Physical

Science
11
Science – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module–2: Astronomical Phenomena Before the Advent of
Telescope.
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical
Science
11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 2
Astronomical Phenomena
Before the Advent of
Telescope
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 2 on

Astronomical Phenomena Before the Advent of Telescope.
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 2, Astronomical

Phenomena Before the Advent of Telescope.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This part measures how much you have learned

from the entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. cite examples of astronomical phenomenon known to astronomers
before the advent of telescopes.
2. explain why the Ptolemaic model is able to cope with the increasing.
accuracy of the observed positions of the celestial objects.
3. .

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The moon is positioned between Earth and the Sun. this phase is the

a. full moon c. first quarter moon

b. new moon d. last quarter moon

2. A lunar eclipse does not occur every month because

a. the plane of the Moon’s orbit is inclined to the ecliptic.
b. of precession.
c. Earth moves faster in its orbit when closest to the Sun.
d. Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to the Sun.

3. Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its appearance
within how many days?
a. 56.5 days c. 29.5 days
b. 100 days d. 24.7 days

4. Clock time is based on

a. sundial c. the apparent local solar time
b. an average apparent solar time d. the apparent local noon

5. In the time of 1 P.M., the P.M. means

a. “past morning” c. “before the meridian”
b. “past midnight” d. “after the meridian”
 RECAP
Who Says What?
Identify the ancient Greek philosopher and write them in the box at the side
of the descriptions.
Pythagoras Aristotle Plato Anaximander Anaximenes Galileo Eudoxus

The earth for him was still a cylinder circled by air

and then fire "like the bark of a tree"
He posited that there were two separate realms in
the cosmos, the terrestrial (or earthly) and the
celestial (or heavenly). Illustrated 56 auxiliary
spheres
He believed that the universe was made of five types
of matter: earth, air, fire, water, and cosmos. Each
was described with a particular geometry,
He suggests that all things are produced through a
process of gradual condensation and "rarefication":
earth condenses out of air, and fire is "exhaled" from
the earth.

The Earth for him is the center of the Universe

nested with 27 auxiliary spheres.

He believed the earth was round and that the sun,

moon, and other planets had their own movements.

LESSON

ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are easily seen in the sky without
the aid of telescopes. These planets can be easily confused with stars and are only
seen at specific times of the day. The best time to look for these planets would be
before sunrise and after sunset.
Indeed, the invention of telescope paved the way for the revolutionary theories
and discoveries that have changed how people perceive life in general. However, even
before the invention of the telescope, ancient people have already observed different
astronomical phenomena. The most observable objects in the sky are the sun and
moon. The way Earth moves in space is also used to define time and describe location
on its surface some causes of recurrent phenomena such as seasons.
 Today’s lesson will focus on these ancient astronomical events observed long
time ago before the invention of Telescope. Let us see how they differ from the
practices and point of views of people now and if there are phenomena that still hold
true up to this time.
Daily Time
The technique of using astronomical motions for keeping time originated some
4,000 years ago with Babylonian culture. There are several ways to measure the
movement of the Sun across the sky.
Today, everyone knows that Earth turns as it moves around the Sun, but it is
often convenient to regard space and astronomical motions as the ancient Greek did,
as a celestial sphere that turns around a motionless Earth. the movement of the Sun
across the celestial meridian identifies an event of time called noon. The morning
hours before the Sun crosses the meridian are identified as ante meridiem (A.M.)
hours, which is Latin for “before meridian.” Afternoon hours are identified as post
meridiem (P.M.) hours, which is Latin for “after the meridian.”
The Ancient Babylonians, for example used a vertical rod called a gnomon to
make and measure a shadow that moved because of the apparent changes of the
Sun’s position. A gnomon eventually evolved into sundial, a vertical or slanted
gnomon with divisions of time marked on a horizontal plate beneath the gnomon.

