -
.5 7.1 .9
80. Ijapo Estate 81. 3 82. 6 83. 1. 84. - 85. - 86. 89.7 87. 10.3 88. -
3.7 4.8 5
Source: Field Survey, 2015.

5. Sufficient living Area.

Under this indicator, a number of variables were considered so as to show the level of overcrowding in the three
studied localities and these variables are: number of households in a building, average number of persons per
household age distribution of respondents, number of habitable rooms in each building, and number of person per
room. According to the survey conducted, 46.5%, 77.1% and 64.8% have 3-6 rooms while, 25.1%, 20.9% and
 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268 267

1.5% have between 7-10 rooms in Arakale, Oke-Aro and Ijapo Estate respectively. Traditional compounds and
old brazillian buildings of 9.2% have more than 15 rooms in Arakale locality. The highest number of buildings
having households with less than 3 persons per rooms include 56.4% in Arakale, 66.6% in Oke- Aro and 89.7%
in Ijapo estate while 43.6%, 33.5% and 10.3% has between three to six persons per room in Arakale, Oke- Aro
and Ijapo respectively (Table 4.)
Conclusion and Recommendations
x Houses located in the more recently – developed areas of the city (low – density area) are best in terms of
quality than those in the high and medium – density zones from the view of the housing conditions in the
area.
x The quality of houses tends to reduce as the degree of density or level of crownless increases.
x The general lack of a sound maintenance culture among the residents should be addressed.
x There is need for public enlightenment by various media means is necessary in order to overcome the
likelihood protests of those to be relocated from the zone due to their natural and cultural attachment to
their residents or area.
x New sources of portable water should be developed in order to prevent different types of water – borne
diseases especially of among the residents the high and medium density areas of Akure.
x There is need for governmental and institutional intervention to later for general lack of infrastructures,
such as roads, drains, sanitation waste disposal and recreational facilities.
x All state holders should collaborate towards enforceable standards for houses already built and future
builds in order to guarantee the city sustainable development.

REFERENCES
1. Eldredge H.W (1967). Housing and Community in Tanning Megalopolis Vol. I. Anchor\Books edition.
2. Agbola T (1998). The Housing of Nigerians; A Review of policy Development and Implementation. Research Report 14,
Development Policy Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria.
3. Page A (2002). Poor Housing and Mental Health in the United Kingdom: Changing the focus for intervention.
4. Oluwande P A (1983). Guide to Tropical Environmental Health Engineering, NISER, Ibadan, Nigeria.
5. Punch Newspaper (2007). Mortgage industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy, 5th September.
6. Coker, A., Awokola, O., Olomolaiye, P. and Booth, C. (2008) Challenges of urban housing quality and its associations with
neighborhoods environments: Insights and experiences of Ibadan City , Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health Research,
7 (1). pp. 21-30. ISSN1476-0932
7. Egbu A, Antwi A and Olomolaiye P (2006). An economic assessment of the institution of land use planning in the cities of
sub-Saharan Africa. RICS Research paper series, Volume 6, No. 9, pp.1-36.
8. Ogu V I and Ogbuozogbe J E (2001). Housing policy in Nigeria: towards enablement of private housingdevelopment, Habitat
International, 25, 473 – 492.
9. United Nations Organisation(UNO). Centre for Housing Building and Planning (1969): Methods for establishing targets and
standards for housing and environmental development, Ekistics, 27, 3 – 14.
10. Onokerhoraye A G (1985). Benin, a Traditional African City in Transition, Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria, Nigeria.
11. American Public Health Association (APHA) (1946).
12. Afon A (2000). Use of Residents Environment Quality Indicator (EQI) Data in a residential Housing improvement, In
Effective Housing in the 21st century, Nigeria. The Environmental Forum, F.U.T.A pp.115-122.
13. Olayiwola L.M, Adeleye A, Jiboye A.D (2006). “Effect of Socio-cultural factors on Housing quality in Osogbo, Nigeria”.
International Symposium on Construction in Developing Economies: New issues and challenges. Santiago, Chile. January,
18-29.
14. $QDQWKDUDMDQ7  (YDOXDWLRQRI5HVLGHQWLDO'HYHORSPHQWWKURXJK8VHUெV5DWLQJDQG Ranking of Environmental
Attributes. Proceedings of the IAHS Congress on Housing NW 7–12 Miami Florida Ural ED. (ed.) pp.73-84.
15. Ebong M.O (1983). The Perception of Residential Quality: A case study of Calabar, Nigeria. Third World Planning
Review, 5(3):273-284.
16. Neilson M (2004): Scottish housing quality Standard (SHQS), Scottish Executive Development Department.
268 Dorcas Oluwaseyi Adeoye / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 260 – 268

17. Aribigbola A (2000).Conceptual Issues in Housing Provision in Nigeria. In: Akinbamijo OB, Fawehinmi A.B, Ogunsemi
D.R and Olotuah A (ed). Effective Housing in the 21st Century Nigeria: Environmental Forum FUTA, Nigeria.
18. Onibokun A.G (1972). Nigeria: Strategies for Urban Redevelopment. In:Journal of the Royal Town Planning Institute
58(2).
19. Wahab K, Adedokun L.A, Onibokun A.G (1990). “Urban Housing Conditions” Urban Housing in Nigeria,
Onibokun AG (Ed.), Ibadan:Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research.
20. Olotuah, A.O (2000b). Housing Poverty in Three Inner-city Neighbourhoods, Akure; Paper Presented at Shelter Africa
2000-Fourth International Conference on Housing, Nicon Hilton Hotel, Abuja, Nigeria October 2-6, 2000.
21. Jagun A (1983). “Urban Housing Need Estimate in Nigeria: Governmental Capability in its Provision” J. Bus. Social Study 4
(2).
22. Hanmer L, Booth D, Lovell E (2000). Poverty and Transport, A Report prepared for the World Bank in collaboration with
DFID, Overseas Development Institute.
23. Jiboye A (2004). An Assessment of the influence of Socio-cultural factors on Housing quality in Osogbo, Nigeria,
Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
24. NPC (2006). National Population Commission, Official Gazette. Abuja, Nigeria.
25. Omole, F.K (2000); Urban Renewal Process Issues and Strategies; Concept Books and Publication Company Nig. Limited, Lagos,
Nigeria.
26. Olotuah, A.O (2002). An Appraisal of the Impact of Urban Services on Housing in Akure Metropolis, J. Sci. Eng. Technol.
9(4)4570-4582
27. Olanrewaju, D.O. (2004); Town Planning: A Veritable Means for Poverty Reduction; 38th Inaugural Lecture, Federal
University of Technology, Akure (FUTA): October 26th.
28. Ayininuola G M and Olalusi O O(2004). Assessment of building failures in Nigeria: Lagos and Ibadan case study. African
Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 5,1, 73-78.
29. Mijinyawa Y, Adesogan S O and Ogunkoya O G (2007). A survey of roof failures in Oyo state of Nigeria. Journal of Building
Appraisal, Vol. 3, No.1, 52-58.