Figure 1: https://www.britishironworkcentre.co.uk/media/catal-
og/product/cache/1/image/700x700/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e
95/h/s/traditional_antique_brass_old_father_time_sundial_200mm_.jpg

A sundial shows the apparent local solar time, but clocks are set to measure
a uniform standard time based on mean solar time. Mean solar time is a uniform
time average from the apparent solar time. The apparent solar time is nonuniform,
fluctuating because (1) Earth moves sometimes faster and at other times slower
in its elliptical orbit around the Sun and (2) the equator of Earth is inclined
to the ecliptic. The combined consequence of these two effects is a variable,
nonuniform sundial time as compared to the uniform mean solar time, otherwise
known as clock time.
Phases of the Moon
The phases of the Moon are a result of the changing relative position of Earth,
the Moon, and the Sun as the Earth-Moon system moves around the Sun.
Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its
appearance within a period of 29.5 days. They observed that the moon changes its
appearance from thin semi-circular disk to full circular disk. These phases of the
moon are the basis of ancient calendars.

As the Moon moves from the new phase in its

orbits around Earth, you will eventually see half
the unlighted surface, which is known as the

first quarter.

The dark
appearance is
called

new moon,

in this new
When the phase, the
moon is on the Moon is not
dark side of directly
the Earth, you between Earth
see the entire and Sun, so it
illuminated does not
half of the produce
moon called eclipse.

full moon

Last quarter

The period of time between two

consecutive phases, such as new moon to new
moon, is the synodic month, or about 29.5 days.

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Eclipses of the Sun and Moon

Besides their observation in the different phases of the moon, they also noticed
that there are times when the moon or part of it seemed to be covered by a shadow
for a moment. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon
when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. A phenomenon such as this is
known as a lunar eclipse wherein the moon changes into a dark or blood red
color.
 Aside from lunar eclipse, the occurrence of a solar eclipse was also observed.
Solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the
moon partially or completely blocks out the sun.
An eclipse occurs only when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in a line with one
another. In this illustration the shadow from Earth and the shadow from the Moon
are long cones that point away from the Sun. Both cones have two parts, an inner
cone of a complete/full shadow show in the illustration below is called the umbra
and an outer cone of partial shadow called the penumbra. When and where the
umbra of the Moon’s shadow falls on Earth, people see a total solar eclipse. If the
Moon’s umbra fails to reach Earth, an annular eclipse occurs. Annular means “ring-
shaped”, and during this eclipse, the edge of the Sun is seen to form a bright ring
around the Moon.

The Motion of the Stars

It was also observed that the stars appear to be attached to a celestial sphere
that rotates around an axis in one day. This axis intersects the celestial sphere at a
point in the northern sky and is presently close to the northern star, Polaris. Also,
the constellations’ positions in the night sky vary depending on the time of the year.

Visibility of Planets
Astronomers have discovered that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
are planets because they have noticed that the stars are in a fixed position with
respect to each other (like how constellations are always grouped). But there are very
bright stars that change positions periodically. These “stars” do not belong to any
group of constellations in the sky. Thus, they are called “wanderers” or planetes in
Greek terms.
The position of the planets will be explained and illustrated more on the next
module presented as different model of the universe of the ancient Greek
astronomers.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Hidden Words

Directions: Identify what is being described from each statement below. Look for
these words in the puzzle by marking them. Write also your answers on the space
provided.

1. Occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is
between the Sun and the Moon. _______________
2. Occurs when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the moon
partially or completely blocks out the sun. _______________________
3. As the Moon moves from the new phase in its orbits around Earth, you will
eventually see half the unlighted surface, which is known as the
_______________________.
4. A uniform time average from the apparent solar time. ______________
5. Vertical rod which measure a shadow that moved because of the apparent
changes of the Sun’s position. _______________
6. The morning hours before the Sun crosses the meridian which is Latin for
“before meridian.” _________________________
7. Afternoon hours are identified as post meridiem or _____.
8. It is known as the norther star. ____________
9. the fully or complete shadow on the earth or moon experiencing the total
phase of an eclipse. ________________
10. It is a partial shadow on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of
an eclipse. _________________
 Activity 2: Once in a Blue Moon

Direction: Draw and describe the phases of the moon

Phases of the New moon First Quarter Full moon Last Quarter
Moon

Appearance

Descriptions

Activity 3: To Agree or To Disagree?

Direction: Read the statements below and choose between AGREE or DISAGREE.

1. Solar eclipse happens during summer when the sun shines at its brightest.
_______ Agree ________ Disagree
2. Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its
appearance within a period of 29.5 days.
_______ Agree ________ Disagree
3. Ancient Babylonians, used a vertical rod called a hieroglyphics to make and
measure a shadow that moved because of the apparent changes of the Sun’s
position.
_______ Agree ________ Disagree
4. The technique of using astronomical motions for keeping time originated some
4,000 years ago with Babylonian culture.
_______ Agree ________ Disagree
5. Astrologists have discovered that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
are planets because they have noticed that the stars are in a fixed position
with respect to each other (like how constellations are always grouped).
_______ Agree ________ Disagree
 WRAP-UP

The WHs CHALLENGE!! Form the WHs Questions and then give your answers based
on how you have understood the lesson.

VALUING

Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its
appearance within a period of 29.5 days. They observed that the moon changes its
appearance from thin semi-circular disk to full circular disk.
These phases of the moon are the basis of the invention of calendar.
Interestingly, some people also associate one’s behavior to the changing phases of
the moon. You must have heard someone says a person is “lunatic.” Unstable
behavior with extreme and prolonged emotions is one of the signs that people
correlate with lunar phase change and use to identify a lunatic person.
During these hard times, some people find it difficult to manage their
emotions. It is but natural to have low moments but knowing one’s self is a great way
to cope with our uncertain situations.
 A sample calendar below is provided for you to track your daily moods.
Describe how you feel each day in general and analyze the factors affecting your
moods and feelings. Then, write also at least two things each day that you are
thankful for.

SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRIDAY SAT

POSTTEST

Read carefully the following statements and choose the best answer from the
given choices.

1. How would an astronaut from the moon see Earth, during full moon?

a. full Earth c. firth quarter Earth

b. new Earth d. last quarter Earth

2. An apparent solar day is

a. the interval between two consecutive local solar noons.

b. about 4 minutes longer than sidereal day.
c. of variable length throughout the year.
d. All of the above are correct.

3. The time read from a sundial is the same as the time read from a clock
a. all the time c. twice a year
b. only once a year d. four times a year
Pre-test
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
Activity 1
Hidden words
1. lunar eclipse
2. solar eclipse
3. full moon
4. Mean solar time
5. gnomon
6. ante meridiem
7. P.M.
8. polaris
9. umbra
10. penumbra
Activity 2
Answer may vary.
Activity 3
1. Disagree
2. Agree
3. Disagree
4. Agree
5. Disagree
Wrap-Up
Answer may vary.
Valuing
Answer may vary.
Posttest
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
KEY TO CORRECTION
b. new moon d. last quarter
a. full moon c. first quarter
5. The phase of the moon during the total solar eclipse….
d. lunar eclipse b. umbra
c. penumbra a. solar eclipse
or completely blocks out the sun …..
4. Occurs when the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the moon partially
 References
Lagmandana, A. (2017, November 24). Astronomical phenomena known to
astronomers before the advent of telescopes. Retrieved February 23, 2021,
from https://lagmandana.wordpress.com/2017/11/24/astronomical-
phenomena-known-to-astronomers-before-the-advent-of-telescopes/

Tillery, B. W. (2012). Earth in Space. In Physical Science (Ninth edition ed., pp.
413-432). 1221 Avenue of America, New York, North America: McGraw-Hill
Companies.